信阳方言词汇研究
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摘要
信阳位于河南省南部,处在大别山北麓与淮河上游之间。信阳方言属于北方方言区中原官话的信蚌片的一个方言点。从信阳方言词汇体系来看其词汇不但明显有别于河南境内的其它方言词汇,而且与周边省市的方言词汇有密切的联系,有其独立的语言类型价值。本文第一章首先介绍了汉语方言词汇研究的历史和现状,然后介绍了河南方言词汇研究的概况以及信阳方言词汇研究的概况。为了全面系统地分析信阳方言词汇,第二章介绍了信阳方言的语音系统,列举了信阳方言的声母系统、韵母系统及声调系统。第三章本文在《汉语方言词语调查条目表》的基础上,根据实际调查和分析,整理出了常用的信阳方言词汇表。
第四章从词形、构词、词义、造词理据等几个方面将信阳方言词汇与普通话词汇进行比较,从而得出信阳方言词汇具有的特点：
从词形上来看,其一、有音无字,信阳方言中有相当一部分词有音无字,这些词是信阳方言词汇中最具特色的最常用的口语词；其二、构词语素上,信阳方言的某些词与普通话意义相同,但构词语素有差异；有的构词语素一部分相同,另一部分不同；有的构词语素完全不相同；有的构词语素完全不同,但意义相同；有的构词语素相同,但排列顺序不同。
从构词特点上来看,这部分主要是从信阳方言词汇的重叠构词和特殊的词头、词尾两个方面来分析信阳方言词汇具有的特点。
从词义特点上看,其一,信阳方言有些词与普通话词词形完全相同,但意义有差异；其二、有时候,信阳方言里有些词,在普通话里缺少与之相对应的词,往往只能用短语或句子进行描述；其三、色彩意义的差异,主要表现在褒贬色彩、风格色彩、形象色彩三个方面的差异。
从造词理据的特点来看,随着社会的发展,当新的事物或现象出现的时候,人们就需要创造出新词来进行表达,而新词的创造又是在已有的语言材料和构词法的基础上进行的,因此,新词的语音形式和意义内容的关系往往就不再是任意的了,而是体现了一定的理据性,也就是给事物命名的理由和依据。信阳人给新事物命名的理据往往取决于客观事物本身的特征和人们的构词心理。
接着将信阳方言与七大方言区代表方言词汇及邻近的蚌埠方言、武汉方言代表方言词汇进行比较,选出了243个有代表性的词语,列出比较表,并从完全相同、部分相同、完全不同三个方面将信阳方言词汇与九大方言词汇进行对比分析,从而得出信阳方言词汇与九大方言词汇的亲疏关系。
最后第五章对信阳方言的归类进行了初步总结。就目前来看,信阳方言归类还有争议,如：李荣先生曾经把信阳方言划为中原官话；由于信阳市南至武汉市铁路里程仅212公里,远远近于到省会郑州的距离,又加上受武汉强势经济的影响,所以也有学者把信阳方言归属于同武汉方言一样的西南官话。本文认为把信阳方言归属于混合型方言比较合适,并从人口迁移、语音特点、信阳方言词汇与普通话及周边方言词汇比较得出的亲疏关系结论这三个方面对这一初步结论进行阐释。
Xinyang is located in the south of Henan, between the north of Dabie mountain and upper stream of Huaihe. Xinyang dialect is belongs to Xinbeng branch of ZHongyuan Mandarin of northern dialect zone. From vocabulary system of Xinyang dialect, its vocabulary obviously differs from those of other dialects vocabulary in Henan, and it has close relationship with those of the dialect of peripheral city, and Xinyang dialect has its own independent language value as a sub branch of northern dialect.This first chapter of this paper introduces the history and present situation of the vocabulary search of Chinese language dialect, then summarizes the general situation of the vocabulary search of Henan dialect and Xinyang dialect. In order to completely systematically analyse Xinyang dialect vocabulary, the second chapter introduces the pronunciation system of Xinyang dialect and enumerats the consonant system, rhyme system and the homophone systemof Xinyang dialect, on the basis of the investigation catalogue table of Chinese language dialect, Third chapter manufactures the vocabulary table of Xinyang dialect according to the practical investigation and its analysis.
The fourth chapter carries on a compare between Xinyang dialect vocabulary and Chinese dialect vocabulary from the shape, structure, meaning and reason of form of the words etcs and get the characteristics that Xinyang vocabulary owns:
fisrt. from the shape of the words it consists of two aspects, one has tone but no character, there are a lot of words in the Xinyang dialect that have tone but no character, these words are the most common use and the most special spoken words in Xinyang dialect vocabulary; on the other hand, from the elements of forming the words, there are some words which have common meaning, but there are discrepancy on the elements of comprising the words;some words with one fraction elements of forming words are identical,but from another fraction they are different;some elements of forming words aren't completely the same; some elements of forming words are totally different, but the meanings are the same;some elements of forming words are the same, but line up order are different.
second, from the feature of forming words, this fraction is mainly from overlaply form words and special head of words, words tail to analyze.
Third, from the traits of words meanings, there are three features:first, Xinyang dialect words have the completely same shape, but the meanings have discrepancy; second, sometimes some words in Xinyang dialect, in the Chinese dialect which is short of corresponding words, usually can use phrase or sentence to replace; third, the discrepancy of the color meanings exhibit on the praise or blame trait, style trait and image trait three aspects.
Fourth, from the feature of consisting of words reason, along with the social development, when new things or phenomemons appear, people need to create new words to express, but new words are created on the foundation of existing linguistic data and ways of the form words, therefore, the relation between the new words's pronunciation form and the significance content is often no longer are random,among them there are some principles, equal to the things naming reason and the basis. The Xinyang people offen name new things according to the objective characteristics of new things and people's psychological construct words.
then there are some comparisons among the Xinyang dialect vocabulary and seven big dialect vocabularies where dialect is spoken on behalf of the dialect entirety and the neighbor Bengbu dialect vocabulary, the Wuhan dialect vocabulary on behalf of the dialect entirety, selected representative two hundred forty three words, listed the comparison table, and from the aspects of being completely same, partly same, completely different,thus get relationship between Xinyang dialect vocabulary and the other nine dialect vocabularies.
The chapter five makes a tentative summary of which group Xinyang dialect belongs to.From the current situation,there are some disputions on which pattern Xinyang dialect belongs to, such as, Mr. Li Rong ever believe Xinyang dialect belongs to ZHongyuan Mandarin of northern dialect zone; Because there are only 212 kilometers according to railroad mileage between Xinyang City and southern Wuhan City, it's very far near provincial capital Zhengzhou's distance, moreover subjected to Wuhan pre-eminent economic impact, other scholars think Xinyang dialect belongs to southwest dialect as Wuhan dialect does.This paper thinks that it is more suitable to regard Xinyang dialect as a mixed type dialect from the population transference; phonetic characteristics; according to the conclusion that come from making the compare among the Xinyang dialect vocabulary and Chinese dialect and peripheral dialect vocabularies, these three aspects to explain to this initial conclusion.
第四章从词形、构词、词义、造词理据等几个方面将信阳方言词汇与普通话词汇进行比较,从而得出信阳方言词汇具有的特点：
从词形上来看,其一、有音无字,信阳方言中有相当一部分词有音无字,这些词是信阳方言词汇中最具特色的最常用的口语词；其二、构词语素上,信阳方言的某些词与普通话意义相同,但构词语素有差异；有的构词语素一部分相同,另一部分不同；有的构词语素完全不相同；有的构词语素完全不同,但意义相同；有的构词语素相同,但排列顺序不同。
从构词特点上来看,这部分主要是从信阳方言词汇的重叠构词和特殊的词头、词尾两个方面来分析信阳方言词汇具有的特点。
从词义特点上看,其一,信阳方言有些词与普通话词词形完全相同,但意义有差异；其二、有时候,信阳方言里有些词,在普通话里缺少与之相对应的词,往往只能用短语或句子进行描述；其三、色彩意义的差异,主要表现在褒贬色彩、风格色彩、形象色彩三个方面的差异。
从造词理据的特点来看,随着社会的发展,当新的事物或现象出现的时候,人们就需要创造出新词来进行表达,而新词的创造又是在已有的语言材料和构词法的基础上进行的,因此,新词的语音形式和意义内容的关系往往就不再是任意的了,而是体现了一定的理据性,也就是给事物命名的理由和依据。信阳人给新事物命名的理据往往取决于客观事物本身的特征和人们的构词心理。
接着将信阳方言与七大方言区代表方言词汇及邻近的蚌埠方言、武汉方言代表方言词汇进行比较,选出了243个有代表性的词语,列出比较表,并从完全相同、部分相同、完全不同三个方面将信阳方言词汇与九大方言词汇进行对比分析,从而得出信阳方言词汇与九大方言词汇的亲疏关系。
最后第五章对信阳方言的归类进行了初步总结。就目前来看,信阳方言归类还有争议,如：李荣先生曾经把信阳方言划为中原官话；由于信阳市南至武汉市铁路里程仅212公里,远远近于到省会郑州的距离,又加上受武汉强势经济的影响,所以也有学者把信阳方言归属于同武汉方言一样的西南官话。本文认为把信阳方言归属于混合型方言比较合适,并从人口迁移、语音特点、信阳方言词汇与普通话及周边方言词汇比较得出的亲疏关系结论这三个方面对这一初步结论进行阐释。
Xinyang is located in the south of Henan, between the north of Dabie mountain and upper stream of Huaihe. Xinyang dialect is belongs to Xinbeng branch of ZHongyuan Mandarin of northern dialect zone. From vocabulary system of Xinyang dialect, its vocabulary obviously differs from those of other dialects vocabulary in Henan, and it has close relationship with those of the dialect of peripheral city, and Xinyang dialect has its own independent language value as a sub branch of northern dialect.This first chapter of this paper introduces the history and present situation of the vocabulary search of Chinese language dialect, then summarizes the general situation of the vocabulary search of Henan dialect and Xinyang dialect. In order to completely systematically analyse Xinyang dialect vocabulary, the second chapter introduces the pronunciation system of Xinyang dialect and enumerats the consonant system, rhyme system and the homophone systemof Xinyang dialect, on the basis of the investigation catalogue table of Chinese language dialect, Third chapter manufactures the vocabulary table of Xinyang dialect according to the practical investigation and its analysis.
The fourth chapter carries on a compare between Xinyang dialect vocabulary and Chinese dialect vocabulary from the shape, structure, meaning and reason of form of the words etcs and get the characteristics that Xinyang vocabulary owns:
fisrt. from the shape of the words it consists of two aspects, one has tone but no character, there are a lot of words in the Xinyang dialect that have tone but no character, these words are the most common use and the most special spoken words in Xinyang dialect vocabulary; on the other hand, from the elements of forming the words, there are some words which have common meaning, but there are discrepancy on the elements of comprising the words;some words with one fraction elements of forming words are identical,but from another fraction they are different;some elements of forming words aren't completely the same; some elements of forming words are totally different, but the meanings are the same;some elements of forming words are the same, but line up order are different.
second, from the feature of forming words, this fraction is mainly from overlaply form words and special head of words, words tail to analyze.
Third, from the traits of words meanings, there are three features:first, Xinyang dialect words have the completely same shape, but the meanings have discrepancy; second, sometimes some words in Xinyang dialect, in the Chinese dialect which is short of corresponding words, usually can use phrase or sentence to replace; third, the discrepancy of the color meanings exhibit on the praise or blame trait, style trait and image trait three aspects.
Fourth, from the feature of consisting of words reason, along with the social development, when new things or phenomemons appear, people need to create new words to express, but new words are created on the foundation of existing linguistic data and ways of the form words, therefore, the relation between the new words's pronunciation form and the significance content is often no longer are random,among them there are some principles, equal to the things naming reason and the basis. The Xinyang people offen name new things according to the objective characteristics of new things and people's psychological construct words.
then there are some comparisons among the Xinyang dialect vocabulary and seven big dialect vocabularies where dialect is spoken on behalf of the dialect entirety and the neighbor Bengbu dialect vocabulary, the Wuhan dialect vocabulary on behalf of the dialect entirety, selected representative two hundred forty three words, listed the comparison table, and from the aspects of being completely same, partly same, completely different,thus get relationship between Xinyang dialect vocabulary and the other nine dialect vocabularies.
The chapter five makes a tentative summary of which group Xinyang dialect belongs to.From the current situation,there are some disputions on which pattern Xinyang dialect belongs to, such as, Mr. Li Rong ever believe Xinyang dialect belongs to ZHongyuan Mandarin of northern dialect zone; Because there are only 212 kilometers according to railroad mileage between Xinyang City and southern Wuhan City, it's very far near provincial capital Zhengzhou's distance, moreover subjected to Wuhan pre-eminent economic impact, other scholars think Xinyang dialect belongs to southwest dialect as Wuhan dialect does.This paper thinks that it is more suitable to regard Xinyang dialect as a mixed type dialect from the population transference; phonetic characteristics; according to the conclusion that come from making the compare among the Xinyang dialect vocabulary and Chinese dialect and peripheral dialect vocabularies, these three aspects to explain to this initial conclusion.
引文
①李如龙,《论汉语方言特征词》,见《汉语方言的比较研究》,商务印书馆,2001年,第107页。
②李荣,《吴语论丛(后记)》,见许宝华等《吴语论丛》,上海教育出版社,1988年。
③王福堂,《汉语方言语音的演变和历史层次》,语文出版社,1999年。
①李如龙,《论汉语方言特征词》,见《汉语方言的比较研究》,商务印书馆,2001年,第107、108页。
②詹伯慧,《方言分区问题再认识》,见《方言》2002第4期,第346页。
③高然, 《对汉语方言分区问题的再认识》,见《学术研究》1997.(1)
[1]李荣.官话方言的分区.方言,1985,(01)
[2]李荣.汉语方言分区的几个问题.方言.1985(2)
[3]李荣.汉语方言的分区.方言,1989,(04)
[4]李荣.现代汉语方言大词典.南京：江苏教育出版社,1998
[5]黄伯荣.汉语方言语法调查手册.广东人民出版社,2001
[6]贺巍.中原官话分区(稿).方言,2005,(02)
[7]贺巍.洛阳方言研究.北京：社会科学文献出版社,1993
[8]贺巍.洛阳方言记略.方言1984(4)
[9]贺巍.汉语方言研究的现状与展望.语文研究,1991(3)
[10]翟时雨.《汉语方言学》.西南大学出版社2003(9)
[11]李如龙.《汉语方言学》.高等教育出版社,2001,(04)
[12]张生汉.《歧路灯》词语例释.古汉语研究,1995,(04)
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[14]张生汉.《歧路灯》词语杂释.河南大学学报(社会科学版),2000,(01)
[15]葛本成.信阳方言词语散论.河南大学学报(社会科学版),2000,(04)
[16]庞可慧.睢县方言的人称代词.河南教育学院学报(哲学社会科学版),2001,(04)
[17]庞可慧.河南过渡语中的方言词语问题.河南教育学院学报(哲学社会科学版),2004,(01)
[18]赵祎缺.河南玄武方言词语札记之二.河南教育学院学报(哲学社会科学版),2006,(01)
[19]时学伟.开封方言和古汉语.开封教育学院学报,2000,(01)版),2004,(11)
[20]李宛平.河南方言“尖音”探源.南阳师范学院学报,2007,(11)
[21]卢甲文.郑州方言志.北京：语文出版社,1988
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[23]詹伯慧.汉语方言及方言调查.湖北教育出版社,2001
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②李荣,《吴语论丛(后记)》,见许宝华等《吴语论丛》,上海教育出版社,1988年。
③王福堂,《汉语方言语音的演变和历史层次》,语文出版社,1999年。
①李如龙,《论汉语方言特征词》,见《汉语方言的比较研究》,商务印书馆,2001年,第107、108页。
②詹伯慧,《方言分区问题再认识》,见《方言》2002第4期,第346页。
③高然, 《对汉语方言分区问题的再认识》,见《学术研究》1997.(1)
[1]李荣.官话方言的分区.方言,1985,(01)
[2]李荣.汉语方言分区的几个问题.方言.1985(2)
[3]李荣.汉语方言的分区.方言,1989,(04)
[4]李荣.现代汉语方言大词典.南京：江苏教育出版社,1998
[5]黄伯荣.汉语方言语法调查手册.广东人民出版社,2001
[6]贺巍.中原官话分区(稿).方言,2005,(02)
[7]贺巍.洛阳方言研究.北京：社会科学文献出版社,1993
[8]贺巍.洛阳方言记略.方言1984(4)
[9]贺巍.汉语方言研究的现状与展望.语文研究,1991(3)
[10]翟时雨.《汉语方言学》.西南大学出版社2003(9)
[11]李如龙.《汉语方言学》.高等教育出版社,2001,(04)
[12]张生汉.《歧路灯》词语例释.古汉语研究,1995,(04)
[13]张生汉.从《歧路灯》看十八世纪河南方言词汇.河南广播电视大学学报,2001,(04)
[14]张生汉.《歧路灯》词语杂释.河南大学学报(社会科学版),2000,(01)
[15]葛本成.信阳方言词语散论.河南大学学报(社会科学版),2000,(04)
[16]庞可慧.睢县方言的人称代词.河南教育学院学报(哲学社会科学版),2001,(04)
[17]庞可慧.河南过渡语中的方言词语问题.河南教育学院学报(哲学社会科学版),2004,(01)
[18]赵祎缺.河南玄武方言词语札记之二.河南教育学院学报(哲学社会科学版),2006,(01)
[19]时学伟.开封方言和古汉语.开封教育学院学报,2000,(01)版),2004,(11)
[20]李宛平.河南方言“尖音”探源.南阳师范学院学报,2007,(11)
[21]卢甲文.郑州方言志.北京：语文出版社,1988
[22]语言研究所方言组.方言调查词汇表1981,3：161-205
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