玉米根茬收集装置研制及关键机构机理分析
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摘要
随着现代农业技术的高速发展，优质生物质能资源玉米秸秆的能源功能被不断地开发出来，利用秸秆发电不仅可以弥补电力资源的紧缺，又可以减少二氧化碳的排放，有利于净化环境，由此越来越多地应用到发展循环经济，提供清洁能源，改善生态环境等各个方面，呈现出极具潜能的开发前景。经计算研究发现玉米根茬占玉米秸秆总量的12%-15%，是一笔巨大的生物质资源，可是玉米根茬大多数都被遗弃在田间，白白的浪费掉，并且玉米具有发达的纤维状根系结构，其分层、纵横交错的向四面八方生长，与土壤形成致密的根系土壤复合体，给根茬与土壤的彻底分离以及实施机械化收集根茬带来困难。
本研究工作在国家高技术研究发展计划(863计划)项目“秸秆收集固化成型关键技术及装备”的子课题“玉米根茬收集机研制”(2009AA04364-2)和“根茬土壤粘附基本特性研究”(2009AA043603-4)、国家农业科技成果转化项目(2009GB23600507)、吉林大学“985工程”项目及吉林大学研究生创新项目“仿生脱土碾辊结构设计与试验研究”(20121093)资助下，对玉米根茬的基本物理属性以及根茬包裹的土壤环境特性进行研究，并结合玉米根茬结构中根系与土壤的结合特点，探索了玉米根茬的捡拾方式、输送模式以及根茬与土壤的分离机理，确定了合理的工艺流程，针对工作过程中涉及的诸多重点问题进行理论分析，建立了相关的数学模型，从而对理论模型实施进一步优化，同时研制出具有捡拾、输送、脱土和收集多种功能的玉米根茬收集装置，借助试验平台对理论模型进行试验验证与修正，指导试验装置关键部件的结构优化，通过试验优化设计的方法进一步对整机的结构参数和运动参数实施优化，最终确定最优的参数组合，并通过试验加以验证，得到最佳的参数配备，进而提高整机的工作性能与作业质量。
本工作研究了玉米根茬及其包裹土壤的基本物理属性，以及玉米根茬结构中根系与土壤的结合特性，并在虚拟样机技术基础上完成了玉米根茬收集装置试验台的搭建，为进一步的理论分析与试验研究提供良好的试验平台。通过对捡拾推茬刀片的运动轨迹、速度和加速度进行研究与分析，获得了捡拾推茬刀片端点的运动轨迹为余摆线的条件；并对被捡拾起的根茬的运动轨迹加以分析，得到了根茬能够进入一级抛扔输送机构的必要条件；然后通过对根茬与挡板碰撞过程的分析，寻找到了根茬与挡板能够产生碰撞的条件；最后借助三向应力原理对根系土壤复合体的脱土机理进行分析，证明了模仿人们生产生活中对物料加工的各种作用方式(如碾压、揉搓、梳刷、振动、冲击、筛分)，对根土复合体实施有效的碾压式、挤搓式、梳刷式、振动式、冲击式和筛分式等多种方式脱土，可以破坏根系包裹土壤的根土复合体结构，实现根茬与土壤的彻底分离。
通过理论模态分析与试验模态分析相结合的方法，得到了整机系统的模态参数(固有频率和结构振型)以及结构动力学特性；基于理论分析研究结果，针对新型仿生碾辊凹板脱土机构的工作性能进行试验研究，将碾辊转速、碾辊与凹板之间的间隙和凹板对碾辊的包角设为试验因素，根茬脱土率和回收损失率为性能指标，实施二次正交旋转回归试验设计，建立相关数学模型，应用数据处理软件寻找到最优参数组合，并加以试验验证。最后将整机的各参数设置成最佳状况，通过田间性能测试试验综合考察整机的工作性能和作业质量，得到整机系统在平均速度为0.46m/s作业时，整机系统的平均脱土率达到95.57%，根茬平均损失率为4.58%；整机在平均速度为0.65m/s作业时，整机系统的平均脱土率达到93.23%，根茬平均损失率为4.46%。
Biomass like crop stalks and stubbles is important renewable and high-quality energyresource. Using the stalks and stubbles for power generation not only help to overcomeenergy shortage problem, but also reduce the emission of carbon dioxide. Utilization ofbiomass energy resource can help to reduce environmental pollution and mitigate energyshortage. Therefore, biomass has been applied to the development of circular economy,supplying clean energy and improving ecological environment. It has shown a great potentialdevelopment prospect. Maize stalk and stubble produced accounts for12%-15%of thetotal stalk, which is a huge biomass. But this resource has often been ignored, most of themare abandoned in the field. A root system of maize has a developed, layered and criss-crossfibrous structure. The main roots combined with soil forming a solid stubble-soil compositebody. Therefore, it is difficult to efficiently separate soil from maize stubble and collectsoil-removed maize stubble in mechanization.
This work was supported by the National Hi-tech Project (863Project) of China (Grantno.2009AA043603-4,2009AA043604-2), by National Foundations of AgriculturalTechnology Transformation of China (Grant No.2009GB23600507), by the National NaturalScience Foundation of China (Grant No.51075185), by the Development Program ofScience and Technology of Jilin Province of China (Grant No.20100711), by National “985Project” in Jilin University and by Graduate Innovation Fund of Jilin University, China.(Grant No.20121093). The basic physical properties of maize stubble and soilenvironmental characteristics from stubble-soil composite body were extensivedlyresearched. Combining with the binding characteristics of root system with soil in the maizestubble, the picking-up mode and transporting mode of maize stubble were explored. Theseparating mechanism of soil from maize stubble was analyzed. Accordingly, a reasonabletechnical process was determined. In the working process, many of the involved key issues were analyzed by theoretical method. In addition, relevant mathematical models which canfurther optimize theoretical models were established. A maize stubble collecting machinewith multiple functions, including picking-up, transporting, separating soil from stubble andcollecingt stubble, was developed. The verification and correction of theoretical modelguided structural optimization of key components by a testing platform, the structural andmotioning parameters of machine were further optimized through test optimization design.Thus, the optimal combination of determined parameters was verified through experiments.Ultimately, the optimal parameters were obtained for improving working performance andquality of the machine.
In this work, the basic physical properties of maize stubble, soil environmentalcharacteristics of stubble-soil composite body and binding characteristics of root system withsoil were studied. Based on a prototyping technology, the testing platform of maize stubblecollecting machine was set up to provide a good test condition for further theoretical analysisand experimental research. The motion track, velocity and acceleration of blades forpicking-up and pushing stubble were researched and analyzed. The trochoidal condition formotion track of the blade endpoint was obtained, and the motion track of stubble picked-upwas analyzed. Accordingly, the necessary condition that stubble could enter the first-levelthrowing and transporting mechanism were found. Then, the collision process of maizestubble with dam-board was analyzed, and found the necessary condition that stubble anddam-board could generate collision phenomenon. Finally, the separation mechanism of rootsystem and soil from stubble-soil composite body was analyzed and researched by thethree-dimensional stress principle. So imitating various mode of action (such as squeezing,rubing, comb-threshing, vibration, impacting, sieving) during treating stubble in theproduction and living process by human, he complex structure of stubble-soil compositebody could be destroyed, and as a result, complete separation of soil from maize stubbleeffectively can be achieve.
The whole system modal parameters (natural frequencies and structural shapes) andstructural dynamic characteristics were obtained by combining theoretical modal analysiswith experimental modal analysis method. Based on the theoretical analysis results, in order to analyze the working performance of separating mechanism with new bionic roller andconcave, the effects of three major parameters (rotation speed of bionic roller, clearancebetween roller and concave, and cornerite of baffle) of the bionic roller and baffle on the rateof soil separation from maize stubble and the loss rate of stubble in working process wereexamined by means of three-factor quadratic regression orthogonal rotary method, and foundthe optimal combination of the major parameters. Consequently, relevant mathematicalmodels and experimental verification were carried out. Finally, the major parameters ofmachine were set to the best condition. The working performance and quality of the wholesystem were tested in field. The experimental results showed that, on average, the rate of soilseparation was95.57%, rate of stubble loss was4.58%at the forward speed of0.46m/s, therate of soil separation was93.23%and rate of stubble loss was4.46%at the forward speedof0.65m/s were achieved.
本研究工作在国家高技术研究发展计划(863计划)项目“秸秆收集固化成型关键技术及装备”的子课题“玉米根茬收集机研制”(2009AA04364-2)和“根茬土壤粘附基本特性研究”(2009AA043603-4)、国家农业科技成果转化项目(2009GB23600507)、吉林大学“985工程”项目及吉林大学研究生创新项目“仿生脱土碾辊结构设计与试验研究”(20121093)资助下，对玉米根茬的基本物理属性以及根茬包裹的土壤环境特性进行研究，并结合玉米根茬结构中根系与土壤的结合特点，探索了玉米根茬的捡拾方式、输送模式以及根茬与土壤的分离机理，确定了合理的工艺流程，针对工作过程中涉及的诸多重点问题进行理论分析，建立了相关的数学模型，从而对理论模型实施进一步优化，同时研制出具有捡拾、输送、脱土和收集多种功能的玉米根茬收集装置，借助试验平台对理论模型进行试验验证与修正，指导试验装置关键部件的结构优化，通过试验优化设计的方法进一步对整机的结构参数和运动参数实施优化，最终确定最优的参数组合，并通过试验加以验证，得到最佳的参数配备，进而提高整机的工作性能与作业质量。
本工作研究了玉米根茬及其包裹土壤的基本物理属性，以及玉米根茬结构中根系与土壤的结合特性，并在虚拟样机技术基础上完成了玉米根茬收集装置试验台的搭建，为进一步的理论分析与试验研究提供良好的试验平台。通过对捡拾推茬刀片的运动轨迹、速度和加速度进行研究与分析，获得了捡拾推茬刀片端点的运动轨迹为余摆线的条件；并对被捡拾起的根茬的运动轨迹加以分析，得到了根茬能够进入一级抛扔输送机构的必要条件；然后通过对根茬与挡板碰撞过程的分析，寻找到了根茬与挡板能够产生碰撞的条件；最后借助三向应力原理对根系土壤复合体的脱土机理进行分析，证明了模仿人们生产生活中对物料加工的各种作用方式(如碾压、揉搓、梳刷、振动、冲击、筛分)，对根土复合体实施有效的碾压式、挤搓式、梳刷式、振动式、冲击式和筛分式等多种方式脱土，可以破坏根系包裹土壤的根土复合体结构，实现根茬与土壤的彻底分离。
通过理论模态分析与试验模态分析相结合的方法，得到了整机系统的模态参数(固有频率和结构振型)以及结构动力学特性；基于理论分析研究结果，针对新型仿生碾辊凹板脱土机构的工作性能进行试验研究，将碾辊转速、碾辊与凹板之间的间隙和凹板对碾辊的包角设为试验因素，根茬脱土率和回收损失率为性能指标，实施二次正交旋转回归试验设计，建立相关数学模型，应用数据处理软件寻找到最优参数组合，并加以试验验证。最后将整机的各参数设置成最佳状况，通过田间性能测试试验综合考察整机的工作性能和作业质量，得到整机系统在平均速度为0.46m/s作业时，整机系统的平均脱土率达到95.57%，根茬平均损失率为4.58%；整机在平均速度为0.65m/s作业时，整机系统的平均脱土率达到93.23%，根茬平均损失率为4.46%。
Biomass like crop stalks and stubbles is important renewable and high-quality energyresource. Using the stalks and stubbles for power generation not only help to overcomeenergy shortage problem, but also reduce the emission of carbon dioxide. Utilization ofbiomass energy resource can help to reduce environmental pollution and mitigate energyshortage. Therefore, biomass has been applied to the development of circular economy,supplying clean energy and improving ecological environment. It has shown a great potentialdevelopment prospect. Maize stalk and stubble produced accounts for12%-15%of thetotal stalk, which is a huge biomass. But this resource has often been ignored, most of themare abandoned in the field. A root system of maize has a developed, layered and criss-crossfibrous structure. The main roots combined with soil forming a solid stubble-soil compositebody. Therefore, it is difficult to efficiently separate soil from maize stubble and collectsoil-removed maize stubble in mechanization.
This work was supported by the National Hi-tech Project (863Project) of China (Grantno.2009AA043603-4,2009AA043604-2), by National Foundations of AgriculturalTechnology Transformation of China (Grant No.2009GB23600507), by the National NaturalScience Foundation of China (Grant No.51075185), by the Development Program ofScience and Technology of Jilin Province of China (Grant No.20100711), by National “985Project” in Jilin University and by Graduate Innovation Fund of Jilin University, China.(Grant No.20121093). The basic physical properties of maize stubble and soilenvironmental characteristics from stubble-soil composite body were extensivedlyresearched. Combining with the binding characteristics of root system with soil in the maizestubble, the picking-up mode and transporting mode of maize stubble were explored. Theseparating mechanism of soil from maize stubble was analyzed. Accordingly, a reasonabletechnical process was determined. In the working process, many of the involved key issues were analyzed by theoretical method. In addition, relevant mathematical models which canfurther optimize theoretical models were established. A maize stubble collecting machinewith multiple functions, including picking-up, transporting, separating soil from stubble andcollecingt stubble, was developed. The verification and correction of theoretical modelguided structural optimization of key components by a testing platform, the structural andmotioning parameters of machine were further optimized through test optimization design.Thus, the optimal combination of determined parameters was verified through experiments.Ultimately, the optimal parameters were obtained for improving working performance andquality of the machine.
In this work, the basic physical properties of maize stubble, soil environmentalcharacteristics of stubble-soil composite body and binding characteristics of root system withsoil were studied. Based on a prototyping technology, the testing platform of maize stubblecollecting machine was set up to provide a good test condition for further theoretical analysisand experimental research. The motion track, velocity and acceleration of blades forpicking-up and pushing stubble were researched and analyzed. The trochoidal condition formotion track of the blade endpoint was obtained, and the motion track of stubble picked-upwas analyzed. Accordingly, the necessary condition that stubble could enter the first-levelthrowing and transporting mechanism were found. Then, the collision process of maizestubble with dam-board was analyzed, and found the necessary condition that stubble anddam-board could generate collision phenomenon. Finally, the separation mechanism of rootsystem and soil from stubble-soil composite body was analyzed and researched by thethree-dimensional stress principle. So imitating various mode of action (such as squeezing,rubing, comb-threshing, vibration, impacting, sieving) during treating stubble in theproduction and living process by human, he complex structure of stubble-soil compositebody could be destroyed, and as a result, complete separation of soil from maize stubbleeffectively can be achieve.
The whole system modal parameters (natural frequencies and structural shapes) andstructural dynamic characteristics were obtained by combining theoretical modal analysiswith experimental modal analysis method. Based on the theoretical analysis results, in order to analyze the working performance of separating mechanism with new bionic roller andconcave, the effects of three major parameters (rotation speed of bionic roller, clearancebetween roller and concave, and cornerite of baffle) of the bionic roller and baffle on the rateof soil separation from maize stubble and the loss rate of stubble in working process wereexamined by means of three-factor quadratic regression orthogonal rotary method, and foundthe optimal combination of the major parameters. Consequently, relevant mathematicalmodels and experimental verification were carried out. Finally, the major parameters ofmachine were set to the best condition. The working performance and quality of the wholesystem were tested in field. The experimental results showed that, on average, the rate of soilseparation was95.57%, rate of stubble loss was4.58%at the forward speed of0.46m/s, therate of soil separation was93.23%and rate of stubble loss was4.46%at the forward speedof0.65m/s were achieved.
引文
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