科学技术与人的全面发展
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摘要
人的全面发展一直是马克思主义理论研究的最初出发点和最终价值诉求,而科学技术作为第一生产力,在为人的全面发展提供了坚实物质基础的同时,也不可避免地带来了一系列消极影响,尤其是新科技时代给人的全面发展带来的一系列严峻挑战,致使人的全面发展更是举步维艰。因而,重新审视科学技术与人的全面发展之间的关系,探究出合乎人性的科技发展战略与道路,努力消解并有效防范科技负效应的影响,实现科学技术和人的全面发展的健康协调发展,就显得尤为重要。
随着科学技术的迅猛发展,国内外学者纷纷对科学技术与人的全面发展进行了全方位、多层次、多视角的系统分析。关于科学技术观,学者们提出了科技悲观论、科技乐观论和马克思的辩证科技观。通过探讨,我们发现,无论是科技乐观论,还是科技悲观论,统属于科技决定论,其对科技的认识都存在偏颇,都将不可避免地使人类陷入自我毁灭的臼巢,唯有马克思的辩证科技观是在充分借鉴国内外有关科学技术理论及其优秀研究成果基础上所形成的系统科技观,其将会随着实践发展的需要为人的全面发展提供源源不断的动力。此外,学者们还纷纷从价值规定、历史和现实以及内容规定等多个层面对人的全面发展进行了多层次解读:从价值层面来看,人的全面发展是人类的一个理想目标;从历史和现实层面来看,人的全面发展是一个不断推进的历史过程;从内容规定层面来看,人的全面发展应当实现人的需要、能力、社会关系和个性的共同发展。总之,科学技术与人的全面发展处于一个动态的变化过程中,其将会随着实践发展日臻趋于丰富和完善。
科学技术是一把双刃剑,在积极推动人的全面发展的同时,又严重地制约着人的全面发展,表现为正反双重效应:科技进步在极大丰富人类物质世界的同时,又使人类失去了自己的精神家园;在极大地丰富人类社会关系的同时,又使人与人之间变得疏远、冷漠;在极大促进人的个性发展的同时,又造成了人在某种程度上的“非个性化”、“工具化”。同时,作为科技发展主体人的发展的不同程度又反过来影响着科技的发展,其中人的全面发展程度的不断提高将会有利地推动科技的产生和发展,而人的片面发展则会加速科技异化,其严重滞缓人的全面发展实现的历史进程。
新时代科学技术的发展给人类带来了前所未有的发展机遇,从宏观领域到微观领域、再到宇观领域都取得了可喜的成果,但同时它给人的全面发展带来的挑战也是前所未有的。科学技术使人类对自身本质产生了质疑;科学技术对人类尊严的亵渎;科学技术对人的功能产生了二律背反;科学技术对社会伦理道德的冲击等。如何有效应对这些挑战将是新科技时代人类面临的一项重要历史课题。
面对科学技术的严峻挑战,我们唯有勇敢地正视科学技术的负面效应,理性地反思科学技术与人的全面发展之间的辩证关系,从全面关注人的发展的新向度、促进科技理性和人文理性的融合、促进科技创新生态化、建立健全新型科技评审机制、科技法制体系以及科技伦理规范等方面探讨出一些有针对性的和具有现实可操作性的措施来积极地弱化乃至有效预防科技负效应的影响,才能实现科学技术与人的全面发展协调发展。
The comprehensive development of human has been the starting point and final value of the demand in Marxist theory. Science and technology, as the primary productive force, not only provides a solid material basis for the man's full development, but also inevitably bring about a series of negative effects. Especially the new technological age has brought a series of tough challenges to the overall development of human, resulting in the comprehensive development of human even more difficult. Therefore, it is particularly important to re-examine the relationship between science and technology and overall development of human, to explore the human development strategy in line with the path to digestion and to effectively prevent the negative effect of technology, to achieve a healthy and coordinated development of science and technology human.
With the rapid development of science and technology, scholars, abroad and at home, have a comprehensive, multi level, multi-system analysis of science and technology and the overall development of human. Outlook on science and technology, scholars have put forward scientific and technological pessimism, technological optimism and the Marxist dialectic of Science and Technology Views. We found that both the optimism of technology or technological pessimism, can be classified as technological determinism, of which understanding of science and technology bias exists and will inevitably lead humanity into a nest of self-destruction. Only Marx's dialectical view of technology, a systematic science and technology view based on concerning theory of science and technology and its outstanding research system at home and abroad, can provide endless power for comprehensive development of human.
In addition, the scholars also have multi-level interpretation of comprehensive development of human from the perspective of value, history, reality, and content requirements. From the perspective of value, it is an ideal aim for comprehensive development of human. From history and practical point of view, the comprehensive development is an ongoing historical process. from the view of content requirements people should realize the comprehensive development of people's needs, capabilities, social relations and the common development of personality. In short, development of science and technology and human is a dynamic process of change, and with the development practice, it is getting rich and perfect.
Science and technology is a double-edged sword, in actively promoting the comprehensive development of the city severely restricts the man's full development, showing positive and negative double effect: a great wealth of scientific and technological progress of mankind in the material world, they also make man lost his spiritual home; in enriching human society relations, but also makes people become alienated, and indifferent; to greatly promote the development of the human personality, but also resulted in some degree "impersonal" and "instrumental." Meanwhile, as the main development of the different levels of human development in turn affect the development of technology, including the comprehensive development of the constant improvement of technology will greatly facilitate the generation and development, and one-sided development of human technology will accelerate alienation, the serious lagging implementation of the comprehensive history of the development process.
The new times science's and technology's development has brought the unprecedented development opportunity to the humanity, from the macroscopic domain to the microscopic domain, has made again the encouraging progress to the space view domain, but simultaneously it gives the challenge which the man's full development brings is also unprecedented. The science and technology caused the humanity to have the question to own essence; Science and technology to human dignity blaspheming; The science and technology has had the antinomy function to person's function; Science and technology to social ethics morals impact. How will deal with these challenges will be an important historical topic which effectively the new technical time humanity will face.
Facing science's and technology's serious challenge, we only have face up to the science and technology bravely the negative effect, rationally the reconsideration science and technology and between the man's full development's dialectical relations, from pay attention to person's development comprehensively newly to, establishment perfect new science and technology appraisal mechanism, technical legal system as well as technical ethics standard aspects and so on, the promotion science and technology rationality and the humanities rational fusion, the promotion scientific innovation ecology discuss some target-oriented and have the realistic feasibility measure to come positively attenuated and even the effective prevention science and technology negative effect influence, can realize the science and technology and the man's full development coordinated development.
随着科学技术的迅猛发展,国内外学者纷纷对科学技术与人的全面发展进行了全方位、多层次、多视角的系统分析。关于科学技术观,学者们提出了科技悲观论、科技乐观论和马克思的辩证科技观。通过探讨,我们发现,无论是科技乐观论,还是科技悲观论,统属于科技决定论,其对科技的认识都存在偏颇,都将不可避免地使人类陷入自我毁灭的臼巢,唯有马克思的辩证科技观是在充分借鉴国内外有关科学技术理论及其优秀研究成果基础上所形成的系统科技观,其将会随着实践发展的需要为人的全面发展提供源源不断的动力。此外,学者们还纷纷从价值规定、历史和现实以及内容规定等多个层面对人的全面发展进行了多层次解读:从价值层面来看,人的全面发展是人类的一个理想目标;从历史和现实层面来看,人的全面发展是一个不断推进的历史过程;从内容规定层面来看,人的全面发展应当实现人的需要、能力、社会关系和个性的共同发展。总之,科学技术与人的全面发展处于一个动态的变化过程中,其将会随着实践发展日臻趋于丰富和完善。
科学技术是一把双刃剑,在积极推动人的全面发展的同时,又严重地制约着人的全面发展,表现为正反双重效应:科技进步在极大丰富人类物质世界的同时,又使人类失去了自己的精神家园;在极大地丰富人类社会关系的同时,又使人与人之间变得疏远、冷漠;在极大促进人的个性发展的同时,又造成了人在某种程度上的“非个性化”、“工具化”。同时,作为科技发展主体人的发展的不同程度又反过来影响着科技的发展,其中人的全面发展程度的不断提高将会有利地推动科技的产生和发展,而人的片面发展则会加速科技异化,其严重滞缓人的全面发展实现的历史进程。
新时代科学技术的发展给人类带来了前所未有的发展机遇,从宏观领域到微观领域、再到宇观领域都取得了可喜的成果,但同时它给人的全面发展带来的挑战也是前所未有的。科学技术使人类对自身本质产生了质疑;科学技术对人类尊严的亵渎;科学技术对人的功能产生了二律背反;科学技术对社会伦理道德的冲击等。如何有效应对这些挑战将是新科技时代人类面临的一项重要历史课题。
面对科学技术的严峻挑战,我们唯有勇敢地正视科学技术的负面效应,理性地反思科学技术与人的全面发展之间的辩证关系,从全面关注人的发展的新向度、促进科技理性和人文理性的融合、促进科技创新生态化、建立健全新型科技评审机制、科技法制体系以及科技伦理规范等方面探讨出一些有针对性的和具有现实可操作性的措施来积极地弱化乃至有效预防科技负效应的影响,才能实现科学技术与人的全面发展协调发展。
The comprehensive development of human has been the starting point and final value of the demand in Marxist theory. Science and technology, as the primary productive force, not only provides a solid material basis for the man's full development, but also inevitably bring about a series of negative effects. Especially the new technological age has brought a series of tough challenges to the overall development of human, resulting in the comprehensive development of human even more difficult. Therefore, it is particularly important to re-examine the relationship between science and technology and overall development of human, to explore the human development strategy in line with the path to digestion and to effectively prevent the negative effect of technology, to achieve a healthy and coordinated development of science and technology human.
With the rapid development of science and technology, scholars, abroad and at home, have a comprehensive, multi level, multi-system analysis of science and technology and the overall development of human. Outlook on science and technology, scholars have put forward scientific and technological pessimism, technological optimism and the Marxist dialectic of Science and Technology Views. We found that both the optimism of technology or technological pessimism, can be classified as technological determinism, of which understanding of science and technology bias exists and will inevitably lead humanity into a nest of self-destruction. Only Marx's dialectical view of technology, a systematic science and technology view based on concerning theory of science and technology and its outstanding research system at home and abroad, can provide endless power for comprehensive development of human.
In addition, the scholars also have multi-level interpretation of comprehensive development of human from the perspective of value, history, reality, and content requirements. From the perspective of value, it is an ideal aim for comprehensive development of human. From history and practical point of view, the comprehensive development is an ongoing historical process. from the view of content requirements people should realize the comprehensive development of people's needs, capabilities, social relations and the common development of personality. In short, development of science and technology and human is a dynamic process of change, and with the development practice, it is getting rich and perfect.
Science and technology is a double-edged sword, in actively promoting the comprehensive development of the city severely restricts the man's full development, showing positive and negative double effect: a great wealth of scientific and technological progress of mankind in the material world, they also make man lost his spiritual home; in enriching human society relations, but also makes people become alienated, and indifferent; to greatly promote the development of the human personality, but also resulted in some degree "impersonal" and "instrumental." Meanwhile, as the main development of the different levels of human development in turn affect the development of technology, including the comprehensive development of the constant improvement of technology will greatly facilitate the generation and development, and one-sided development of human technology will accelerate alienation, the serious lagging implementation of the comprehensive history of the development process.
The new times science's and technology's development has brought the unprecedented development opportunity to the humanity, from the macroscopic domain to the microscopic domain, has made again the encouraging progress to the space view domain, but simultaneously it gives the challenge which the man's full development brings is also unprecedented. The science and technology caused the humanity to have the question to own essence; Science and technology to human dignity blaspheming; The science and technology has had the antinomy function to person's function; Science and technology to social ethics morals impact. How will deal with these challenges will be an important historical topic which effectively the new technical time humanity will face.
Facing science's and technology's serious challenge, we only have face up to the science and technology bravely the negative effect, rationally the reconsideration science and technology and between the man's full development's dialectical relations, from pay attention to person's development comprehensively newly to, establishment perfect new science and technology appraisal mechanism, technical legal system as well as technical ethics standard aspects and so on, the promotion science and technology rationality and the humanities rational fusion, the promotion scientific innovation ecology discuss some target-oriented and have the realistic feasibility measure to come positively attenuated and even the effective prevention science and technology negative effect influence, can realize the science and technology and the man's full development coordinated development.
引文
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