论国际政治大舞台下的中国“和谐世界”外交理念
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摘要
20世纪以来,国际局势风云变幻,世界形势错综复杂,国内政局稳定,经济快速发展;尤其是911事件和金融危机后,国际政经局势又发生了深刻的变革:金融危机已成为当前全球最大关切,美国的全球权力优势大大损耗,客观上要求美国、中国等具有重要地缘政治影响的国家形成机制化合作来共同应对。欧洲地区的安全形势保持稳定,但金融危机和实体经济危机的影响不容小觑;在地区安全方面,欧洲仍不能摆脱恐怖袭击的危险,因为在欧洲本土及其外部地区,极端势力的力量都在增强。俄罗斯与欧盟及独联体地区的关系存在不确定性,俄中关系将继续向前发展;中亚国家将继续在地区大国与美国、西方之间采取灵活政策;俄罗斯与格鲁吉亚、乌克兰之间的矛盾仍然是俄欧关系的难点,但军事冲突不大可能上演。在亚洲,朝核问题依然任重道远,朝鲜重返六方会谈,能否弃核,既关系到它自身的发展,也是东北亚保持和平与稳定的必要条件,经过韩国前总统金大中的葬礼外交以及最近的朝美对话后,相信朝韩、朝美关系会有一定的改善。2008年是中东地区形势“不断恶化、非常糟糕”的一年,2009年8月底的今天,中东局势仍不容乐观,巴以问题的解决仍十分棘手。在伊拉克,美国在伊继续保持影响力并对伊邻国持续形成威胁,此举将激化伊拉克和中东地区的紧张局势。伊朗核计划方面,伊朗与国际原子能机构数度谈判,美伊角力,前景仍不明朗。非洲地区总体上政治安全形势将稳中趋好,苏丹政府的停火举措和谈判主张为解决达尔富尔问题创造了良好条件;刚果(金)政府与反政府武装的和解谈判正朝着积极方向进展;拉美和加勒比地区未来将会进一步增强地区趋同性,推动一体化建设,拉美和加勒比国家首脑会议强调,寻求经济和社会发展是拉美国家的首要目标。委内瑞拉总统查韦斯时指出,在拉美地区,美国主导的时代已经结束,拉美和加勒比国家从此可以自主决定发展模式。从这些我们可以判断,整体上国际形势呈现复杂化的趋势。
本文就立足于这一复杂的国际政治背景,从新中国成立的初期开始论述,围绕我国“和谐世界”的外交理念进行分析和阐述。
全文总体分六大部分:
第一部分,从1949年新中国成立的那一天说起,回顾了不同历史阶段中国的外交政策和特点,重点谈及了改革开放后中国外交政策的变化。60年来中国经历了从封闭到逐步向世界开放自己的过程,期间,中国和周边国家、其它大国、国际社会的关系不断进行着调整,外交成就很突出。
第二部分,本文回到了2000多年前的中国古代,从诸子百家和他们的经典著作中、从2000年的历史长河中找寻“和谐世界”理念的源思想。在中国古代经典论述中,“和”乃和睦、和平;“合”指融合、合作。“和合”一起,意为和谐、协调与合作。秦汉以后,“和合”思想被普遍应用,渗透于各个时代各家各派的思想之中,逐渐成为中国传统思想文化中被普遍接受和认同的人文精神,并持续影响了数千年的中国历史。中华文化源远流长和兼容并蓄,尤其是“和合思想”的理念给了政治家、外交家们很大的启迪和阐发。
第三部分,“和谐世界”外交理念的继承发展和创新升华。在此部分中,我从周总理会见印度的尼赫鲁时初次提出的“和平共处五项原则”说起,到1955年周总理参加亚非会议着重阐述了“求同存异”、“和平共处”五项原则,再到改革开放后的“独立自主”的和平外交政策,再到20世纪90年代的“新发展观”、“新安全观”,直到最新的“和谐世界”理念。本文通过每一阶段、每一理论的演化变迁,更好地说明了和谐世界建设的必要性,更好地说明了中国的外交实践:这就是在与不同类型国家的外交关系拓展上,我国不再以意识形态划线,主张发展与所有国家的友好合作、平等互利的关系;在处理与大国关系方面,坚持通过战略对话和谈判协调与大国的关系;在处理与发展中国家关系方面,积极援助和支持发展中国家的发展;对于周边邻国,奉行睦邻、安邻、富邻的政策,坚持与邻为善、以邻为伴的方针。中国同所有国家坚持和谐、协作,追求共赢,促进共同发展。实践证明,中国已成为世界政治、经济体系的建设性参与者、国际矛盾的积极协调者,已经担负起了自己的国际责任,展示了自己的大国形象。
第四部分,“和谐世界”外交理念的应用和实践。本节我在总结“和谐世界”理念的外交特点、风格和目标的基础上,重点对中国的外交实践进行了叙述。中国向国际社会郑重提出的推动建设持久和平、共同繁荣的“和谐世界”的倡议,与我们在国内倡导的“科学发展观”和努力建设“和谐社会”的重大提法一脉相承;更确切地说,两者之间有某种内在的顺应关系,反映出中国决策层的意向。世界人民也能逐渐意识到,在外交和国际关系方面,中国人所提倡的“和谐的周边关系”、“和谐的亚太格局”、“和谐的大国关系”乃至“和谐世界”,绝非是好听的“外交辞令”或者迷乱的“障眼法”,而是中国发展到一定阶段社会本质需求的体现,是经过改革开放30年的洗礼熏陶而自然形成、有深厚基础的世界发展观。
“和谐世界”外交理念的实践还表现在中国和其它大国的关系上面,比如中美关系和中日关系。中美关系已远远超越了双边的范畴,而且涉及到国内、多边、地区、跨地区和全球等各个领域。因此,中美两国需从战略的高度和长远的角度来看待两国在国际体系问题上的合作和互动。中美两国已经建立了数十个各种级别和类型的对话机制,今后的问题是要充分发挥这些机制的作用,加强中美两国在国际体系方面的互动力度,并且加强同其他经济合作体、特别是其它大国和主要国际组织的协调,争取在有利的国际环境下进一步稳定和发展中美关系,增加共识,平衡利益,规范行为,协商合作,应对挑战。
关于中日合作,本文主要简述中日之间最和谐、最重要的是经济关系。中日两国存在着很多相似,在经济发展上,两国存在很大的相互需求的空间,这就决定了中日两国在经济上有很多共同利益和相互需要。中日两国都是人口众多的国家,日本的人均国民收入居于世界前列,中国的人均国民收入也在迅速提高。再加上两国经济和社会发展水平不同,需求层次互补性很强。因而中日双边贸易和投资的潜力巨大,经济合作领域非常宽广。
第五部分,“和谐世界”外交理念带给人们的启示。推行“和谐世界”的外交政策,建设“和谐世界”的前提,就是要有足够高的国际威望,足够好的国家形象。实践表明,新中国经过60年的外交努力和经济建设,中国的国家形象已经得到了很大的改善,国际威望也已经大大地提升了,昔日的“软柿子”拥有了较强的综合国力。因而,中国已经能够在国际事务和地区热点难点的解决方面发挥应有的作用。
第六部分,“和谐世界”外交理念实现的障碍。阻碍的核心就是中国的统一大业——台湾问题。比如美国对台湾问题的政策和实际态度,日本又怎样阻碍中国的统一大业等等。
Since the 20th century, the international situation has been rapidly ever-changing and complicated, while the domestic political situation is stable and the economy develops quickly. Especially after Event 911 and financial crisis, sharp changes have taken place in international political and economic situations .The financial crisis has been the most attention in the world. The global position of United States has been overthrown , so it is necessary for the important countries in political situations such as USA , China and so on to cooperate to deal with the crisis together. The situation in Europe keeps stable, but the influence of financial crisis and economic crisis is very serious. At the aspect of safety, Europe still can not shake off the danger of terrorist attack, as the extremist forces keep on strengthen in and out of Europe. There is great uncertain between Russia and European Commission. And the relationship between China and Russia is still going forward. The countries in Mid-Asia will continue the flexible policies with the UAS and western countries. The contradiction between Russia and Georgia , Ukraine is still the difficult problem of the relationship of Russian and Europe, but it is impossible for a military conflict.
In Asia , North Korean nuclear issue is still a main problem. Whether North Korea will return to six-party talk and abandon nuclear weapon, not only relates to its development but also the essential factor for the peace and stability of Northeastern Asia. After the funeral of ex-president Kim Dae-jung, the relationship between North Korea and Korea must be better. The year 2008 is a period in which the middle Eastern situation“keeps deteriorating ,very terrible”. Until late August 2008, the Middle East situation still makes people worried, and the Pakistan-Israel issue is still troublesome.
In Iraq, the Unites States still keeps its influential and a threat to the neighbors of Iraq, which will intensify the sharp situation of the Iraq and Middle East. About the nuclear plan of Iran, the future is very dim after the president selection of Iran because of the conflict between USA and Iran. On the whole ,the political and safe situation will be better in Africa, the cease-fire policy of Sudan government is a good chance for the solution of Darfur Problem. The negotiation of the Central Congo and anti-government forces is going toward the better direction. The future of Latin America and Caribbean Area will strengthen the regional homoplasy . The conference of the Latin America and Caribbean emphasized that to seek the economic and society development is the first aim for the Latin American countries. The Venezuela president has pointed out that in Latin America, the period of USA had passed away, and Latin America and Caribbean countries could develop by themselves . On the whole, the global situation is more and more complicated.
Based on the complicated international political background, this paper discusses China’s diplomatic philosophy of Harmonious World from the setup of the new China This paper consists of six parts.
The first part hashes over China’s diplomatic policies on different developing steps since the foundation of China, practically describes the great changes of China’s diplomatic policy after reform and open. China has experienced the period from closed to open in the last sixty years. She adjusts the relationships with neighbor countries, other big nations and the international society, and gets outstanding achievement.
In the second part, this paper looks back on the ancient China about 2000 years ago, and it looks for original thoughts of the Harmonious World philosophy from hundreds of schools and their works. In ancient works,“harmonious”means peace ,cooperation. After Qin and Han Dynasty, Harmonious thought had been accepted widely ,and spread through every school of thought in every dynasty. It had been the most widely accepted traditional cultural and human spirit , and influenced thousands of years China history. The long history of Chinese cultural and the philosophy of the coexistence of things ,especially the Harmonious thought has inspired the modern statesmen greatly.
The third part is about the inheritance and development, creation and sublimation of the philosophy of Harmonious World. In this part, the discussion begins with Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence that proposed by Premier Zhou when he met Nehru, to seek common points while reserving difference and Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence which expressed by Premier Zhou at the Bandung Conference in 1955, to the Independent Peaceful Diplomatic Policy that proposed after reform and opening, and then to the new thinking on development and security, last to the newest philosophy of harmonious world.
The paper accounts for the necessity of the harmonious world through each step and each development of the theory, accounts for the diplomatic practice of China. China maintains to develop peaceful and cooperative relationship with all countries. In dealing the relationship with big countries ,China maintains to keep the relationship through talks and negotiation. In dealing with the relationship with developing countries, China helps and supports their development. To the neighbor countries, China maintains harmony, peace and rich neighbor policy .China keeps harmonious and cooperative relationship with all countries to get the mutual benefit and development. The practice shown that China has been the participant of the global political and economic system, the coordinator of the international contradiction. China has taken the international liability and shown the appearance of a big country.
The forth part is about the application and practice of the diplomatic philosophy of Harmonious World. Based on the discussion of the diplomatic features, styles and goals of the philosophy of Harmonious World, the paper mainly describes the course of China’s diplomatic practice. The call about building a harmonious world of lasting peace and common prosperity which proposed seriously by China ,it is coming down in one continuous line with the important term of scientific outlook on development and building harmonious society that proposed by Communist Party of China and the administration. Exactly speaking, there is a certain kind of inner correspondence between them that can reflect the purpose of China’s decision-maker. The international society gradually realize that in the respects of diplomacy and international relations, the good-neighborly friendship, the harmonious ESCAP pattern, the harmonious relations between big nations and the harmonious world which called by Chinese are not diplomatic language or camouflage. They are the reflection the need of the society when China developed to a certain degree; they are the natural formation of the world concept of development that edify through reform and opening in the last 30 years.
Harmonious World thought can be shown on the relationship between China and other big countries, such as China and America, China and Japan. The relationship between China and America has exceeded bilateral relationship, also it relates to domestic, multilateral ,regional and global scope. Therefore, China and America should deal with the cooperation and reaction from the strategic perspective and longtime angle . There has been dozens of talks system at every level and type between China and America. The future problem is how to make full use of these systems and strengthen the interactions of China and America in international system , also with other economic union ,especially other big countries and main international organizations, in order to develop the China and America relationship in better international situation.
This paper mainly discusses the most important relationship between China and Japan is economic relationship. There is much resemblance on the economic basis of China and Japan. There is also great mutual need between the two countries, which decides there is much economic need and mutual need between China and Japan. Both China and Japan have much population, per capita income of Japan ranks first line in world, and per capita income of China is also rapidly getting more. The different economy and social development make possible the mutual needs. Therefore, there is great potentiality in the bilateral business and investment and the economic cooperation scope is very wide.
The fifth part states the inspiration of the diplomatic philosophy of harmonious world. The premise for Harmonious World policy is we should have high enough international reputation and good enough international image. The practice shows that China great changes in international image after sixty years economic building. We have much stronger comprehensive national strength .So, China has her useful influence in solving the international affairs and regional heated problems.
The sixth part is about the obstacles of making the philosophy of harmonious world come true. The reunification of China-Taiwan issue is the main obstacle. Such as the practical attitude of the America to Taiwan problem, or how Japan will prevent the reunification of China and so on.
本文就立足于这一复杂的国际政治背景,从新中国成立的初期开始论述,围绕我国“和谐世界”的外交理念进行分析和阐述。
全文总体分六大部分:
第一部分,从1949年新中国成立的那一天说起,回顾了不同历史阶段中国的外交政策和特点,重点谈及了改革开放后中国外交政策的变化。60年来中国经历了从封闭到逐步向世界开放自己的过程,期间,中国和周边国家、其它大国、国际社会的关系不断进行着调整,外交成就很突出。
第二部分,本文回到了2000多年前的中国古代,从诸子百家和他们的经典著作中、从2000年的历史长河中找寻“和谐世界”理念的源思想。在中国古代经典论述中,“和”乃和睦、和平;“合”指融合、合作。“和合”一起,意为和谐、协调与合作。秦汉以后,“和合”思想被普遍应用,渗透于各个时代各家各派的思想之中,逐渐成为中国传统思想文化中被普遍接受和认同的人文精神,并持续影响了数千年的中国历史。中华文化源远流长和兼容并蓄,尤其是“和合思想”的理念给了政治家、外交家们很大的启迪和阐发。
第三部分,“和谐世界”外交理念的继承发展和创新升华。在此部分中,我从周总理会见印度的尼赫鲁时初次提出的“和平共处五项原则”说起,到1955年周总理参加亚非会议着重阐述了“求同存异”、“和平共处”五项原则,再到改革开放后的“独立自主”的和平外交政策,再到20世纪90年代的“新发展观”、“新安全观”,直到最新的“和谐世界”理念。本文通过每一阶段、每一理论的演化变迁,更好地说明了和谐世界建设的必要性,更好地说明了中国的外交实践:这就是在与不同类型国家的外交关系拓展上,我国不再以意识形态划线,主张发展与所有国家的友好合作、平等互利的关系;在处理与大国关系方面,坚持通过战略对话和谈判协调与大国的关系;在处理与发展中国家关系方面,积极援助和支持发展中国家的发展;对于周边邻国,奉行睦邻、安邻、富邻的政策,坚持与邻为善、以邻为伴的方针。中国同所有国家坚持和谐、协作,追求共赢,促进共同发展。实践证明,中国已成为世界政治、经济体系的建设性参与者、国际矛盾的积极协调者,已经担负起了自己的国际责任,展示了自己的大国形象。
第四部分,“和谐世界”外交理念的应用和实践。本节我在总结“和谐世界”理念的外交特点、风格和目标的基础上,重点对中国的外交实践进行了叙述。中国向国际社会郑重提出的推动建设持久和平、共同繁荣的“和谐世界”的倡议,与我们在国内倡导的“科学发展观”和努力建设“和谐社会”的重大提法一脉相承;更确切地说,两者之间有某种内在的顺应关系,反映出中国决策层的意向。世界人民也能逐渐意识到,在外交和国际关系方面,中国人所提倡的“和谐的周边关系”、“和谐的亚太格局”、“和谐的大国关系”乃至“和谐世界”,绝非是好听的“外交辞令”或者迷乱的“障眼法”,而是中国发展到一定阶段社会本质需求的体现,是经过改革开放30年的洗礼熏陶而自然形成、有深厚基础的世界发展观。
“和谐世界”外交理念的实践还表现在中国和其它大国的关系上面,比如中美关系和中日关系。中美关系已远远超越了双边的范畴,而且涉及到国内、多边、地区、跨地区和全球等各个领域。因此,中美两国需从战略的高度和长远的角度来看待两国在国际体系问题上的合作和互动。中美两国已经建立了数十个各种级别和类型的对话机制,今后的问题是要充分发挥这些机制的作用,加强中美两国在国际体系方面的互动力度,并且加强同其他经济合作体、特别是其它大国和主要国际组织的协调,争取在有利的国际环境下进一步稳定和发展中美关系,增加共识,平衡利益,规范行为,协商合作,应对挑战。
关于中日合作,本文主要简述中日之间最和谐、最重要的是经济关系。中日两国存在着很多相似,在经济发展上,两国存在很大的相互需求的空间,这就决定了中日两国在经济上有很多共同利益和相互需要。中日两国都是人口众多的国家,日本的人均国民收入居于世界前列,中国的人均国民收入也在迅速提高。再加上两国经济和社会发展水平不同,需求层次互补性很强。因而中日双边贸易和投资的潜力巨大,经济合作领域非常宽广。
第五部分,“和谐世界”外交理念带给人们的启示。推行“和谐世界”的外交政策,建设“和谐世界”的前提,就是要有足够高的国际威望,足够好的国家形象。实践表明,新中国经过60年的外交努力和经济建设,中国的国家形象已经得到了很大的改善,国际威望也已经大大地提升了,昔日的“软柿子”拥有了较强的综合国力。因而,中国已经能够在国际事务和地区热点难点的解决方面发挥应有的作用。
第六部分,“和谐世界”外交理念实现的障碍。阻碍的核心就是中国的统一大业——台湾问题。比如美国对台湾问题的政策和实际态度,日本又怎样阻碍中国的统一大业等等。
Since the 20th century, the international situation has been rapidly ever-changing and complicated, while the domestic political situation is stable and the economy develops quickly. Especially after Event 911 and financial crisis, sharp changes have taken place in international political and economic situations .The financial crisis has been the most attention in the world. The global position of United States has been overthrown , so it is necessary for the important countries in political situations such as USA , China and so on to cooperate to deal with the crisis together. The situation in Europe keeps stable, but the influence of financial crisis and economic crisis is very serious. At the aspect of safety, Europe still can not shake off the danger of terrorist attack, as the extremist forces keep on strengthen in and out of Europe. There is great uncertain between Russia and European Commission. And the relationship between China and Russia is still going forward. The countries in Mid-Asia will continue the flexible policies with the UAS and western countries. The contradiction between Russia and Georgia , Ukraine is still the difficult problem of the relationship of Russian and Europe, but it is impossible for a military conflict.
In Asia , North Korean nuclear issue is still a main problem. Whether North Korea will return to six-party talk and abandon nuclear weapon, not only relates to its development but also the essential factor for the peace and stability of Northeastern Asia. After the funeral of ex-president Kim Dae-jung, the relationship between North Korea and Korea must be better. The year 2008 is a period in which the middle Eastern situation“keeps deteriorating ,very terrible”. Until late August 2008, the Middle East situation still makes people worried, and the Pakistan-Israel issue is still troublesome.
In Iraq, the Unites States still keeps its influential and a threat to the neighbors of Iraq, which will intensify the sharp situation of the Iraq and Middle East. About the nuclear plan of Iran, the future is very dim after the president selection of Iran because of the conflict between USA and Iran. On the whole ,the political and safe situation will be better in Africa, the cease-fire policy of Sudan government is a good chance for the solution of Darfur Problem. The negotiation of the Central Congo and anti-government forces is going toward the better direction. The future of Latin America and Caribbean Area will strengthen the regional homoplasy . The conference of the Latin America and Caribbean emphasized that to seek the economic and society development is the first aim for the Latin American countries. The Venezuela president has pointed out that in Latin America, the period of USA had passed away, and Latin America and Caribbean countries could develop by themselves . On the whole, the global situation is more and more complicated.
Based on the complicated international political background, this paper discusses China’s diplomatic philosophy of Harmonious World from the setup of the new China This paper consists of six parts.
The first part hashes over China’s diplomatic policies on different developing steps since the foundation of China, practically describes the great changes of China’s diplomatic policy after reform and open. China has experienced the period from closed to open in the last sixty years. She adjusts the relationships with neighbor countries, other big nations and the international society, and gets outstanding achievement.
In the second part, this paper looks back on the ancient China about 2000 years ago, and it looks for original thoughts of the Harmonious World philosophy from hundreds of schools and their works. In ancient works,“harmonious”means peace ,cooperation. After Qin and Han Dynasty, Harmonious thought had been accepted widely ,and spread through every school of thought in every dynasty. It had been the most widely accepted traditional cultural and human spirit , and influenced thousands of years China history. The long history of Chinese cultural and the philosophy of the coexistence of things ,especially the Harmonious thought has inspired the modern statesmen greatly.
The third part is about the inheritance and development, creation and sublimation of the philosophy of Harmonious World. In this part, the discussion begins with Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence that proposed by Premier Zhou when he met Nehru, to seek common points while reserving difference and Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence which expressed by Premier Zhou at the Bandung Conference in 1955, to the Independent Peaceful Diplomatic Policy that proposed after reform and opening, and then to the new thinking on development and security, last to the newest philosophy of harmonious world.
The paper accounts for the necessity of the harmonious world through each step and each development of the theory, accounts for the diplomatic practice of China. China maintains to develop peaceful and cooperative relationship with all countries. In dealing the relationship with big countries ,China maintains to keep the relationship through talks and negotiation. In dealing with the relationship with developing countries, China helps and supports their development. To the neighbor countries, China maintains harmony, peace and rich neighbor policy .China keeps harmonious and cooperative relationship with all countries to get the mutual benefit and development. The practice shown that China has been the participant of the global political and economic system, the coordinator of the international contradiction. China has taken the international liability and shown the appearance of a big country.
The forth part is about the application and practice of the diplomatic philosophy of Harmonious World. Based on the discussion of the diplomatic features, styles and goals of the philosophy of Harmonious World, the paper mainly describes the course of China’s diplomatic practice. The call about building a harmonious world of lasting peace and common prosperity which proposed seriously by China ,it is coming down in one continuous line with the important term of scientific outlook on development and building harmonious society that proposed by Communist Party of China and the administration. Exactly speaking, there is a certain kind of inner correspondence between them that can reflect the purpose of China’s decision-maker. The international society gradually realize that in the respects of diplomacy and international relations, the good-neighborly friendship, the harmonious ESCAP pattern, the harmonious relations between big nations and the harmonious world which called by Chinese are not diplomatic language or camouflage. They are the reflection the need of the society when China developed to a certain degree; they are the natural formation of the world concept of development that edify through reform and opening in the last 30 years.
Harmonious World thought can be shown on the relationship between China and other big countries, such as China and America, China and Japan. The relationship between China and America has exceeded bilateral relationship, also it relates to domestic, multilateral ,regional and global scope. Therefore, China and America should deal with the cooperation and reaction from the strategic perspective and longtime angle . There has been dozens of talks system at every level and type between China and America. The future problem is how to make full use of these systems and strengthen the interactions of China and America in international system , also with other economic union ,especially other big countries and main international organizations, in order to develop the China and America relationship in better international situation.
This paper mainly discusses the most important relationship between China and Japan is economic relationship. There is much resemblance on the economic basis of China and Japan. There is also great mutual need between the two countries, which decides there is much economic need and mutual need between China and Japan. Both China and Japan have much population, per capita income of Japan ranks first line in world, and per capita income of China is also rapidly getting more. The different economy and social development make possible the mutual needs. Therefore, there is great potentiality in the bilateral business and investment and the economic cooperation scope is very wide.
The fifth part states the inspiration of the diplomatic philosophy of harmonious world. The premise for Harmonious World policy is we should have high enough international reputation and good enough international image. The practice shows that China great changes in international image after sixty years economic building. We have much stronger comprehensive national strength .So, China has her useful influence in solving the international affairs and regional heated problems.
The sixth part is about the obstacles of making the philosophy of harmonious world come true. The reunification of China-Taiwan issue is the main obstacle. Such as the practical attitude of the America to Taiwan problem, or how Japan will prevent the reunification of China and so on.
引文
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