三维VSP多波资料联合解释方法研究及应用
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摘要
随着油气勘探难度的增加,常规纵波地震勘探技术面临诸多挑战:如何有效减少纵波勘探的多解性,准确定位小断层、礁体、古潜山,识别真假亮点,提高地震记录的分辨率等一系列复杂问题;要解决这一系列复杂的问题,则急需高精度和高可信度的技术。
近年来,三维VSP多波勘探技术有了较大的发展。一方面,多波多分量勘探与单一纵波勘探相比,它所能提供的地震属性信息将会成倍的增加,并能衍生出各种组合参数;利用这些参数估算地层岩性与识别流体等将比仅依靠纵波的可靠性更高,可以最大限度地消除利用单纯纵波进行储层预测的不唯一性;另一方面,VSP比常规地震剖面有更高的信噪比和更大的穿透深度,VSP便于通过井孔进行三分量观测,从而便于本质上对矢量场观测和分析。在此基础上,VSP不仅可分别利用上行波和下行波,而且可利用纵波和转换波和首波等多种类型的波;与陆上勘探资料结合,可减少地震反演的多解性等。
目前,三维VSP多波地震资料解释的主要问题是多波多分量的标定和对比,其中最重要的是子波的选取与层位标定;其次,需要对多分量的属性进行分析,然后利用多参数进行流体识别。针对这些问题,本文对以下几个方面进行了研究:
(1)对歧口地区P6井测井资料进行处理;
(2)用分形法与相关法提取最小相位、混合相位子波,合成地震记录,并制作连井剖面进行对比和层位标定,最后对转换波剖面进行压缩;
(3)通过模型求取纵波与横波的振幅比与频率比,对其异常的原因进行了研究;并将此方法应用在歧口地区三维VSP多波实际资料,该方法对储层预测有一定的辅助作用;
(4)利用多参数(如泊松比,拉梅常数,体积模量等)进行储层预测,并对反演的岩性及弹性参数进行对比解释。
As the difficulty of gas and oil exploration is increased, the regular technology of seism-exploration confronts many challenges : how to effectively reduce the multi-results of the exploration of pressure wave ,accurate positioning of small faults, reefs and buried hill , to distinguish bright spot between genuine and phony and improve the records of resolution a series of complex problems . To address this series of complex problems, the urgent needs for high precision and high reliability of the technology.
In recent years, the exploration technology of 3D-VSP multi-wave has been considerable development. On the one hand, it Comparing with single press wave, multi-wave and multi-compose exploration technology offering information will increase in multiples and derive various combined-parameters, which makes it have reliability higher for estimating lithology and identifying fluid and avoids multiplicity of using pure press wave to forecast reservoir as possible. On the other hand , comparing with general seismic section, VSP has higher the signal noise ratio and greater penetration depth; VSP can easily observe three-component through well finestra , which contributes to observation and analysis for vector field in essence ; basing on it, VSP can not only use upgoing wave and downgoing wave, but also use p-wave, ps-wave , first-wave and the different origins wave; and reduce multi-results of seism datum inversion integration with offshore exploration.
Nowadays the most important issue of 3D-VSP multi-wave seismic data interpretation is the multi-wave multi-component calibration and comparison, the most critical and most basic is the wavelet selection and level calibration; Secondly, how to identify fluid using multiple parameters after analysis of multi-component attributes. Confronting with those questions, this article mainly research includes the following :
(1) To process the logs of data processing of p6 well in Qikou area;
(2) Using the method of fractal and correlation extracts wavelet of minimum-phase and mixed-phase and synthetic seismograms by logging data, and then compared with the well profile and the level calibration, and converted wave section is compressed;
(3) To compute the amplitude ratio and frequency ratio of modle of press and shear wave, its abnormity have been researched; the processed result of actual data of three-dimensional multi-wave in Qikou area shows that this method is some assistance for reservoir prediction;
(4) For many argument (such as being poisson's ratio, lame constant and bulk modulus) reservoir prediction, the inversion lithology and spring parameter can be explain by contrast.
近年来,三维VSP多波勘探技术有了较大的发展。一方面,多波多分量勘探与单一纵波勘探相比,它所能提供的地震属性信息将会成倍的增加,并能衍生出各种组合参数;利用这些参数估算地层岩性与识别流体等将比仅依靠纵波的可靠性更高,可以最大限度地消除利用单纯纵波进行储层预测的不唯一性;另一方面,VSP比常规地震剖面有更高的信噪比和更大的穿透深度,VSP便于通过井孔进行三分量观测,从而便于本质上对矢量场观测和分析。在此基础上,VSP不仅可分别利用上行波和下行波,而且可利用纵波和转换波和首波等多种类型的波;与陆上勘探资料结合,可减少地震反演的多解性等。
目前,三维VSP多波地震资料解释的主要问题是多波多分量的标定和对比,其中最重要的是子波的选取与层位标定;其次,需要对多分量的属性进行分析,然后利用多参数进行流体识别。针对这些问题,本文对以下几个方面进行了研究:
(1)对歧口地区P6井测井资料进行处理;
(2)用分形法与相关法提取最小相位、混合相位子波,合成地震记录,并制作连井剖面进行对比和层位标定,最后对转换波剖面进行压缩;
(3)通过模型求取纵波与横波的振幅比与频率比,对其异常的原因进行了研究;并将此方法应用在歧口地区三维VSP多波实际资料,该方法对储层预测有一定的辅助作用;
(4)利用多参数(如泊松比,拉梅常数,体积模量等)进行储层预测,并对反演的岩性及弹性参数进行对比解释。
As the difficulty of gas and oil exploration is increased, the regular technology of seism-exploration confronts many challenges : how to effectively reduce the multi-results of the exploration of pressure wave ,accurate positioning of small faults, reefs and buried hill , to distinguish bright spot between genuine and phony and improve the records of resolution a series of complex problems . To address this series of complex problems, the urgent needs for high precision and high reliability of the technology.
In recent years, the exploration technology of 3D-VSP multi-wave has been considerable development. On the one hand, it Comparing with single press wave, multi-wave and multi-compose exploration technology offering information will increase in multiples and derive various combined-parameters, which makes it have reliability higher for estimating lithology and identifying fluid and avoids multiplicity of using pure press wave to forecast reservoir as possible. On the other hand , comparing with general seismic section, VSP has higher the signal noise ratio and greater penetration depth; VSP can easily observe three-component through well finestra , which contributes to observation and analysis for vector field in essence ; basing on it, VSP can not only use upgoing wave and downgoing wave, but also use p-wave, ps-wave , first-wave and the different origins wave; and reduce multi-results of seism datum inversion integration with offshore exploration.
Nowadays the most important issue of 3D-VSP multi-wave seismic data interpretation is the multi-wave multi-component calibration and comparison, the most critical and most basic is the wavelet selection and level calibration; Secondly, how to identify fluid using multiple parameters after analysis of multi-component attributes. Confronting with those questions, this article mainly research includes the following :
(1) To process the logs of data processing of p6 well in Qikou area;
(2) Using the method of fractal and correlation extracts wavelet of minimum-phase and mixed-phase and synthetic seismograms by logging data, and then compared with the well profile and the level calibration, and converted wave section is compressed;
(3) To compute the amplitude ratio and frequency ratio of modle of press and shear wave, its abnormity have been researched; the processed result of actual data of three-dimensional multi-wave in Qikou area shows that this method is some assistance for reservoir prediction;
(4) For many argument (such as being poisson's ratio, lame constant and bulk modulus) reservoir prediction, the inversion lithology and spring parameter can be explain by contrast.
引文
[1]李录明,罗省贤.多波资料处理及解释方法的研究进展[J].石油地球物理勘探, 2006,(06)
[2]李晓光.多波多分量数值模拟与数据处理方法[D].中国地质大学(北京) , 2006
[3]乐友喜,薛志刚,张建宁等.储层地震预测应用条件及其实例分析[J].物探化探计算技术, 2009,(05)
[4] Bahorich M, Farmer S. 3-D Seismic Discontinuity for Faults and Stratigraphic Features: The Coherence Cube [J]. The Leading Edge, 1995, 14(10): 1053-1058
[5]姜秀清.储层地震属性优化及属性体综合解释[D].中国科学院研究生院(广州地球化学研究所) , 2006
[6]胡朝勇,朱明,修中标.多波多分量地震勘探的现状与发展趋势[J].科技信息, 2009,(26)
[7]冯魁,张晓帆,陈川,冯新生.开发地震技术及进展[J].地质与资源, 2009,(01)
[8]郭建. VSP技术应用现状及发展趋势[J].勘探地球物理进展, 2004,(01)
[9]严又生,宜明理,魏新,许增魁.三维三分量VSP数据处理方法及效果[J].石油地球物理勘探, 2005,(01)
[10]朱光明.垂直地震剖面方法[M].北京,石油工业出版社,1988
[11] Marfurt K J, Sudhaker V, Gersztenkorn A,et al. Coherency Calculations in the Presence of Structural Dip [J]. Geophysics, 1999, 64(1): 104-111
[12] Marfurt K J, Kirlin R L, Farmer S L, et al. 3-D Seismic Attributes Using a Semblance-based Coherency Algorithm [J]. Geophysics,1998, 63(4): 1150-1165
[13] Gersztenkorn A, Marfurt K J. Eigenstructure based coherence computations as an aid to 3-D structural and stratigraphic mapping [J]. Geophysics, 1999,64(5): 1468-1479
[14] Trappe H, Hallmich G, Forll M. Potential power in the application of seismic volume attributes [J]. First Break, 2000,18(9):397-402
[15]陈林.三维VSP技术的应用与展望[J].勘探地球物理进展, 2007,(03)
[16]牟风明.三维VSP波场分离与成像[D].中国石油大学, 2008
[17]宋维琪,刘江华,王小马,路士华,牛乐琴.预测油气的地震属性优化组合、灰关联分析技术[J].石油勘探与开发, 2002,(05)
[18]印兴耀,周静毅.地震属性优化方法综述[J].石油地球物理勘探, 2005,(08)
[19]孙鹏远,孙建国,卢秀丽. P-SV波AVO方法研究进展[J].地球物理学进展,2003,18(4):602～607
[20]贺振华著,岩石物理学[M].成都理工大学,2008
[21]陈顒,黄庭芳著.岩石物理学[M].北京大学, 2001
[22]贺振华,黄德济,文晓涛著.裂缝油气藏地球物理预测[M].四川科学技术出版社,2007年12月
[23]王威,李臻,田敏等.岩性-地层油气藏勘探方法技术研究现状及进展[J].岩性油气藏, 2009,(02)
[24]小忍.为了“看清、识别”地下的油藏——油气勘探三维地震解释技术进展[J].石油知识勘探开发, 2008,(06)
[25]李录明,罗省贤.多波AVA及岩性预测[J].石油地球物理勘探, 1996,(02)
[26]牟永光,陈小宏,李国发等.地震数据处理方法[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2007.8
[27]李国发,彭苏萍,高日胜等.复赛谱域提取混合相位子波的方法[J].天然气工业,2005:25(1):85~87
[28] Lichm an E. Phase inversion deconvolution for long and short per iod m ultip les attenuation[J]. Geophysica l Pro specting, 1995;43: 469～486
[29]李录明,李正文.地震勘探原理、方法和解释[M].北京:地质出版社,2007.3
[30] AkiK , Riehards P G. Quantitative seismology[M] . San Francisco : Freeman and Co,1980.144～154
[31]周竹生.P—SV和SH波的AVO分析[J].石油地球物理勘探,1993,28(4):430～438
[32]郑晓东.AVO理论和方法的一些进展[J].石油地球物理勘探,1993,27(3):305～317
[33]甘永忠.用P—SV波叠加剖面合成横波层速度剖面[J].石油地球物理勘探,1995,30(1):56～61
[34]邢春颖.利用转换波地震资料实现对岩性与含油气性信息的地质解释[D].中国地质大学(北京) , 2005
[35]马劲风,傅旦丹,刘异峰等.转换波人工合成记录制作及纵横波层位对比[J].石油地球物理勘探,2004,39(1):60～67
[36]洪余刚等.多分量地震资料层位对比[J].天然气工业,2008,28(9):41～43
[37]黄德济,贺振华,赵宪生.多波层位对比的原则与方法[J].物探化探计术,1996,18(3):194～205
[38]卞志彬,刘明洋,张小慧等.三维VSP振幅比与频率比求取及意义[J].石油天然气学报(理工卷),2010(9):223-225
[39]侯伯刚. AVO处理解释技术研究及应用[D].中国地质大学(北京), 2005
[40]张广娟,胡天跃.地震波AVO岩性分析[J].石油地球物理勘探,2002,37(6):578～584.
[41] Alejandro AVO,Reinaldo J M.Stratigraphic inversion of poststack PS converted waves date[J],Expand Abstracts of 70th Annual Internat SEG Mtg,2000.150～153
[42]邹文.基于地震资料的流体识别技术研究[D].成都:成都理工大学博士论文, 2008年
[43]贺振华,王才经等编著.反射地震资料偏移处理与反演方法[M].重庆大学出版社,1989
[44]容娇君.弹性AVO反演[D].成都理工大学,2008
[45]杨文采著.地球物理反演的理论与方法[M].地质出版社,1997
[46]范祯祥,郑仙种编著.地震波参数反演与应用技术[M].河南科学技术出版社,1998
[47] Ostrander W J.Plane-wave reflection coefficients for gas sands at nonnormal angles of incidence[J].Geophysics,1984.49:1637～1648
[48] B.H.Russell, K.Hedlin Fluid-property discrimination with AVO: A Biot-Gassman prospective. 2003[J]. Geophysics, 68(1):29~39
[49] P.Avseth,T.Mukerji and G.Mavko Quantitative Seismic Interpretation,2005,CAMBRIGE
[50] B.Gurevich and J.Galvin Fluid substitution, dispersion, and attenuation in fractured and porous reservoirs—insights from new rock physics modles 2007[J].he Leading EDGE,26(9),1162~1168
[51]王保丽,印兴耀.基于弹性波阻抗的拉梅参数反演与应用(英文)(Lame parameters inversion based on elastic impedance and its application)[J]. Applied Geophysics, 2006, 3(3):174~178
[2]李晓光.多波多分量数值模拟与数据处理方法[D].中国地质大学(北京) , 2006
[3]乐友喜,薛志刚,张建宁等.储层地震预测应用条件及其实例分析[J].物探化探计算技术, 2009,(05)
[4] Bahorich M, Farmer S. 3-D Seismic Discontinuity for Faults and Stratigraphic Features: The Coherence Cube [J]. The Leading Edge, 1995, 14(10): 1053-1058
[5]姜秀清.储层地震属性优化及属性体综合解释[D].中国科学院研究生院(广州地球化学研究所) , 2006
[6]胡朝勇,朱明,修中标.多波多分量地震勘探的现状与发展趋势[J].科技信息, 2009,(26)
[7]冯魁,张晓帆,陈川,冯新生.开发地震技术及进展[J].地质与资源, 2009,(01)
[8]郭建. VSP技术应用现状及发展趋势[J].勘探地球物理进展, 2004,(01)
[9]严又生,宜明理,魏新,许增魁.三维三分量VSP数据处理方法及效果[J].石油地球物理勘探, 2005,(01)
[10]朱光明.垂直地震剖面方法[M].北京,石油工业出版社,1988
[11] Marfurt K J, Sudhaker V, Gersztenkorn A,et al. Coherency Calculations in the Presence of Structural Dip [J]. Geophysics, 1999, 64(1): 104-111
[12] Marfurt K J, Kirlin R L, Farmer S L, et al. 3-D Seismic Attributes Using a Semblance-based Coherency Algorithm [J]. Geophysics,1998, 63(4): 1150-1165
[13] Gersztenkorn A, Marfurt K J. Eigenstructure based coherence computations as an aid to 3-D structural and stratigraphic mapping [J]. Geophysics, 1999,64(5): 1468-1479
[14] Trappe H, Hallmich G, Forll M. Potential power in the application of seismic volume attributes [J]. First Break, 2000,18(9):397-402
[15]陈林.三维VSP技术的应用与展望[J].勘探地球物理进展, 2007,(03)
[16]牟风明.三维VSP波场分离与成像[D].中国石油大学, 2008
[17]宋维琪,刘江华,王小马,路士华,牛乐琴.预测油气的地震属性优化组合、灰关联分析技术[J].石油勘探与开发, 2002,(05)
[18]印兴耀,周静毅.地震属性优化方法综述[J].石油地球物理勘探, 2005,(08)
[19]孙鹏远,孙建国,卢秀丽. P-SV波AVO方法研究进展[J].地球物理学进展,2003,18(4):602～607
[20]贺振华著,岩石物理学[M].成都理工大学,2008
[21]陈顒,黄庭芳著.岩石物理学[M].北京大学, 2001
[22]贺振华,黄德济,文晓涛著.裂缝油气藏地球物理预测[M].四川科学技术出版社,2007年12月
[23]王威,李臻,田敏等.岩性-地层油气藏勘探方法技术研究现状及进展[J].岩性油气藏, 2009,(02)
[24]小忍.为了“看清、识别”地下的油藏——油气勘探三维地震解释技术进展[J].石油知识勘探开发, 2008,(06)
[25]李录明,罗省贤.多波AVA及岩性预测[J].石油地球物理勘探, 1996,(02)
[26]牟永光,陈小宏,李国发等.地震数据处理方法[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2007.8
[27]李国发,彭苏萍,高日胜等.复赛谱域提取混合相位子波的方法[J].天然气工业,2005:25(1):85~87
[28] Lichm an E. Phase inversion deconvolution for long and short per iod m ultip les attenuation[J]. Geophysica l Pro specting, 1995;43: 469～486
[29]李录明,李正文.地震勘探原理、方法和解释[M].北京:地质出版社,2007.3
[30] AkiK , Riehards P G. Quantitative seismology[M] . San Francisco : Freeman and Co,1980.144～154
[31]周竹生.P—SV和SH波的AVO分析[J].石油地球物理勘探,1993,28(4):430～438
[32]郑晓东.AVO理论和方法的一些进展[J].石油地球物理勘探,1993,27(3):305～317
[33]甘永忠.用P—SV波叠加剖面合成横波层速度剖面[J].石油地球物理勘探,1995,30(1):56～61
[34]邢春颖.利用转换波地震资料实现对岩性与含油气性信息的地质解释[D].中国地质大学(北京) , 2005
[35]马劲风,傅旦丹,刘异峰等.转换波人工合成记录制作及纵横波层位对比[J].石油地球物理勘探,2004,39(1):60～67
[36]洪余刚等.多分量地震资料层位对比[J].天然气工业,2008,28(9):41～43
[37]黄德济,贺振华,赵宪生.多波层位对比的原则与方法[J].物探化探计术,1996,18(3):194～205
[38]卞志彬,刘明洋,张小慧等.三维VSP振幅比与频率比求取及意义[J].石油天然气学报(理工卷),2010(9):223-225
[39]侯伯刚. AVO处理解释技术研究及应用[D].中国地质大学(北京), 2005
[40]张广娟,胡天跃.地震波AVO岩性分析[J].石油地球物理勘探,2002,37(6):578～584.
[41] Alejandro AVO,Reinaldo J M.Stratigraphic inversion of poststack PS converted waves date[J],Expand Abstracts of 70th Annual Internat SEG Mtg,2000.150～153
[42]邹文.基于地震资料的流体识别技术研究[D].成都:成都理工大学博士论文, 2008年
[43]贺振华,王才经等编著.反射地震资料偏移处理与反演方法[M].重庆大学出版社,1989
[44]容娇君.弹性AVO反演[D].成都理工大学,2008
[45]杨文采著.地球物理反演的理论与方法[M].地质出版社,1997
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