利多卡因在硬膜外麻醉犬体内的死后弥散研究
|
摘要
目的
(1)建立犬的利多卡因硬膜外麻醉死后弥散模型;
(2)研究利多卡因在犬体内死后弥散的特点和规律;
(3)比较处死方式和给药时间对利多卡因弥散的影响,探讨死后弥散的影响因素;
(4)为利多卡因硬膜外麻醉意外致死案件的法医学鉴定提供科学依据。
方法
1.动物模型
1.1空气栓塞处死犬死后弥散模型犬30只,随机分为处死后即刻给药组(18只)和处死后不同时间给药组(12只)。
处死后即刻给药组:于生命体征消失后,立刻匀速注入一倍极量盐酸利多卡因(13mg/kg,按犬、人体型系数推算),5min内注完,置于室温下(17～21℃),按3样品采集方法在给药后0、12、24、48、72、96小时解剖动物取材。
处死后不同时间给药组:于生命体征消失后0、1、3、6、12小时匀速注入一倍极量盐酸利多卡因(13mg/kg,按犬、人体型系数推算),5min内注完,置于室温下(17～21℃),按3样品采集方法在给药后即刻解剖动物取材。
1.2二氧化碳处死犬死后弥散模型犬18只,于生命体征消失后,立刻匀速注入一倍极量盐酸利多卡因(13mg/kg,按犬、人体型系数推算),5min内注完,置于室温下(17～21℃),按3样品采集方法在给药后0、12、24、48、72、96小时解剖动物取材。
2.生命体征记录方法
用BL-生物机能实验系统(成都泰盟有限公司),全程记录实验犬死亡过程中的心电、血压和呼吸等生命体征的变化。
3.样品的采集与处理
硬膜外给药后,置于室温下(17～21℃),不同时间点解剖动物,采集脑、不同脊髓节段(颈段脊髓、胸段脊髓、腰段脊髓、骶段脊髓)、心、肺、肝、脾、肾、胆汁、尿、右心室血、左心室血、上腔静脉血、下腔静脉血、玻璃体液、注射部位肌肉和颞肌(对照肌肉)等组织脏器和体液,即刻检测,每只犬的检材在48小时内检测完毕。
检测样品经酸、碱化处理后,乙醚萃取,根据保留时间和特征离子峰气相色谱-质谱联用定性,内标法、工作曲线法气相色谱-质谱联用定量。
结果
1.利多卡因在空气栓塞致死犬体内的死后弥散
(1)处死后即刻给药组的实验显示:利多卡因在注入机体的即刻就由硬膜外弥散入脊髓、脑和椎管内外静脉丛,并且由椎管内外静脉丛迅速进入上下腔静脉、心血和肺组织。左心室血中利多卡因含量变化明显,由开始的4.7±3.8μg/ml上升到72小时解剖时的21.0±9.4μg/ml,而肺中利多卡因的含量在24小时后有所下降,提示肺组织在给药后的早期可能成为利多卡因的一个蓄积库,左心室血中利多卡因含量的增高可能为肺中利多卡因随着死亡时间的延长逐渐弥散入左心血液中引起的。给药12小时后,心、肝、肾、注射部位肌肉和尿液均受到利多卡因死后弥散的影响。脾、颞肌、胆汁、玻璃体液不受死后弥散的影响,此特点可区别生前给药还是死后给药。
(2)处死后不同时间给药组的实验显示:分别在0、1、3、6、12小时给药即刻解剖时,利多卡因在各组织脏器和血液中的含量变化无统计学差异,说明死后不同时间给药不会对利多卡因的死后弥散造成影响。
2.利多卡因在二氧化碳致死犬体内死后弥散的实验显示:除了脑和各脊髓段在各时间点均检出利多卡因外,在其它组织中,仅于给药后48、72、96小时在下腔静脉血中检出利多卡因,利多卡因的弥散很局限,说明二氧化碳处死方式对利多卡因的死后弥散影响较大。
小结
1本文建立了利多卡因硬膜外麻醉意外的死后弥散动物模型,结果显示:利多卡因可发生死后弥散,所建模型可应用于硬膜外麻醉意外死亡和中毒案件的法医学研究。
2利多卡因在空气栓塞致死犬体内的死后弥散表明:由硬膜外给药后利多卡因在数分钟内迅速分布于上下腔静脉血、心血和肺组织中,这与利多卡因本身的理化性质和给药途径有很大关系。肺组织在给药后的早期可能成为利多卡因的一个蓄积库,随着死亡时间的延长逐渐的影响到心血中利多卡因含量。脾、颞肌、胆汁和玻璃体液不受死后弥散的影响,此特点可区别生前给药还是死后给药。
3利多卡因在死后不同时间给药犬体内的死后弥散表明:在死后的一段时间内,机体的内环境(如:pH值变化、腐败的产生等)还没有发生大的变化之前,给药时间不会对利多卡因的死后弥散造成影响。
4利多卡因在二氧化碳致死犬体内的死后弥散表明:二氧化碳窒息处死方法可对利多卡因的死后弥散造成很大影响。提示在建立死后弥散模型时,应该注意到处死方式对毒物在体内死后弥散造成的影响。
5在进行硬膜外麻醉意外死亡和中毒案件的法医学鉴定中,应综合考虑死后不同时间对体内利多卡因含量的影响;利多卡因的死后弥散与其理化特性、在体内的电离状态和弥散距离有关系;随着腐败的发生,生物屏障的破坏使其通透性增加也可能会促进盐酸利多卡因的弥散。在疑为利多卡因麻醉致死案件取材时,要考虑死后弥散对检材中利多卡因含量造成的影响,心血和周围血的提取应防止相互污染,先结扎采血部位主要脉管系统通路,防止取材时血液流动造成的影响。
Objective:1.To develop a postmortem diffusion model of lidocaine in dogs after an epidural administration.2.To investigate the postmortem diffusion of lidocaine in dogs.3.To compare postmortem diffusion of lidocaine in dogs with different way of executes and administration times.4.To provide a scientific evidence for the forensic identification of the anesthesia accident caused by lidocaine.
Methods:1.Animal models:1.1 Group executed by an aeroembolism:30dogs were executed by an aeroembolism.When the vital signs of dogs disappeared,18dogs were given an epidural anesthesia at an even speed in five minutes with 13mg/kg weight of lidocaine hydrochloride,then sampled in 0,12,24,48,72,96 hours after the administration(n=3 per time-point).The other 12dogs were given an epidural anesthesia with an even speed in five minutes with 13mg/kg weight of lidocaine hydrochloride respectively at 1,3,6,12hours after the vital signs of dogs had disappeared(n=3 per time-point),then collected samples at once.1.2 Group executed by carbon dioxide(18dogs):18dogs were given an epidural anesthesia with an even speed in five minutes with 13mg/kg weight of lidocaine hydrochloride,then respectively collected samples in 0,12,24,48,72,96 hours after administration(n=3 per time-point).
2.Record of vital signs:By a biological function system,the vital signs such as electro cardia,blood pressure and respiration from beginning of the execute to the death of dogs were recorded.
3.Collection of samples:After administration,the dogs were placed at room temperature(17～21℃),the brain,spinal cord(cervical spinal cord,thoracic spinal cord,lumbar spinal cord,sacrum spinal cord),heart,lung,liver,spleen,kidney,bile,urine,humor vitreous,blood of right ventricle,blood of left ventricle,blood of superior vena,blood of inferior vena,muscle in injection location and temporalis(muscle in no injection location)-were collected and detected immediately.
4.Analysis:The samples were extracted with ether.Analysis was performed by a GC equipped with a NPD and a GC-MS.The qualitative analysis was based on retention time in the chromatographic system coupled with the ion fragmentation spectrum in the mass spectrometer. The quantitative analysis was based on an internal standard method.
Results:1.Group of executed by aeroembolism:The series of administration when the vital signs of dogs disappeared:In dogs dissected immediately,lidocaine were detected in blood of inferior vena,blood of superior vena,blood of right ventricle,blood of left ventricle and lung.The concentrations of lidocaine in blood of left ventricle were changed obviously,increased from 4.7±3.8gg/ml to 21.0±9.4μg/ml in 72 hours.The concentrations in lung,there was a little decreasing after 24 hours,It indicated that the lidocaine concentrations increased in blood of left ventricle may ascribe to the diffusion from lung.Heart,liver,kidney,urine and muscle in injection location were all affected by the postmortem diffusion.Spleen,tempotal muscle,bile and humor vitreous had not been affected by the postmortem diffusion.The series of administration at 1,3,6,12 hours after the vital signs of dogs disappeared:The postmortem diffusion were similar with dogs administration when the vital signs of dogs disappeared.2. Group of executed by carbon dioxide:Lidocaine were detected in blood of inferior vena at 48,72, 96 hours after administration,It indicated that the postmortem diffusion of lidocaine should be influenced by the method of sacrifice.
Conclusion:1.The study has established the postmortem diffusion models of epidural administration with lidocaine,It can be applied to the forensic identification of the epidural anesthesia accident.2.The results of lidocaine sacrificed by aeroembolism showed that,lidocaine detected in heart blood,lung and blood in inferior caval vein in a few minutes after epidural anesthesia,which was related to the physico-chemical property of lidocaine and the path of administration.Lung may be another reservoir in the early stage after death,then with the time lasting,the concentration of lidocaine in heart blood were effected.There was no postmortem diffusion in spleen,tempotal muscle,bile and humor vitreous.Whether lidocaine was detected in the matrix could be regarded as the evidence for the poisoning or postmortem intragastric administration.3.The postmortem diffusion of lidocaine in different time administration groups showed that,it had not significant effect on the postmortem diffusion in the early stage after death.4.The group of sacrificed by carbon dioxide showed that,the cause of death would take an effect on the postmortem diffusion of lidocaine.5.It is important to consider the phenomenon of postmortem diffusion.in the forensic identification of epidural anesthesia accident case.The postmortem diffusion of lidocaine was related to the physico-chemical property of lidocaine,the rate of electro-ionization and the distance to reservoir.With the development of gangrenous, destruction of biological barrier can also facilitate the diffusion of lidocaine hydrochloride.The blood in heart and periph should be discriminated,for lest to pollute each other.
(1)建立犬的利多卡因硬膜外麻醉死后弥散模型;
(2)研究利多卡因在犬体内死后弥散的特点和规律;
(3)比较处死方式和给药时间对利多卡因弥散的影响,探讨死后弥散的影响因素;
(4)为利多卡因硬膜外麻醉意外致死案件的法医学鉴定提供科学依据。
方法
1.动物模型
1.1空气栓塞处死犬死后弥散模型犬30只,随机分为处死后即刻给药组(18只)和处死后不同时间给药组(12只)。
处死后即刻给药组:于生命体征消失后,立刻匀速注入一倍极量盐酸利多卡因(13mg/kg,按犬、人体型系数推算),5min内注完,置于室温下(17～21℃),按3样品采集方法在给药后0、12、24、48、72、96小时解剖动物取材。
处死后不同时间给药组:于生命体征消失后0、1、3、6、12小时匀速注入一倍极量盐酸利多卡因(13mg/kg,按犬、人体型系数推算),5min内注完,置于室温下(17～21℃),按3样品采集方法在给药后即刻解剖动物取材。
1.2二氧化碳处死犬死后弥散模型犬18只,于生命体征消失后,立刻匀速注入一倍极量盐酸利多卡因(13mg/kg,按犬、人体型系数推算),5min内注完,置于室温下(17～21℃),按3样品采集方法在给药后0、12、24、48、72、96小时解剖动物取材。
2.生命体征记录方法
用BL-生物机能实验系统(成都泰盟有限公司),全程记录实验犬死亡过程中的心电、血压和呼吸等生命体征的变化。
3.样品的采集与处理
硬膜外给药后,置于室温下(17～21℃),不同时间点解剖动物,采集脑、不同脊髓节段(颈段脊髓、胸段脊髓、腰段脊髓、骶段脊髓)、心、肺、肝、脾、肾、胆汁、尿、右心室血、左心室血、上腔静脉血、下腔静脉血、玻璃体液、注射部位肌肉和颞肌(对照肌肉)等组织脏器和体液,即刻检测,每只犬的检材在48小时内检测完毕。
检测样品经酸、碱化处理后,乙醚萃取,根据保留时间和特征离子峰气相色谱-质谱联用定性,内标法、工作曲线法气相色谱-质谱联用定量。
结果
1.利多卡因在空气栓塞致死犬体内的死后弥散
(1)处死后即刻给药组的实验显示:利多卡因在注入机体的即刻就由硬膜外弥散入脊髓、脑和椎管内外静脉丛,并且由椎管内外静脉丛迅速进入上下腔静脉、心血和肺组织。左心室血中利多卡因含量变化明显,由开始的4.7±3.8μg/ml上升到72小时解剖时的21.0±9.4μg/ml,而肺中利多卡因的含量在24小时后有所下降,提示肺组织在给药后的早期可能成为利多卡因的一个蓄积库,左心室血中利多卡因含量的增高可能为肺中利多卡因随着死亡时间的延长逐渐弥散入左心血液中引起的。给药12小时后,心、肝、肾、注射部位肌肉和尿液均受到利多卡因死后弥散的影响。脾、颞肌、胆汁、玻璃体液不受死后弥散的影响,此特点可区别生前给药还是死后给药。
(2)处死后不同时间给药组的实验显示:分别在0、1、3、6、12小时给药即刻解剖时,利多卡因在各组织脏器和血液中的含量变化无统计学差异,说明死后不同时间给药不会对利多卡因的死后弥散造成影响。
2.利多卡因在二氧化碳致死犬体内死后弥散的实验显示:除了脑和各脊髓段在各时间点均检出利多卡因外,在其它组织中,仅于给药后48、72、96小时在下腔静脉血中检出利多卡因,利多卡因的弥散很局限,说明二氧化碳处死方式对利多卡因的死后弥散影响较大。
小结
1本文建立了利多卡因硬膜外麻醉意外的死后弥散动物模型,结果显示:利多卡因可发生死后弥散,所建模型可应用于硬膜外麻醉意外死亡和中毒案件的法医学研究。
2利多卡因在空气栓塞致死犬体内的死后弥散表明:由硬膜外给药后利多卡因在数分钟内迅速分布于上下腔静脉血、心血和肺组织中,这与利多卡因本身的理化性质和给药途径有很大关系。肺组织在给药后的早期可能成为利多卡因的一个蓄积库,随着死亡时间的延长逐渐的影响到心血中利多卡因含量。脾、颞肌、胆汁和玻璃体液不受死后弥散的影响,此特点可区别生前给药还是死后给药。
3利多卡因在死后不同时间给药犬体内的死后弥散表明:在死后的一段时间内,机体的内环境(如:pH值变化、腐败的产生等)还没有发生大的变化之前,给药时间不会对利多卡因的死后弥散造成影响。
4利多卡因在二氧化碳致死犬体内的死后弥散表明:二氧化碳窒息处死方法可对利多卡因的死后弥散造成很大影响。提示在建立死后弥散模型时,应该注意到处死方式对毒物在体内死后弥散造成的影响。
5在进行硬膜外麻醉意外死亡和中毒案件的法医学鉴定中,应综合考虑死后不同时间对体内利多卡因含量的影响;利多卡因的死后弥散与其理化特性、在体内的电离状态和弥散距离有关系;随着腐败的发生,生物屏障的破坏使其通透性增加也可能会促进盐酸利多卡因的弥散。在疑为利多卡因麻醉致死案件取材时,要考虑死后弥散对检材中利多卡因含量造成的影响,心血和周围血的提取应防止相互污染,先结扎采血部位主要脉管系统通路,防止取材时血液流动造成的影响。
Objective:1.To develop a postmortem diffusion model of lidocaine in dogs after an epidural administration.2.To investigate the postmortem diffusion of lidocaine in dogs.3.To compare postmortem diffusion of lidocaine in dogs with different way of executes and administration times.4.To provide a scientific evidence for the forensic identification of the anesthesia accident caused by lidocaine.
Methods:1.Animal models:1.1 Group executed by an aeroembolism:30dogs were executed by an aeroembolism.When the vital signs of dogs disappeared,18dogs were given an epidural anesthesia at an even speed in five minutes with 13mg/kg weight of lidocaine hydrochloride,then sampled in 0,12,24,48,72,96 hours after the administration(n=3 per time-point).The other 12dogs were given an epidural anesthesia with an even speed in five minutes with 13mg/kg weight of lidocaine hydrochloride respectively at 1,3,6,12hours after the vital signs of dogs had disappeared(n=3 per time-point),then collected samples at once.1.2 Group executed by carbon dioxide(18dogs):18dogs were given an epidural anesthesia with an even speed in five minutes with 13mg/kg weight of lidocaine hydrochloride,then respectively collected samples in 0,12,24,48,72,96 hours after administration(n=3 per time-point).
2.Record of vital signs:By a biological function system,the vital signs such as electro cardia,blood pressure and respiration from beginning of the execute to the death of dogs were recorded.
3.Collection of samples:After administration,the dogs were placed at room temperature(17～21℃),the brain,spinal cord(cervical spinal cord,thoracic spinal cord,lumbar spinal cord,sacrum spinal cord),heart,lung,liver,spleen,kidney,bile,urine,humor vitreous,blood of right ventricle,blood of left ventricle,blood of superior vena,blood of inferior vena,muscle in injection location and temporalis(muscle in no injection location)-were collected and detected immediately.
4.Analysis:The samples were extracted with ether.Analysis was performed by a GC equipped with a NPD and a GC-MS.The qualitative analysis was based on retention time in the chromatographic system coupled with the ion fragmentation spectrum in the mass spectrometer. The quantitative analysis was based on an internal standard method.
Results:1.Group of executed by aeroembolism:The series of administration when the vital signs of dogs disappeared:In dogs dissected immediately,lidocaine were detected in blood of inferior vena,blood of superior vena,blood of right ventricle,blood of left ventricle and lung.The concentrations of lidocaine in blood of left ventricle were changed obviously,increased from 4.7±3.8gg/ml to 21.0±9.4μg/ml in 72 hours.The concentrations in lung,there was a little decreasing after 24 hours,It indicated that the lidocaine concentrations increased in blood of left ventricle may ascribe to the diffusion from lung.Heart,liver,kidney,urine and muscle in injection location were all affected by the postmortem diffusion.Spleen,tempotal muscle,bile and humor vitreous had not been affected by the postmortem diffusion.The series of administration at 1,3,6,12 hours after the vital signs of dogs disappeared:The postmortem diffusion were similar with dogs administration when the vital signs of dogs disappeared.2. Group of executed by carbon dioxide:Lidocaine were detected in blood of inferior vena at 48,72, 96 hours after administration,It indicated that the postmortem diffusion of lidocaine should be influenced by the method of sacrifice.
Conclusion:1.The study has established the postmortem diffusion models of epidural administration with lidocaine,It can be applied to the forensic identification of the epidural anesthesia accident.2.The results of lidocaine sacrificed by aeroembolism showed that,lidocaine detected in heart blood,lung and blood in inferior caval vein in a few minutes after epidural anesthesia,which was related to the physico-chemical property of lidocaine and the path of administration.Lung may be another reservoir in the early stage after death,then with the time lasting,the concentration of lidocaine in heart blood were effected.There was no postmortem diffusion in spleen,tempotal muscle,bile and humor vitreous.Whether lidocaine was detected in the matrix could be regarded as the evidence for the poisoning or postmortem intragastric administration.3.The postmortem diffusion of lidocaine in different time administration groups showed that,it had not significant effect on the postmortem diffusion in the early stage after death.4.The group of sacrificed by carbon dioxide showed that,the cause of death would take an effect on the postmortem diffusion of lidocaine.5.It is important to consider the phenomenon of postmortem diffusion.in the forensic identification of epidural anesthesia accident case.The postmortem diffusion of lidocaine was related to the physico-chemical property of lidocaine,the rate of electro-ionization and the distance to reservoir.With the development of gangrenous, destruction of biological barrier can also facilitate the diffusion of lidocaine hydrochloride.The blood in heart and periph should be discriminated,for lest to pollute each other.
引文
[1]吴在德.外科学[M].第五版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2000,74-124
[2]燕炯,荆彩亮,孔临萍,等.利多卡因椎管内麻醉意外的研究进展[J].山西医科大学学报,2003,34(1):86-89
[3]Lee PK,Kim JM.Lumbar epidural blocks:a case report of a life- threatening complication[J].Arch Phys Med Rehabil.2000,81(12):1587-1590
[4]郑俊卿.硬膜外道管误入蛛网膜下腔3例报告[J].福建医药杂志,1999,21(4):210
[5]赵海群,贾保平.硬膜外腔道管穿入蛛网膜下腔一例[J].临床麻醉学杂志,1996,12(4):210
[6]孙忠锋,郭明荣,王文志.硬膜外道管误入蛛网膜下腔1例[J].中国医药,2003,5(6):70-71
[7]王艳霞,常文欣.硬膜外麻醉误入蛛网膜下腔1例[J].医学理论与实践,2004,17(12):1427
[8]程玉泉,刘岳文,李凡,等.剖宫产术前硬膜外麻醉致产妇死亡2例分析[J].河南科技大学学报(医学版),2003,21(2):89
[9]宋建舫,陈冬.硬膜外腔道管误入蛛网膜下腔2例报告[J].中国麻醉与镇痛,2004,6(3):200
[10]Wills JH.Rapid onset of massive subdural anesthesia[J].Reg Anesth Pain Med,2005,30(3):299-302
[11]谢恩梅,李成宏.韧带钙化堵塞硬膜外穿刺针误入蛛网膜下腔1例[J].中国医师杂志,2002,1:95-96
[12]尹振广,刘全会.硬膜外麻醉并发全脊麻3例报告[J].中华新医学,2003,4(12):1058
[13]张文华,李桂芳.12例全脊髓麻醉的原因分析及处理体会[J].齐齐哈尔医学院学报,1999,20(4):363-364
[14]周兆清,殷勤.硬膜外穿刺脑脊液外流的补救方法4例[J].农垦医学,2003,25(4):270-271
[15]Sakata K,Ishigaki S,Sakata M.Distribution of lidocaine and disopyramide in human blood and tissue,a case report of death caused by spinal anesthesia[J].Forensic Sci Int,1988,37(1):1-10
[16]任广睦,燕炯.两例硬膜外阻滞麻醉致死的法医学鉴定[J].中国法医学杂志,2003,18(2):119-120
[17]马亚利,王淑华.硬膜外麻醉意外一例报告[J].临床误诊误治,1998,11(3):179
[18]田丰,张坤.硬膜外穿刺误穿蛛网膜下腔的麻醉处理[J].国际医药卫生导报,2004,10(8):24
[19]曾庆繁,陆巍.腰麻联合硬膜外麻醉药物扩散机理的临床研究[J].贵州医药,2000,24(11):665-666
[20]李志英,计鸿飞,赵亮,等.碳酸利多卡因与盐酸利多卡因硬膜外麻醉在阑尾术中的效果比较fJ].临床军医杂志,2002,30(5):31-32
[21]张沂,张永林,鲍燕燕,等.碳酸利多卡因在硬膜外麻醉中的药物动力学及药效学[J].中国药学杂志,1999,34(9):610
[22]王燕,龙宏杰.碳酸利多卡因与盐酸利多卡因用于硬膜外麻醉的效果比较[J].南华大学学报(医学版),2001,1(01):46-55
[23]李晓红,刘洪艳,张春雨,等.腰麻及硬膜外麻醉行剖宫产利多卡因药代动力学研究[J].中国药事,1999,13(3):205-206
[24]王家博,杨梦晨.碳酸利多卡因同盐酸利多卡因的临床应用比较[J].医药道报,1999,18(5):334-335
[25]苏静,董国良.碳酸利多卡因和盐酸利多卡因硬膜外麻醉在剖宫产术中的临床研究[J].上海医学,2000,23(01):42-43
[26]王鹏,黄轶忠,田玉科.硬膜外麻醉时可乐定和肾上腺素对麻醉效果和血清利多卡因浓度的影响[J].中华麻醉学杂志,1999,19(10):593-595
[27]刘德育,房秀生.利多卡因-氯胺酮混合液在小儿麻醉中的应用[J].中国药业,2002,11(4):71-72
[28]Halbert MK,Baldwin RE Determination of lidocaine and active metabolites in blood serum by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.Chromatogr[J].1984,306:269-277
[29]刘璐,章珉,史红,等.高效液相色谱法同时检测利多卡因及其代谢物[J].上海医科大学学报,1993,20(3):220-223
[30]Zivanovic L,Agatonovic-Kustrin S,Vasilijevic M,et al.Comparison of high-performance and thin-layer chromgraphic methods for the assay of lidocaine[J].Pharm Biomed Anal,1996,14(8-10):1229-1232
[31]Halbert MK,Baldwin RP.Determination of lidocaine and active metabolites in blood serum by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection[J].Chromatogr,1984,306:269-277
[32]Chen Y,Potter JM,Ravenscrofl PJ.High-pefformance liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of monoethylglycinexylidide and lidocaine[J].Chromatogr,1992,574(2):361-364
[33]Rossi SS,Moore AC,Hagey LR et al.An improved method for the measurement of lidocaine and its metabolites in rat plasma[J].Ther Drug Monit,1997,19(2):179-184
[34]Wang JS,Backman JT,Wen X,et al.Involvement of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 in lidocaine N-deethylation and 3-hydroxylation in human.Drug[J].Metab Dispos,2000,28(8):959-965
[35]Kuhnert BR,Philipson EH,Pimental R,er al.Lidocaine disposition in mother,fetus,and neonate after spinal anesthesia.Anesthe Analg[J].1986,65(2):139-144
[36]Harkins JD,Mundy GD,Hagey LR,et al.Lidocaine in the horse:its pharmacological effects and their relationship to analytical findings[J].J Vet Pharmacol Ther,1998,21(6):462-476
[37]Maurer HH.Systematic toxicological analysis of drugs and their metabolites by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry[J].Chromatog.1992,580(1-2):3-41
[38]尉志文,负克明,张楠.血和脑脊液中利多卡因GC/MS检测[J].法医学杂志,2005,1(2):124-6
[39]燕炯,贠克明,王玉瑾等.利多卡因在蛛网膜下腔麻醉致死犬体内的分布[J].中国法医学杂志,2004,19(3):157-160
[40]贠克明,燕炯,郭政等.利多卡因蛛网膜下腔麻醉致死的动物模型[J].中国法医学杂志,2004.19(2):75-77
[41]Pelissier-Alicot AL,Gaulier JM,Champsaur P,Marquet R Mechanisms underlying postmortem redistribution of drugs:a review[J].Anal Toxicol.2003Nov-Dec;27(8):533-44.
[42]黄光照,汪德文.法医毒理学(第三版)[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2004:21-22.
[43]郭景元.现代法医学[M].北京:科学技术出版社,2000:811-13
[44]Hilberg T,Bugge A,Beykich KM,Morland J,Byorneboe A.Diffusion as a mechanism of postmortem drug redistribution:an experimental study in rats[J].Leg Med 1992;105:87-91.
[45]Hilberg T,Bugge A,Beylich KM,Ingum J,Byomeboe A,Morland J.An animal model of postmortem amitriptyline redistribution[J].Forensic Sci 1993;38:81-90.
[46]吴克荣.利多卡因中毒致死的法医病理分析[J].交通医学,2002,16(6):608-609
[47]Plueckhahn VD,Ballard B.Diffusion of stomach alcohol and heart blood alcohol concentration at autopsy[J].Forensic Sci 1967;12:463-70.
[48]Pounder DJ,Smith DR.Postmortem diffusion of alcohol from the stomach[J].Forensic Med Pathol.1995 Jun;16(2):89-96
[49]Pounder DJ,Davies JI.Zopiclone poisoning:tissue distribution and potential for postmortem diffusion[J].Forensic Sci.1994 May 13;65(3):177-83.
[50]Parker JM,Winek CL,Shanor SP.Postmortem changes in tissue levels of sodium secobarbital[J].Clin Toxicol 1971;4:265-72.
[51]Moriya F,Hashimoto Y.Postmortem diffusion of drugs from the bladder into femoral venous blood[J].Forensic Sci Int.2001 Dec 1;123(2-3):248-53.
[52]Hilberg T,Bugge A,Beylich KM,Morland J,Bjorneboe A.Hilberg T,Bugge A,Beylich KM,Morland J,Bjomeboe A.Diffusion as a mechanism of postmortem drug redistribution:an experimental study in rats[J].Legal Med.1992;105(2):87-91.
[53]Yarema MC,Becker CE.Key concepts in postmortem drug redistribution[J].Clin Toxicol (Phila).2005;43(4):235-41.
[54]Iwasaki Y,Yashiki M,Namera A,Miyazaki T,Kojima T.On the influence of postmortem alcohol diffusion from the stomach contents to the heart blood[J].Forensic Sci Int.1998Jun 8;94(1-2):111-8.
[55]Takayasu T,Ohshima T,Tanaka N,Maeda H,Kondo T,Nishigami J,Ohtsuji M,Nagano T.Experimental studies on postmortem diffusion of ethanol-d6 using rats[J].Forensic Sci Int.1995 Dec 29;76(3):179-88.
[56]Jones GR,Pounder DJ.Site dependence of drug concentrations in postmortem blood--a case study[J].Anal Toxicol.1987 Sep-Oct;11(5):186-90.
[57]Pounder,Derrick J.F.R.C.P.A.;Fuke,Chiaki Ph.D.;Cox,Diana E.M.B.;Smith,Douglas B.M.Sc.;Kuroda,Naohito M.D.Postmortem Diffusion of Drugs from Gastric Residue:An Experimental Study[J].Forensic Med Pathol.1996,Mar;17(1):1-7.
[58]Pounder DJ.The nightmare of postmortem drug changes[J].Legal medicine 1993.Salem,New Hampshire:Butterworth Legal Publishers,1994:163-91.
[59]Moriya F,Hashimoto Y.Postmortem diffusion of tracheal lidocaine into heart blood following intubation for cardiopulmonary resuscitation[J].Forensic Sci.1997Sep;42(5):965.
[60]尉志文.利多卡因在硬膜外麻醉意外致死犬体内的死后再分布研究:[硕士生论文].山西:山西医科大学,2005
[61]刘俊杰,赵俊.现代麻醉学(第二版)[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2000:23.145.
[62]Shepherd MF,Lake KD,Kamps MA.Postmortem changes and pharmacokinetics:review of the literature and case report[J].Ann Pharmacother.1992 Apr;26(4):510-4.
[63]任同喜.盐酸地芬尼多在中毒大鼠体内死后再分布的研究:[硕士生论文].山西:山西医科大学,2006
[1]黄光照,汪德文.法医毒理学(第三版)[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2004:21-22
[2]Pelissier-Alicot AL,Gaulier JM,Champsaur P,Marquet P.Mechanisms underlying postmortem redistribution of drugs:a review[J].Anal Toxicol.2003 Nov-Dec;27(8)
[3]郭景元.现代法医学[M].北京::科学技术出版社,2000:811-13
[4]Hilberg T,Bugge A,Beykich KM,Morland J,Byorneboe A.Diffusion as a mechanism of postmortem drug redistribution:an experimental study in rats[J].Leg Med 1992;105:87-91.
[5]Hilberg T,Bugge A,Beylich KM,Ingum J,Byorneboe A,Morland J.An animal model of postmortem amitriptyline redistribution[J].Forensic Sci 1993;38:81-90.
[6]Pounder DJ,Fuke C,Cox DE,Smith D,Kuroda N.Postmortem diffusion of drugs from gastric residue:an experimental study[J].Forensic Med Pathol.1996 Mar;17(1):1-7.
[7]Hiberg T,Ripel A,Slordal L,et al.The extent of postmortem drug redistribution in a rat model[J].Forensic Sci 1999,44(5):956-962.
[8]Koreeda A,Yonemitsu K,Ng'walali PM,Muraoka N,Tsunenari S.Clocapramine-related fatality.Postmortem drug levels in multiple psychoactive drug poisoning[J].Forensic Sci Int.2001 Oct 15;122(1):48-51
[9]刘俊杰,赵俊.现代麻醉学(第二版)[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2000:23.
[10]宋艳敏.碳酸利多卡因与盐酸利多卡因在硬膜外麻醉意外的比较[J].中国医学理论与实践,2003.(2003)6.775.
[11]Shepherd MF,Lake KD,Kamps MA.Postmortem changes and pharmacokinetics:review of the literature and case report.Ann Pharmacother.1992 Apr;26(4):510-4.
[12]Robertson MD,Drummer OH.Postmortem drug metabolism by bacteria[J].Forensic Sci.1995 May;40(3):382-6.
[13]Plueckhahn VD,Ballard B.Diffusion of stomach alcohol and heart blood alcohol concentration at autopsy[J].Forensic Sci 1967;12:463-70.
[14]Pounder DJ,Smith RW.Postmortem diffusion of alcohol from the stomach[J].Forensic Pathol 1995;16:89-96.
[15]Pounder,Derrick J.F.R.C.P.A.;Fuke,Chiaki Ph.D.;Cox,Diana E.M.B.;Smith,Douglas B.M.Sc.;Kuroda,Naohito M.D.Postmortem Diffusion of Drugs from Gastric Residue:An Experimental Study[J].Forensic Med Pathol.1996,Mar;17(1):1-7.
[16]Moriya F,Hashimoto Y.Redistribution of basic drugs into cardiac blood from surrounding tissues during early-stages postmortem[J].Forensic Sci.1999 Jan;44(1):10-6.
[17]Williams KR,Pounder DJ.Site-to-site variability of drug concentrations in skeletal muscle[J].Forensic Med Pathol 1997;18:246-59.
[18]Chikasue F,Yashiki M,Miyazaki T,Okamoto I,Kojima T.Abnormally high alcohol concentration in the heart blood[J].Forensic Sci Int.1988 Nov;39(2):189-95.
[19]Sylvester PA,Wong NA,Warren BF,Ranson DL.Unacceptably high site variability in postmortem blood alcohol analysis[J].Clin Pathol.1998 Mar;51(3):250-2.
[20]Briglia EJ,Bidanset JH,Dal Cortivo LA.The distribution of ethanol in postmortem blood specimens[J].Forensic Sci 1992;37:991-8.
[21]Pleuckhahn VD,Ballard B.Diffusion of stomach alcohol and heart blood alcohol concentration at autopsy[J],Forensic Sci.1967 Oct;12(4):463-70.
[22]Avella J,Lehrer M,Katz M,Minden E.Two cases involving clomipramine intoxication[J].Anal Toxicol.2004 Sep;28(6):504-8.
[23]Williams KR,Pounder DJ.Site-to-site variability of drug concentrations in skeletal muscle[J].Forensic Med Pathol 1997;18:246-59.
[24]Pounder DJ,Owen V,Quigley C.Postmortem changes in blood amitriptyline concentration [J].Forensic Med Pathol.1994 Sep;15(3):224-30.
[25]Pounder DJ,Jones GR.Post-mortem drug redistribution--a toxicological nightmare [J].Forensic Sci Int.1990 Apr;45(3):253-63.
[26]任同喜.盐酸地芬尼多在中毒大鼠体内死后再分布的研究:[硕士生论文].山西:山西医科大学,2006.
[27]苏健柏.毒鼠强在中毒死亡犬体内死后再分布的研究:[硕士生论文].山西:山西医科大学,2006.
[28]Iwasaki Y,Yashiki M,Namera A,Miyazaki T,Kojima T.On the influence of postmortem alcohol diffusion from the stomach contents to the heart blood[J].Forensic Sci Int.1998Jun 8;94(1-2):111-8.
[29]Cullen SA,Mayes RW.Alcohol discovered in the urine after death:ante-mortem ingestion or post-mortem artefact?[J].Med Sci Law.2005 Jul;45(3):196-200.
[30]Pounder DJ,Yonemitsu K.Postmortem absorption of drugs and ethanol from aspirated vomitus--an experimental model[J].Forensic Sci Int.1991 Oct;51(2):189-95.
[31]Pounder DJ,Fuke C,Cox DE,Smith D,Kuroda N.Postmortem diffusion of drugs from gastric residue:an experimental study[J].Forensic Med Pathol.1996 Mar;17(1):1-7.
[32]Hilberg T,Bugge A,Beylich KM,Ingum J,Bjorneboe A,Morland J.An animal model of postmortem amitriptyline redistribution[J].Forensic Sci.1993 Jan;38(1):81-90.
[33]Hilberg T,Ripel A,Smith AJ,Slordal L,Morland J,Bjorneboe A Postmortem amitriptyline pharmacokinetics in pigs after oral and intravenous routes of administration[J].Forensic Sci.1998 Mar;43(2):380-7.
[34] McIntyre IM,King CV,Cordner SM,Drummer OH .Postmortem clomipramine: therapeutic or toxic concentrations?[J].Forensic Sci. 1994 Mar;39(2):486-93.
[35] Hilberg T,Ripel A,Slordal L,Bjorneboe A, Morland J.The extent of postmortem drug redistribution in a rat model[J].Forensic Sci. 1999 Sep;44(5):956-62.
[36] Hilberg T,Morland J,Bjorneboe A. Postmortem release of amitriptyline from the lungs; a mechanism of postmortem drug redistribution[J].Forensic Sci Int. 1994 Jan;64(1):47-55.
[37] Pohland RC,Bernhard NR.Postmortem serum and tissue redistribution of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in dogs following oral administration of fluoxetine hydrochloride (Prozac).
[38] Yonemitsu K,Pounder DJ. Postmortem changes in blood tranylcypromine concentration: competing redistribution and degradation effects[J].Forensic Sci Int. 1993 May;59(2): 177-84
[39] Kudo K, Nagata T, Kimura K, Imamura T, Urakawa N.Postmortem changes of triazolam concentrations in body tissues[J].Nihon Hoigaku Zasshi. 1992 Oct;46(5): 293-6.
[40] Shiota H, Nakashima M, Terazono H, Sasaki H, Nishida K, Nakamura J, Taniyama K. Postmortem changes in tissue concentrations of triazolam and diazepam in rats[J].Leg Med (Tokyo). 2004 Oct;6(4):224-32.
[41] Pounder DJ, Davies JI. Zopiclone poisoning: tissue distribution and potential for postmortem diffusion[J].Forensic Sci Int. 1994 May 13;65(3): 177-83.
[42] Moriya F, Hashimoto Y. Postmortem diffusion of drugs from the bladder into femoral venous blood[J].Forensic Sci Int. 2001 Dec l;123(2-3):248-53.
[43] Moriya F, Hashimoto Y. Postmortem diffusion of tracheal lidocaine into heart blood following intubation for cardiopulmonary resuscitation[J]. Forensic Sci. 1997 Mar;42(2):296-9
[44] Seidl S,Schwarze B, Betz P.Lethal cyanide inhalation with post-mortem trans-cutaneous cyanide diffusion[J]. Leg Med (Tokyo). 2003 Dec;5(4):238-41.
[45] Teresinski G,Buszewicz G, Madro R. Post mortem diffusion of carbon monoxide to muscles and blood-preliminary examinations[J].Arch Med Sadowej Kryminol. 2004 Jan-Mar;54(1):37-43.
[46] Logan BK, Snirnow D. Postmortem distribution and redistribution of morphine in man[ J] .Forensic Sci 1996;41:37-46.
[47] Koren G, Klein J. Postmortem redistribution of morphine in rats[J].Ther Drug Monit 1992;14:461-3.
[48] Moriya F,Hashimoto Y. Distribution of free and conjugated morphine in body fluids and tissues in a fatal heroin overdose: is conjugated morphine stable in postmortem specimens? [J] Forensic Sci. 1997 Jul;42(4):736-40.
[49]Skopp G,Lutz R,Potsch L,Ganssmann B,Klinder K,Schmidt A,Aderjan R,Mattern R.An in vitro experiment for postmortem vascular permeation.The passage of morphine and morphine glucuronides across a vascular wall[J].Forensic Sci.1997 May;42(3):486-91.
[50]王惠玲,马丽霞,赵晏,唐承汉 吗啡中毒大鼠死后体内吗啡再分布的影响因素[J]西安交通大学学报2004.24(4)333-336
[51]马丽霞,王惠玲,张军峰,张平,唐承汉 吗啡在慢性染毒大鼠体内死后再分布[J]西安交通大学学报 2004.25(1)33-35
[52]De Letter EA,Belpaire FM,Clauwaert KM,Lambert WE,Van Bocxlaer JF,Piette MH.Post-mortem redistribution of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine(MDMA,"ecstasy")in the rabbit.Part Ⅱ:post-mortem infusion in trachea or stomach[J].Legal Med.2002Aug;116(4):225-32.Epub 2002 Jun 4.
[53]De Letter EA,Clauwaert KM,Belpaire FM,Lambert WE,Van Bocxlaer JF,Piette MH.Post-mortem redistribution of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine(MDMA,"ecstasy")in the rabbit.Part Ⅰ:experimental approach after in vivo intravenous infusion [J].Legal Med.2002 Aug;116(4):216-24.Epub 2002 May 28.
[2]燕炯,荆彩亮,孔临萍,等.利多卡因椎管内麻醉意外的研究进展[J].山西医科大学学报,2003,34(1):86-89
[3]Lee PK,Kim JM.Lumbar epidural blocks:a case report of a life- threatening complication[J].Arch Phys Med Rehabil.2000,81(12):1587-1590
[4]郑俊卿.硬膜外道管误入蛛网膜下腔3例报告[J].福建医药杂志,1999,21(4):210
[5]赵海群,贾保平.硬膜外腔道管穿入蛛网膜下腔一例[J].临床麻醉学杂志,1996,12(4):210
[6]孙忠锋,郭明荣,王文志.硬膜外道管误入蛛网膜下腔1例[J].中国医药,2003,5(6):70-71
[7]王艳霞,常文欣.硬膜外麻醉误入蛛网膜下腔1例[J].医学理论与实践,2004,17(12):1427
[8]程玉泉,刘岳文,李凡,等.剖宫产术前硬膜外麻醉致产妇死亡2例分析[J].河南科技大学学报(医学版),2003,21(2):89
[9]宋建舫,陈冬.硬膜外腔道管误入蛛网膜下腔2例报告[J].中国麻醉与镇痛,2004,6(3):200
[10]Wills JH.Rapid onset of massive subdural anesthesia[J].Reg Anesth Pain Med,2005,30(3):299-302
[11]谢恩梅,李成宏.韧带钙化堵塞硬膜外穿刺针误入蛛网膜下腔1例[J].中国医师杂志,2002,1:95-96
[12]尹振广,刘全会.硬膜外麻醉并发全脊麻3例报告[J].中华新医学,2003,4(12):1058
[13]张文华,李桂芳.12例全脊髓麻醉的原因分析及处理体会[J].齐齐哈尔医学院学报,1999,20(4):363-364
[14]周兆清,殷勤.硬膜外穿刺脑脊液外流的补救方法4例[J].农垦医学,2003,25(4):270-271
[15]Sakata K,Ishigaki S,Sakata M.Distribution of lidocaine and disopyramide in human blood and tissue,a case report of death caused by spinal anesthesia[J].Forensic Sci Int,1988,37(1):1-10
[16]任广睦,燕炯.两例硬膜外阻滞麻醉致死的法医学鉴定[J].中国法医学杂志,2003,18(2):119-120
[17]马亚利,王淑华.硬膜外麻醉意外一例报告[J].临床误诊误治,1998,11(3):179
[18]田丰,张坤.硬膜外穿刺误穿蛛网膜下腔的麻醉处理[J].国际医药卫生导报,2004,10(8):24
[19]曾庆繁,陆巍.腰麻联合硬膜外麻醉药物扩散机理的临床研究[J].贵州医药,2000,24(11):665-666
[20]李志英,计鸿飞,赵亮,等.碳酸利多卡因与盐酸利多卡因硬膜外麻醉在阑尾术中的效果比较fJ].临床军医杂志,2002,30(5):31-32
[21]张沂,张永林,鲍燕燕,等.碳酸利多卡因在硬膜外麻醉中的药物动力学及药效学[J].中国药学杂志,1999,34(9):610
[22]王燕,龙宏杰.碳酸利多卡因与盐酸利多卡因用于硬膜外麻醉的效果比较[J].南华大学学报(医学版),2001,1(01):46-55
[23]李晓红,刘洪艳,张春雨,等.腰麻及硬膜外麻醉行剖宫产利多卡因药代动力学研究[J].中国药事,1999,13(3):205-206
[24]王家博,杨梦晨.碳酸利多卡因同盐酸利多卡因的临床应用比较[J].医药道报,1999,18(5):334-335
[25]苏静,董国良.碳酸利多卡因和盐酸利多卡因硬膜外麻醉在剖宫产术中的临床研究[J].上海医学,2000,23(01):42-43
[26]王鹏,黄轶忠,田玉科.硬膜外麻醉时可乐定和肾上腺素对麻醉效果和血清利多卡因浓度的影响[J].中华麻醉学杂志,1999,19(10):593-595
[27]刘德育,房秀生.利多卡因-氯胺酮混合液在小儿麻醉中的应用[J].中国药业,2002,11(4):71-72
[28]Halbert MK,Baldwin RE Determination of lidocaine and active metabolites in blood serum by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.Chromatogr[J].1984,306:269-277
[29]刘璐,章珉,史红,等.高效液相色谱法同时检测利多卡因及其代谢物[J].上海医科大学学报,1993,20(3):220-223
[30]Zivanovic L,Agatonovic-Kustrin S,Vasilijevic M,et al.Comparison of high-performance and thin-layer chromgraphic methods for the assay of lidocaine[J].Pharm Biomed Anal,1996,14(8-10):1229-1232
[31]Halbert MK,Baldwin RP.Determination of lidocaine and active metabolites in blood serum by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection[J].Chromatogr,1984,306:269-277
[32]Chen Y,Potter JM,Ravenscrofl PJ.High-pefformance liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of monoethylglycinexylidide and lidocaine[J].Chromatogr,1992,574(2):361-364
[33]Rossi SS,Moore AC,Hagey LR et al.An improved method for the measurement of lidocaine and its metabolites in rat plasma[J].Ther Drug Monit,1997,19(2):179-184
[34]Wang JS,Backman JT,Wen X,et al.Involvement of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 in lidocaine N-deethylation and 3-hydroxylation in human.Drug[J].Metab Dispos,2000,28(8):959-965
[35]Kuhnert BR,Philipson EH,Pimental R,er al.Lidocaine disposition in mother,fetus,and neonate after spinal anesthesia.Anesthe Analg[J].1986,65(2):139-144
[36]Harkins JD,Mundy GD,Hagey LR,et al.Lidocaine in the horse:its pharmacological effects and their relationship to analytical findings[J].J Vet Pharmacol Ther,1998,21(6):462-476
[37]Maurer HH.Systematic toxicological analysis of drugs and their metabolites by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry[J].Chromatog.1992,580(1-2):3-41
[38]尉志文,负克明,张楠.血和脑脊液中利多卡因GC/MS检测[J].法医学杂志,2005,1(2):124-6
[39]燕炯,贠克明,王玉瑾等.利多卡因在蛛网膜下腔麻醉致死犬体内的分布[J].中国法医学杂志,2004,19(3):157-160
[40]贠克明,燕炯,郭政等.利多卡因蛛网膜下腔麻醉致死的动物模型[J].中国法医学杂志,2004.19(2):75-77
[41]Pelissier-Alicot AL,Gaulier JM,Champsaur P,Marquet R Mechanisms underlying postmortem redistribution of drugs:a review[J].Anal Toxicol.2003Nov-Dec;27(8):533-44.
[42]黄光照,汪德文.法医毒理学(第三版)[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2004:21-22.
[43]郭景元.现代法医学[M].北京:科学技术出版社,2000:811-13
[44]Hilberg T,Bugge A,Beykich KM,Morland J,Byorneboe A.Diffusion as a mechanism of postmortem drug redistribution:an experimental study in rats[J].Leg Med 1992;105:87-91.
[45]Hilberg T,Bugge A,Beylich KM,Ingum J,Byomeboe A,Morland J.An animal model of postmortem amitriptyline redistribution[J].Forensic Sci 1993;38:81-90.
[46]吴克荣.利多卡因中毒致死的法医病理分析[J].交通医学,2002,16(6):608-609
[47]Plueckhahn VD,Ballard B.Diffusion of stomach alcohol and heart blood alcohol concentration at autopsy[J].Forensic Sci 1967;12:463-70.
[48]Pounder DJ,Smith DR.Postmortem diffusion of alcohol from the stomach[J].Forensic Med Pathol.1995 Jun;16(2):89-96
[49]Pounder DJ,Davies JI.Zopiclone poisoning:tissue distribution and potential for postmortem diffusion[J].Forensic Sci.1994 May 13;65(3):177-83.
[50]Parker JM,Winek CL,Shanor SP.Postmortem changes in tissue levels of sodium secobarbital[J].Clin Toxicol 1971;4:265-72.
[51]Moriya F,Hashimoto Y.Postmortem diffusion of drugs from the bladder into femoral venous blood[J].Forensic Sci Int.2001 Dec 1;123(2-3):248-53.
[52]Hilberg T,Bugge A,Beylich KM,Morland J,Bjorneboe A.Hilberg T,Bugge A,Beylich KM,Morland J,Bjomeboe A.Diffusion as a mechanism of postmortem drug redistribution:an experimental study in rats[J].Legal Med.1992;105(2):87-91.
[53]Yarema MC,Becker CE.Key concepts in postmortem drug redistribution[J].Clin Toxicol (Phila).2005;43(4):235-41.
[54]Iwasaki Y,Yashiki M,Namera A,Miyazaki T,Kojima T.On the influence of postmortem alcohol diffusion from the stomach contents to the heart blood[J].Forensic Sci Int.1998Jun 8;94(1-2):111-8.
[55]Takayasu T,Ohshima T,Tanaka N,Maeda H,Kondo T,Nishigami J,Ohtsuji M,Nagano T.Experimental studies on postmortem diffusion of ethanol-d6 using rats[J].Forensic Sci Int.1995 Dec 29;76(3):179-88.
[56]Jones GR,Pounder DJ.Site dependence of drug concentrations in postmortem blood--a case study[J].Anal Toxicol.1987 Sep-Oct;11(5):186-90.
[57]Pounder,Derrick J.F.R.C.P.A.;Fuke,Chiaki Ph.D.;Cox,Diana E.M.B.;Smith,Douglas B.M.Sc.;Kuroda,Naohito M.D.Postmortem Diffusion of Drugs from Gastric Residue:An Experimental Study[J].Forensic Med Pathol.1996,Mar;17(1):1-7.
[58]Pounder DJ.The nightmare of postmortem drug changes[J].Legal medicine 1993.Salem,New Hampshire:Butterworth Legal Publishers,1994:163-91.
[59]Moriya F,Hashimoto Y.Postmortem diffusion of tracheal lidocaine into heart blood following intubation for cardiopulmonary resuscitation[J].Forensic Sci.1997Sep;42(5):965.
[60]尉志文.利多卡因在硬膜外麻醉意外致死犬体内的死后再分布研究:[硕士生论文].山西:山西医科大学,2005
[61]刘俊杰,赵俊.现代麻醉学(第二版)[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2000:23.145.
[62]Shepherd MF,Lake KD,Kamps MA.Postmortem changes and pharmacokinetics:review of the literature and case report[J].Ann Pharmacother.1992 Apr;26(4):510-4.
[63]任同喜.盐酸地芬尼多在中毒大鼠体内死后再分布的研究:[硕士生论文].山西:山西医科大学,2006
[1]黄光照,汪德文.法医毒理学(第三版)[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2004:21-22
[2]Pelissier-Alicot AL,Gaulier JM,Champsaur P,Marquet P.Mechanisms underlying postmortem redistribution of drugs:a review[J].Anal Toxicol.2003 Nov-Dec;27(8)
[3]郭景元.现代法医学[M].北京::科学技术出版社,2000:811-13
[4]Hilberg T,Bugge A,Beykich KM,Morland J,Byorneboe A.Diffusion as a mechanism of postmortem drug redistribution:an experimental study in rats[J].Leg Med 1992;105:87-91.
[5]Hilberg T,Bugge A,Beylich KM,Ingum J,Byorneboe A,Morland J.An animal model of postmortem amitriptyline redistribution[J].Forensic Sci 1993;38:81-90.
[6]Pounder DJ,Fuke C,Cox DE,Smith D,Kuroda N.Postmortem diffusion of drugs from gastric residue:an experimental study[J].Forensic Med Pathol.1996 Mar;17(1):1-7.
[7]Hiberg T,Ripel A,Slordal L,et al.The extent of postmortem drug redistribution in a rat model[J].Forensic Sci 1999,44(5):956-962.
[8]Koreeda A,Yonemitsu K,Ng'walali PM,Muraoka N,Tsunenari S.Clocapramine-related fatality.Postmortem drug levels in multiple psychoactive drug poisoning[J].Forensic Sci Int.2001 Oct 15;122(1):48-51
[9]刘俊杰,赵俊.现代麻醉学(第二版)[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2000:23.
[10]宋艳敏.碳酸利多卡因与盐酸利多卡因在硬膜外麻醉意外的比较[J].中国医学理论与实践,2003.(2003)6.775.
[11]Shepherd MF,Lake KD,Kamps MA.Postmortem changes and pharmacokinetics:review of the literature and case report.Ann Pharmacother.1992 Apr;26(4):510-4.
[12]Robertson MD,Drummer OH.Postmortem drug metabolism by bacteria[J].Forensic Sci.1995 May;40(3):382-6.
[13]Plueckhahn VD,Ballard B.Diffusion of stomach alcohol and heart blood alcohol concentration at autopsy[J].Forensic Sci 1967;12:463-70.
[14]Pounder DJ,Smith RW.Postmortem diffusion of alcohol from the stomach[J].Forensic Pathol 1995;16:89-96.
[15]Pounder,Derrick J.F.R.C.P.A.;Fuke,Chiaki Ph.D.;Cox,Diana E.M.B.;Smith,Douglas B.M.Sc.;Kuroda,Naohito M.D.Postmortem Diffusion of Drugs from Gastric Residue:An Experimental Study[J].Forensic Med Pathol.1996,Mar;17(1):1-7.
[16]Moriya F,Hashimoto Y.Redistribution of basic drugs into cardiac blood from surrounding tissues during early-stages postmortem[J].Forensic Sci.1999 Jan;44(1):10-6.
[17]Williams KR,Pounder DJ.Site-to-site variability of drug concentrations in skeletal muscle[J].Forensic Med Pathol 1997;18:246-59.
[18]Chikasue F,Yashiki M,Miyazaki T,Okamoto I,Kojima T.Abnormally high alcohol concentration in the heart blood[J].Forensic Sci Int.1988 Nov;39(2):189-95.
[19]Sylvester PA,Wong NA,Warren BF,Ranson DL.Unacceptably high site variability in postmortem blood alcohol analysis[J].Clin Pathol.1998 Mar;51(3):250-2.
[20]Briglia EJ,Bidanset JH,Dal Cortivo LA.The distribution of ethanol in postmortem blood specimens[J].Forensic Sci 1992;37:991-8.
[21]Pleuckhahn VD,Ballard B.Diffusion of stomach alcohol and heart blood alcohol concentration at autopsy[J],Forensic Sci.1967 Oct;12(4):463-70.
[22]Avella J,Lehrer M,Katz M,Minden E.Two cases involving clomipramine intoxication[J].Anal Toxicol.2004 Sep;28(6):504-8.
[23]Williams KR,Pounder DJ.Site-to-site variability of drug concentrations in skeletal muscle[J].Forensic Med Pathol 1997;18:246-59.
[24]Pounder DJ,Owen V,Quigley C.Postmortem changes in blood amitriptyline concentration [J].Forensic Med Pathol.1994 Sep;15(3):224-30.
[25]Pounder DJ,Jones GR.Post-mortem drug redistribution--a toxicological nightmare [J].Forensic Sci Int.1990 Apr;45(3):253-63.
[26]任同喜.盐酸地芬尼多在中毒大鼠体内死后再分布的研究:[硕士生论文].山西:山西医科大学,2006.
[27]苏健柏.毒鼠强在中毒死亡犬体内死后再分布的研究:[硕士生论文].山西:山西医科大学,2006.
[28]Iwasaki Y,Yashiki M,Namera A,Miyazaki T,Kojima T.On the influence of postmortem alcohol diffusion from the stomach contents to the heart blood[J].Forensic Sci Int.1998Jun 8;94(1-2):111-8.
[29]Cullen SA,Mayes RW.Alcohol discovered in the urine after death:ante-mortem ingestion or post-mortem artefact?[J].Med Sci Law.2005 Jul;45(3):196-200.
[30]Pounder DJ,Yonemitsu K.Postmortem absorption of drugs and ethanol from aspirated vomitus--an experimental model[J].Forensic Sci Int.1991 Oct;51(2):189-95.
[31]Pounder DJ,Fuke C,Cox DE,Smith D,Kuroda N.Postmortem diffusion of drugs from gastric residue:an experimental study[J].Forensic Med Pathol.1996 Mar;17(1):1-7.
[32]Hilberg T,Bugge A,Beylich KM,Ingum J,Bjorneboe A,Morland J.An animal model of postmortem amitriptyline redistribution[J].Forensic Sci.1993 Jan;38(1):81-90.
[33]Hilberg T,Ripel A,Smith AJ,Slordal L,Morland J,Bjorneboe A Postmortem amitriptyline pharmacokinetics in pigs after oral and intravenous routes of administration[J].Forensic Sci.1998 Mar;43(2):380-7.
[34] McIntyre IM,King CV,Cordner SM,Drummer OH .Postmortem clomipramine: therapeutic or toxic concentrations?[J].Forensic Sci. 1994 Mar;39(2):486-93.
[35] Hilberg T,Ripel A,Slordal L,Bjorneboe A, Morland J.The extent of postmortem drug redistribution in a rat model[J].Forensic Sci. 1999 Sep;44(5):956-62.
[36] Hilberg T,Morland J,Bjorneboe A. Postmortem release of amitriptyline from the lungs; a mechanism of postmortem drug redistribution[J].Forensic Sci Int. 1994 Jan;64(1):47-55.
[37] Pohland RC,Bernhard NR.Postmortem serum and tissue redistribution of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in dogs following oral administration of fluoxetine hydrochloride (Prozac).
[38] Yonemitsu K,Pounder DJ. Postmortem changes in blood tranylcypromine concentration: competing redistribution and degradation effects[J].Forensic Sci Int. 1993 May;59(2): 177-84
[39] Kudo K, Nagata T, Kimura K, Imamura T, Urakawa N.Postmortem changes of triazolam concentrations in body tissues[J].Nihon Hoigaku Zasshi. 1992 Oct;46(5): 293-6.
[40] Shiota H, Nakashima M, Terazono H, Sasaki H, Nishida K, Nakamura J, Taniyama K. Postmortem changes in tissue concentrations of triazolam and diazepam in rats[J].Leg Med (Tokyo). 2004 Oct;6(4):224-32.
[41] Pounder DJ, Davies JI. Zopiclone poisoning: tissue distribution and potential for postmortem diffusion[J].Forensic Sci Int. 1994 May 13;65(3): 177-83.
[42] Moriya F, Hashimoto Y. Postmortem diffusion of drugs from the bladder into femoral venous blood[J].Forensic Sci Int. 2001 Dec l;123(2-3):248-53.
[43] Moriya F, Hashimoto Y. Postmortem diffusion of tracheal lidocaine into heart blood following intubation for cardiopulmonary resuscitation[J]. Forensic Sci. 1997 Mar;42(2):296-9
[44] Seidl S,Schwarze B, Betz P.Lethal cyanide inhalation with post-mortem trans-cutaneous cyanide diffusion[J]. Leg Med (Tokyo). 2003 Dec;5(4):238-41.
[45] Teresinski G,Buszewicz G, Madro R. Post mortem diffusion of carbon monoxide to muscles and blood-preliminary examinations[J].Arch Med Sadowej Kryminol. 2004 Jan-Mar;54(1):37-43.
[46] Logan BK, Snirnow D. Postmortem distribution and redistribution of morphine in man[ J] .Forensic Sci 1996;41:37-46.
[47] Koren G, Klein J. Postmortem redistribution of morphine in rats[J].Ther Drug Monit 1992;14:461-3.
[48] Moriya F,Hashimoto Y. Distribution of free and conjugated morphine in body fluids and tissues in a fatal heroin overdose: is conjugated morphine stable in postmortem specimens? [J] Forensic Sci. 1997 Jul;42(4):736-40.
[49]Skopp G,Lutz R,Potsch L,Ganssmann B,Klinder K,Schmidt A,Aderjan R,Mattern R.An in vitro experiment for postmortem vascular permeation.The passage of morphine and morphine glucuronides across a vascular wall[J].Forensic Sci.1997 May;42(3):486-91.
[50]王惠玲,马丽霞,赵晏,唐承汉 吗啡中毒大鼠死后体内吗啡再分布的影响因素[J]西安交通大学学报2004.24(4)333-336
[51]马丽霞,王惠玲,张军峰,张平,唐承汉 吗啡在慢性染毒大鼠体内死后再分布[J]西安交通大学学报 2004.25(1)33-35
[52]De Letter EA,Belpaire FM,Clauwaert KM,Lambert WE,Van Bocxlaer JF,Piette MH.Post-mortem redistribution of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine(MDMA,"ecstasy")in the rabbit.Part Ⅱ:post-mortem infusion in trachea or stomach[J].Legal Med.2002Aug;116(4):225-32.Epub 2002 Jun 4.
[53]De Letter EA,Clauwaert KM,Belpaire FM,Lambert WE,Van Bocxlaer JF,Piette MH.Post-mortem redistribution of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine(MDMA,"ecstasy")in the rabbit.Part Ⅰ:experimental approach after in vivo intravenous infusion [J].Legal Med.2002 Aug;116(4):216-24.Epub 2002 May 28.