视蛋白基因参与蚊抗药性机制的研究
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摘要
杀虫剂的连续、大量使用导致了虫媒抗药性的发生和发展，进而加剧了虫媒病传播的恶化趋势。鉴定新的抗药性基因、阐明抗药性机制是有效治理虫媒抗药性的前提和必要条件。
本研究根据已知的埃及伊蚊（Aedes aegypti）和淡色库蚊（Culex pipienspallens）Opsin基因序列，设计简并引物，从白纹伊蚊(Ae. albopictus)C6/36细胞中扩增出白纹伊蚊Opsin基因的开放阅读框（ORF）序列，T/A克隆入pCR2.1载体并测序。获得白纹伊蚊Opsin基因ORF序列为1122bp，编码373个氨基酸（NCBI/GenBank JQ354934，2012）。
用BlastX软件将该基因推导编码的氨基酸序列与蛋白质公共数据库Swissprot分析，用ClustalW软件作序列比对和聚类分析。推导的氨基酸序列与埃及伊蚊、冈比亚按蚊（Anopheles gambiae）、淡色库蚊的视蛋白分别具有95%、91%和87%以上的同源性。
将白纹伊蚊Opsin转染白纹伊蚊C6/36细胞，使其在蚊细胞中高表达，结果发现，在溴氰菊酯浓度为101.5μg/mL，102.0μg/mL和102.5μg/mL时，opsin转染组细胞的存活率分别比对照组增高了22%，14%，21%（p<0.05）。采用siRNA技术干涉白纹伊蚊C6/36细胞的Opsin基因，通过实时定量PCR实验验证，干涉Opsin基因的效率为81%，在溴氰菊酯浓度为101.5μg/mL，102.0μg/mL和102.5μg/mL时，干涉组细胞的存活率分别比对照组下降15%、16%和21%（p <0.05）。结果进一步证实，白纹伊蚊Opsin与蚊溴氰菊酯抗性有关，是一个新的杀虫剂抗性基因。
为进一步研究Opsin参与蚊溴氰菊酯抗性形成的机制，本研究在蚊细胞中将Opsin分别高表达和低表达后，采用实时定量PCR法检测与Opsin相关的GPCR通路中Arrestin、Gqα基因及代谢抗性基因CYP6A1的表达，同时检测了PLC酶活性的变化。结果显示，与对照组相比，Opsin基因高表达后，Arrestin基因表达无差异，Gqα基因、CYP6A1基因分别高表达12倍和99倍，PLC酶活性增高了2.56倍（p<0.05）；Opsin基因低表达后，Arrestin基因表达无差异，Gqα基因、CYP6A1基因表达分别降低了82%和81%，PLC酶活性降低了63%（p<0.05）。以上结果提示，Opsin基因可能通过影响Gqα基因表达及PLC酶活性，调节代谢酶基因CYP6A1的表达，从而促进代谢酶对杀虫剂的降解而对蚊细胞有保护作用。进一步采用实时定量PCR技术，分析Opsin、Arrestin、Gqα、PLC基因在蚊活体抗性品系和敏感品系中的表达差异。结果蚊活体与蚊细胞一致，Opsin、Arrestin、Gqα、PLC基因在淡色库蚊抗性蚊中的表达分别是敏感蚊的10.42、5.64、3.34、2.16倍（p<0.05）。Western blotting技术检测发现Opsin蛋白在无锡、塘口抗性蚊中较相应敏感蚊高表达。本实验室邹萍等在研究Arrestin基因与蚊溴氰菊酯抗性的关系时发现，当Arrestin基因在蚊细胞内高表达后，溴氰菊酯处理后的细胞存活率、Opsin基因与CYP6A1基因表达均增高；Arrestin基因低表达后，细胞存活率、Opsin基因与CYP6A1基因表达均降低。综合以上结果提示，GPCR信号通路可能作为一种新的机制参与了蚊抗药性的形成，即Arrestin可调控Opsin的表达，进而通过调控Gqα及PLC酶活性，影响CYP6A1基因的表达而导致蚊对溴氰菊酯抗性。
以淡色库蚊活体为研究对象，采用实时定量PCR技术，研究不同地区溴氰菊酯抗性和敏感蚊、对溴氰菊酯不同抗性水平的蚊、对不同杀虫剂抗性蚊中Opsin基因的表达水平。结果显示，无锡抗性蚊中Opsin基因表达是敏感蚊的5.81倍（p<0.05），用接触筒法区分的南京抗性蚊中Opsin基因表达是敏感蚊的4.53倍（p<0.05）。经溴氰菊酯逐代筛选的塘口抗性蚊（LC50分别为0.05、0.1、0.5、0.55ppm）中Opsin基因表达分别是敏感蚊（LC500.02ppm）的1.30、2.50、3.99、10.42倍（p<0.05）。济宁对氯氰菊酯抗性蚊、对DDVP抗性蚊、对残杀威抗性蚊中Opsin基因的表达分别是敏感蚊的4.46、10.00、23.05倍（p<0.05）。分别提取塘口、无锡对溴氰菊酯抗性蚊和敏感蚊的全蛋白，采用Western blotting技术检测Opsin、Arrestin蛋白表达差异，结果发现Opsin蛋白在塘口、无锡抗性蚊中较相应敏感蚊高表达1.94及1.68倍， Arrestin蛋白在塘口、无锡抗性蚊中的表达量分别是相应敏感蚊的1.20及1.10倍。以上结果提示，Opsin基因在杀虫剂抗性蚊中高表达是一种普遍现象，其有望作为蚊抗药性检测的潜在靶标，值得进一步研究。
Frequent and wide application of insecticides has resulted in the emergence andspread of insecticide resistance in insect populations. Understanding the mechanismsof insecticide resistance is critical to vector control.
A new opsin gene（NCBI/GenBank JQ354934，2012） was cloned from Aedesalbopictus C6/36cells. An open reading frame (ORF) of1122bp was found to encodea putative373amino acids protein that exhibits95%,91%and87%identity withopsins from Ae. aegypti, Anopheles gambiae and Culex pipiens pallens respectively.
Over-expression of Ae. albopictus’s opsin gene by transfection increasedmosquito cell viabilities to deltamethrin at the concentrations of101.5μg/mL，102.0μg/mL和102.5μg/mL, and knock down of opsin by siRNA decreased mosquitocell viabilities to deltamethrin at the same three concertrations(p<0.05). The resultindicates that opsin gene is related to deltamethrin resistance.
To further investigate the resistance mechanism related to opsin, thetranscriptional levels of Arrestin, Gqαand CYP6A1were detected by real-timequantitative PCR in mosqito cells with transfection and siRNA of opsin. Theactivities of PLC were also assayed. Over-expression of opsin by transfectionincreased the activity of PLC and the transcriptional levels of Gqα, CYP6A1but notArrestin. Knock down of Opsin by siRNA decreased the activity of PLC and thetranscriptional mRNA levels of Gqα, CYP6A1but not Arrestin. Interestingly,over-expression of Arrestin increased cell viability and mRNA levels of Opsin andCYP6A1in mosqito cells. On the other hand, knok down of Arrestin by siRNAdecreased cell viability and mRNA levels of Opsin and CYP6A1in C6/36cells. It isindicated that Opsin, which may be affected by Arrestin, may regulate expressionlevel of Gqαand activity of PLC, thus affect expression of CYP6A1, and finally is involved in insecticide resistance.The high mRNA levels of opsin, Arrestin, GqαandPLC between resistant and susceptible Culex mosquitoes further suggest that Opsin,together with other related genes, such as Arrestin, Gqα, PLC in GPCR signaltransportation, may be involved in a new mechanism in deltamethrin resistance.
The mRNA levels of Opsin gene from deltamethrin-resistant and–susceptible Cx.pipiens pallens in different regions, from5strains selected with differentdeltamethrin-resistant levels by generations and from strains resistant to cypermethrin,propoxur and DDVP were detected by real-time quantitative PCR. The results shownup-regulated mRNA levels of Opsin gene in resistant mosquitoes compared to that ofsusceptible ones. Western blotting implicated up-expression levels of Opsin betweenresistant and susceptible mosquitoes in two regions. These results indicate that Opsinmight be used as a marker in insecticide-resistance detection.
本研究根据已知的埃及伊蚊（Aedes aegypti）和淡色库蚊（Culex pipienspallens）Opsin基因序列，设计简并引物，从白纹伊蚊(Ae. albopictus)C6/36细胞中扩增出白纹伊蚊Opsin基因的开放阅读框（ORF）序列，T/A克隆入pCR2.1载体并测序。获得白纹伊蚊Opsin基因ORF序列为1122bp，编码373个氨基酸（NCBI/GenBank JQ354934，2012）。
用BlastX软件将该基因推导编码的氨基酸序列与蛋白质公共数据库Swissprot分析，用ClustalW软件作序列比对和聚类分析。推导的氨基酸序列与埃及伊蚊、冈比亚按蚊（Anopheles gambiae）、淡色库蚊的视蛋白分别具有95%、91%和87%以上的同源性。
将白纹伊蚊Opsin转染白纹伊蚊C6/36细胞，使其在蚊细胞中高表达，结果发现，在溴氰菊酯浓度为101.5μg/mL，102.0μg/mL和102.5μg/mL时，opsin转染组细胞的存活率分别比对照组增高了22%，14%，21%（p<0.05）。采用siRNA技术干涉白纹伊蚊C6/36细胞的Opsin基因，通过实时定量PCR实验验证，干涉Opsin基因的效率为81%，在溴氰菊酯浓度为101.5μg/mL，102.0μg/mL和102.5μg/mL时，干涉组细胞的存活率分别比对照组下降15%、16%和21%（p <0.05）。结果进一步证实，白纹伊蚊Opsin与蚊溴氰菊酯抗性有关，是一个新的杀虫剂抗性基因。
为进一步研究Opsin参与蚊溴氰菊酯抗性形成的机制，本研究在蚊细胞中将Opsin分别高表达和低表达后，采用实时定量PCR法检测与Opsin相关的GPCR通路中Arrestin、Gqα基因及代谢抗性基因CYP6A1的表达，同时检测了PLC酶活性的变化。结果显示，与对照组相比，Opsin基因高表达后，Arrestin基因表达无差异，Gqα基因、CYP6A1基因分别高表达12倍和99倍，PLC酶活性增高了2.56倍（p<0.05）；Opsin基因低表达后，Arrestin基因表达无差异，Gqα基因、CYP6A1基因表达分别降低了82%和81%，PLC酶活性降低了63%（p<0.05）。以上结果提示，Opsin基因可能通过影响Gqα基因表达及PLC酶活性，调节代谢酶基因CYP6A1的表达，从而促进代谢酶对杀虫剂的降解而对蚊细胞有保护作用。进一步采用实时定量PCR技术，分析Opsin、Arrestin、Gqα、PLC基因在蚊活体抗性品系和敏感品系中的表达差异。结果蚊活体与蚊细胞一致，Opsin、Arrestin、Gqα、PLC基因在淡色库蚊抗性蚊中的表达分别是敏感蚊的10.42、5.64、3.34、2.16倍（p<0.05）。Western blotting技术检测发现Opsin蛋白在无锡、塘口抗性蚊中较相应敏感蚊高表达。本实验室邹萍等在研究Arrestin基因与蚊溴氰菊酯抗性的关系时发现，当Arrestin基因在蚊细胞内高表达后，溴氰菊酯处理后的细胞存活率、Opsin基因与CYP6A1基因表达均增高；Arrestin基因低表达后，细胞存活率、Opsin基因与CYP6A1基因表达均降低。综合以上结果提示，GPCR信号通路可能作为一种新的机制参与了蚊抗药性的形成，即Arrestin可调控Opsin的表达，进而通过调控Gqα及PLC酶活性，影响CYP6A1基因的表达而导致蚊对溴氰菊酯抗性。
以淡色库蚊活体为研究对象，采用实时定量PCR技术，研究不同地区溴氰菊酯抗性和敏感蚊、对溴氰菊酯不同抗性水平的蚊、对不同杀虫剂抗性蚊中Opsin基因的表达水平。结果显示，无锡抗性蚊中Opsin基因表达是敏感蚊的5.81倍（p<0.05），用接触筒法区分的南京抗性蚊中Opsin基因表达是敏感蚊的4.53倍（p<0.05）。经溴氰菊酯逐代筛选的塘口抗性蚊（LC50分别为0.05、0.1、0.5、0.55ppm）中Opsin基因表达分别是敏感蚊（LC500.02ppm）的1.30、2.50、3.99、10.42倍（p<0.05）。济宁对氯氰菊酯抗性蚊、对DDVP抗性蚊、对残杀威抗性蚊中Opsin基因的表达分别是敏感蚊的4.46、10.00、23.05倍（p<0.05）。分别提取塘口、无锡对溴氰菊酯抗性蚊和敏感蚊的全蛋白，采用Western blotting技术检测Opsin、Arrestin蛋白表达差异，结果发现Opsin蛋白在塘口、无锡抗性蚊中较相应敏感蚊高表达1.94及1.68倍， Arrestin蛋白在塘口、无锡抗性蚊中的表达量分别是相应敏感蚊的1.20及1.10倍。以上结果提示，Opsin基因在杀虫剂抗性蚊中高表达是一种普遍现象，其有望作为蚊抗药性检测的潜在靶标，值得进一步研究。
Frequent and wide application of insecticides has resulted in the emergence andspread of insecticide resistance in insect populations. Understanding the mechanismsof insecticide resistance is critical to vector control.
A new opsin gene（NCBI/GenBank JQ354934，2012） was cloned from Aedesalbopictus C6/36cells. An open reading frame (ORF) of1122bp was found to encodea putative373amino acids protein that exhibits95%,91%and87%identity withopsins from Ae. aegypti, Anopheles gambiae and Culex pipiens pallens respectively.
Over-expression of Ae. albopictus’s opsin gene by transfection increasedmosquito cell viabilities to deltamethrin at the concentrations of101.5μg/mL，102.0μg/mL和102.5μg/mL, and knock down of opsin by siRNA decreased mosquitocell viabilities to deltamethrin at the same three concertrations(p<0.05). The resultindicates that opsin gene is related to deltamethrin resistance.
To further investigate the resistance mechanism related to opsin, thetranscriptional levels of Arrestin, Gqαand CYP6A1were detected by real-timequantitative PCR in mosqito cells with transfection and siRNA of opsin. Theactivities of PLC were also assayed. Over-expression of opsin by transfectionincreased the activity of PLC and the transcriptional levels of Gqα, CYP6A1but notArrestin. Knock down of Opsin by siRNA decreased the activity of PLC and thetranscriptional mRNA levels of Gqα, CYP6A1but not Arrestin. Interestingly,over-expression of Arrestin increased cell viability and mRNA levels of Opsin andCYP6A1in mosqito cells. On the other hand, knok down of Arrestin by siRNAdecreased cell viability and mRNA levels of Opsin and CYP6A1in C6/36cells. It isindicated that Opsin, which may be affected by Arrestin, may regulate expressionlevel of Gqαand activity of PLC, thus affect expression of CYP6A1, and finally is involved in insecticide resistance.The high mRNA levels of opsin, Arrestin, GqαandPLC between resistant and susceptible Culex mosquitoes further suggest that Opsin,together with other related genes, such as Arrestin, Gqα, PLC in GPCR signaltransportation, may be involved in a new mechanism in deltamethrin resistance.
The mRNA levels of Opsin gene from deltamethrin-resistant and–susceptible Cx.pipiens pallens in different regions, from5strains selected with differentdeltamethrin-resistant levels by generations and from strains resistant to cypermethrin,propoxur and DDVP were detected by real-time quantitative PCR. The results shownup-regulated mRNA levels of Opsin gene in resistant mosquitoes compared to that ofsusceptible ones. Western blotting implicated up-expression levels of Opsin betweenresistant and susceptible mosquitoes in two regions. These results indicate that Opsinmight be used as a marker in insecticide-resistance detection.
引文
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