海南黑冠长臂猿（Nomascus sp.cf.nasutus hainanus）保护生物学现状及保护对策
|
摘要
海南黑冠长臂猿(Nomascus sp．cf．nasutus hainanus)属于灵长目长臂猿科冠长臂猿属，仅分布于我国的海南岛，是我国的一级保护动物，IUCN的极危种和全球最濒危的25种灵长类之一。曾经广布于海南岛上的海南黑冠长臂猿由于栖息地的丧失和人为捕猎，分布范围大幅度缩小，种群数量急剧下降，其分布范围从当时澄迈、屯昌一线以南的12个县退缩到霸王岭国家级自然保护区一个点，种群数量也由20世纪50年代的2000多只(刘振河等，1984)骤降至目前的不足20只，已然处于灭绝的边缘。
为了能够更好地保护这个濒危的物种，以期能够帮助它摆脱濒临灭绝的处境，在华东师范大学和法国巴黎动物协会的资助下于2001年11月到2006年1月间在霸王岭国家级自然保护区内进行了长期的野外研究，其主要目的是认识这物种在霸王岭国家级自然保护区内的空间分布格局，搞清是哪些因素对其分布的影响，回答为什么这个种群长期稳定在二十余只的水平上?是什么机制在发生作用等科学问题。
在2001年到2006年这5年间主要是对保护区内分布的三群长臂猿中的2群即A群(目前7个个体)和C群(目前4个个体)进行了长期的跟踪和监测，观察了海南黑冠长臂猿的鸣叫行为的特征，种群分布和数量变化、社群结构和大小的情况；同时也对保护区基本情况、保护区周边社区的状况、保护区内栖息地的结构、片断化程度、栖息地干扰因素和海南猿目前的致危因素进行了初步的调查。得到如下结论：
1．目前保护区内海南黑冠长臂猿的种群状况为3群和至少2个独居雄性个体，种群数量大于等于19只；其中A群7只，1成年雄性，2成年雌性，2青年个体／亚成体，2婴猿；B群6只，1成年雄性，2成年雌性，1青年个体／亚成体，2婴猿；C群4只，1成年雄性，1成年雌性，1青年个体／亚成体，1婴猿。猿群主要的活动区域是斧头岭、崩岗、崩顶一线山峰西南坡直到南汊河的原始林边缘，石峰一线的西北坡，东三嵴区域直到东二大沟的东侧向南则直到公路边缘。
2．调查期间所观察到的海南黑冠长臂猿的群体大小平均值为5．33只，SD1．22，变化范围4-7只(n=9)。每群成年雄性1只，成年雌性1—2只和2—4只后代个体，在有2个成年雌性的A群和B群中，都发现了年龄差距在2岁以内的婴猿，根据海南猿每2-3年左右一产的习性，可以推断群体中的2个成年雌性都参加了繁殖，是真正意义上的一夫多妻配偶制。
3．海南黑冠长臂猿的日鸣叫发生频次的平均值为52．41％(min21％-max92％，SD 16．01％，n=24)；旱季日鸣叫发生频次的平均值为53．88％(min28％-max92％，SD 16．90％，n=14)，雨季日鸣叫发生频次的平均值为50．35％(min21％-max71％，SD 15．31％，n=10)。日鸣叫发生的频次不受雨季旱季的影响；一年中鸣叫发生频次最高的月份为8月达到了71．43％，最低的3月份则只有31．28％。
4．几乎所有鸣叫都发生在11：30以前(占全部鸣叫的98．05％)，并且大多数发生在6：30-9：30之间(占全部鸣叫的68．09％)，6：30-7：30之间是最多的占到了28．79％。鸣叫开始的平均时间为7：56(min5：58-max13：50，SD 1：27，n=212)；旱季鸣叫的开始时间的平均值为8：22(min6．23-max13：50，SD1：25，n=111)；雨季鸣叫开始时间的平均值是7：28(min5：58-max13：45，SD 1：20，n=101)，旱季鸣叫开始时间与雨季鸣叫开始时间存在着极显著的差异。鸣叫开始时间和日出时间显著相关
5．鸣叫持续的平均时间为13．91分钟(min6．00-max30．00，SD 5．07，n=193)；旱季鸣叫持续时间的平均值为14．19分钟(min6．00-max30．00，SD 5．44，n=113)；雨季鸣叫持续时间的平均值是13．51分钟(min6．00-max29．00，SD 4．51，n=80)。旱季鸣叫持续时间和雨季鸣叫持续时间两者间不存在显著的差异
6．每次鸣叫激动鸣叫的次数平均值为4．59次(min2-max9，SD 1．84，n=22)；第一次激动鸣叫和鸣叫开始之间间隔时间的平均值为4．18分钟(min1-max8，SD2．32，n=22)；每次激动鸣叫间隔时间的平均值为2．70分钟(min1．5-max5，SD 0．96，n=22)；最后次激动鸣叫与鸣叫结束间的间隔时间的平均值为2．64分钟(min0-max10．SD 2．70，n=22)。
7．海南黑冠长臂猿栖息地的植被垂直分带明显，分为海拔375米到800米的残次林、松树林、其他单一树种的人工种植林、荒草坡、芒果或其他水果类的种植林区域；海拔800米到1100米热带山地雨林和沟谷雨林区域；海拔1100米到1300米的山地常绿阔叶林区域；1300米到1565米的山顶矮林区域。长臂猿利用的栖息地面积总共约600公顷，其中A、C群活动区域面积约380公顷，B群活动区域面积约220公顷。
现有长臂猿分布的栖息地片断化程度不高，但公路和架空电线造成的分隔仍然可能具有重要的影响。现存栖息地被严重孤立，造成栖息地面积极其有限且恢复和扩大不易，这可能限制了长臂猿种群数量的发展。
现存栖息地的有限面积、霸王岭林业局在保护区周边的经济活动和周边社区的薪材收集、盗伐和偷猎现象是现存栖息地三个干扰因素。
8．霸王岭保护区面临着人员和资金的严重缺乏，管理不力的问题，保护区内的偷猎和盗伐现象时有发生。保护区周边社区主要为少数民族聚居区域，社区的经济发展滞后，人均收入水平低下，社区人群对于自然资源的依赖性很大。
目前情况下的海南黑冠长臂猿致危因素包括：1)有限的栖息地面积；2)周边社区的贫困导致的偷猎和盗伐现象；3)林业局在保护区周边的经济活动；4)保护区人员和资金的匮乏；5)过低的种群数量。
建议消除公路这条隔绝了黑岭区域和斧头岭区域的障碍，从而为长臂猿可能的种群数量恢复提供亟需的潜在栖息地。尽快地消除保护区内其他人为建筑对长臂猿的间接不利影响，尤其是停止小水电的建设，同时逐步废弃已建好的水电站。停止在保护区周边的经济活动，采取彻底的封山育林措施，逐步淘汰保护区内已有的松树林和其它经济作物林，为长臂猿栖息地的恢复提供空间上的便利。进一步加强对周边社区所拥有的枪支管制力度，逐步过渡到完全禁止枪支的拥有，这样就能够有效地消灭对于长臂猿最直接的威胁因素之一。最后加大向国内外公众宣传保护海南长臂猿的重要意义，为海南长臂猿的保护争取尽可能多的资源。
Hainan Black-crested Gibbon (Nomascus sp.cf. nasutus hainanus) belongs to Mammalia, Primates, Hylobatidae, Nomascus. It only distributes in Hainan Island, P.R.China. It is now Class I of key Species of wildlife protected in China, and listed by IUCN as critically endangered and one of the world's 25 most endangered primates. It was once widely distributed over Hainan island. Because of the habitat losses and human hunting, it's distribution and population declined dramatically. Before the 1960s Hainan Gibbon was widely distributed across 12 counties in Hainan, with an estimated population of over two thousand individuals while By the early 1990s it was believed Bawangling National Natural Reserve was the only place with a viable population of no more than 20 individuals. The gibbon has been on the very edge of extinction.
In order to save this critically endangered primates from extinction, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China together with Paris Zoological Society, France supported a five year field research in Bawangling National Natural Reserve from November, 2001 to January, 2006. The targets of this field work include the population distribution inside the reserve and the reasons which causes this distribution, why the population remains stable at about 20 individuals.
During the 5 year field work, a long-term monitoring on Group A (7individuals) and Group C (4 individuals) were made. Research works about the song characteristics, population distribution and population dynamic, social group organization and its scale were made. Also investigations about the reserve management, local community, habitat structure, fragmentation, disturbance and the current threats to gibbon population were also made. The conclusions of the research work are listed as below:
1. Now, there are at least 3 social groups and 2 solitary male inside the reserve, total population is more than 19 individuals. The compositions of the 3 social groups are: Group A 7 individuals, 1 adult male, 2 adult female, 2 juvenile and 2 infant; Group B 6 individuals, 1 adult male, 2 adult female, 1 juvenile and 2 infant; Group C 4 individuals, 1 adult male, 1 adult female, 1 juvenile and 1 infant. The main gibbon activity area is the south-west slope of Futouling ridge, Benggang ridge and Bengding ridge till the border of the primitive forest at Nanchahe,, the north-west slope of Shifeng ridge, area around Dongsanji ridge till Dong'erdagou valley and the road.
2. The mean scale of the social group is 5.33 individuals, SD1.22, min4-max7 (n=9). Each group consist of, 1 adult male, 1-2 adult female and 2-4 offsprings.Inside Group A and Group B, there are two infants born in the same year. So it is for sure that both the adult female attend reproduction.
3. The mean occurrence frequency of Hainan Black-crested gibbon's duet song is52.41% (min21%-max92%, SD 16.01%, n=24); during dry season is 53.88% (min28%-max92%, SD 16.90%, n=14), while during rain season is 50.35% (min21%-max71%, SD 15.31%, n-10). The difference between dry season and rainseason is not significant. The highest frequency occurs in August 71.43%, the lowestis during March 31.28%.
4. Almost all the duet songs start before 11: 30 (98.05%), and the major part of the songs start between 6: 30 and 9: 30(68.09%), 6: 30-7: 30 has the highest percentage (28.79%). The mean time of the song starting is 7: 56 (min5: 58-max13: 50, SD 1: 27, n=212); during dry season it is 8: 22 (min6: 23-max13: 50, SD1: 25, n=lll); during rain season it is 7: 28 (min5: 58-max13: 45, SD1: 20, n=101), The difference between dry season and rain season is significant The song starting time is correlated with the sun rise.
5. The mean lasting time of duet song is 13.91min (min6.00-max30.00, SD 5.07, n=193); during dry season is 14.19min(min6.00-max30.00, SD 5.44, n=113); during rain season it is 13.51min (min6.00-max29.00, SD 4.51, n=80). The difference between dry season and rain season is not significant.
6.The mean times of great call during duet song is 4.59(min2-max9, SD 1.84, n=22).The mean time between the first great call and the beginning of the song is 4.18min (min1-max8, SD 2.32, n=22) .The mean time between each great call is 2.70min (min1.5-max5, SD 0.96, n=22) . The mean time between the last great call and theend of the song is 2.64min (min0-max10, SD2.70, n=22).
7. The vertical distribution of vegetations of Hainan Black-crested gibbon is clear. Between 375meter and 800 meter, there a secondary forest, pine plantation, fruit tree plantation and grass land. Between 800 meter and 1100 meter, there are valley and mountain rain forest. Between 1100 meter to 1300 meter, there is mountain ever-green broad-leaf forest. Above 1300m, there are mountain dwarf foest The total area used by gibbon is about 600 ha, including 380 ha used by Group A and Group C, 220 ha used by group B.
The fragmentation of the habitat caused by a road and electric line is not serious. But the road cut off the gibbon to reach the area of Heiling ridge where once gibbon distributed. The habitat is completely surrounded by road, pine plantation, fruit tree plantation and grass land. Thus cause the restoration of primary forest in new area become very difficult. The limitation of habitat area may already obstruct the population increasing.
The limited primary forest area, economical plantation and construction, fire wood collecting, poaching and illegal logging pose disturbance to the current gibbon habitat.
8. The reserve management is suffering from shortage of manpower and insufficient fund allocation. Poaching and illegal logging can not be fully sopped. The poverty of the local minority community cause serious dependence of natural resources.
The limitation of usable habita, poaching and illegal logging, economical plantation and construction, Limitations in Reserve Management and Funding Allocation and the too small population pose direct threat to the survive of Hainan gibbon.
It is suggested that the road which isolates Heiling ridge from the current gibbon habitat should be wasted as quickly as possible, in order to provide the population an immediately usable potential habitat. Forbid the construction of any new power dams around the reserve, and waste the power dams already constructed. Stop economical plantations around the reserve; gradually eliminate pine plantation and other plantations inside the reserve so to provide the space for primary forest recovery. Further strengthen the control of gun in the local minority community, gradually forbid the gun usage of local people so that this direct threat to the gibbon can be completely eliminated. Implement a publicity campaign to raise awareness of the Hainan Gibbon conservation and efforts being made to conserve it.
为了能够更好地保护这个濒危的物种，以期能够帮助它摆脱濒临灭绝的处境，在华东师范大学和法国巴黎动物协会的资助下于2001年11月到2006年1月间在霸王岭国家级自然保护区内进行了长期的野外研究，其主要目的是认识这物种在霸王岭国家级自然保护区内的空间分布格局，搞清是哪些因素对其分布的影响，回答为什么这个种群长期稳定在二十余只的水平上?是什么机制在发生作用等科学问题。
在2001年到2006年这5年间主要是对保护区内分布的三群长臂猿中的2群即A群(目前7个个体)和C群(目前4个个体)进行了长期的跟踪和监测，观察了海南黑冠长臂猿的鸣叫行为的特征，种群分布和数量变化、社群结构和大小的情况；同时也对保护区基本情况、保护区周边社区的状况、保护区内栖息地的结构、片断化程度、栖息地干扰因素和海南猿目前的致危因素进行了初步的调查。得到如下结论：
1．目前保护区内海南黑冠长臂猿的种群状况为3群和至少2个独居雄性个体，种群数量大于等于19只；其中A群7只，1成年雄性，2成年雌性，2青年个体／亚成体，2婴猿；B群6只，1成年雄性，2成年雌性，1青年个体／亚成体，2婴猿；C群4只，1成年雄性，1成年雌性，1青年个体／亚成体，1婴猿。猿群主要的活动区域是斧头岭、崩岗、崩顶一线山峰西南坡直到南汊河的原始林边缘，石峰一线的西北坡，东三嵴区域直到东二大沟的东侧向南则直到公路边缘。
2．调查期间所观察到的海南黑冠长臂猿的群体大小平均值为5．33只，SD1．22，变化范围4-7只(n=9)。每群成年雄性1只，成年雌性1—2只和2—4只后代个体，在有2个成年雌性的A群和B群中，都发现了年龄差距在2岁以内的婴猿，根据海南猿每2-3年左右一产的习性，可以推断群体中的2个成年雌性都参加了繁殖，是真正意义上的一夫多妻配偶制。
3．海南黑冠长臂猿的日鸣叫发生频次的平均值为52．41％(min21％-max92％，SD 16．01％，n=24)；旱季日鸣叫发生频次的平均值为53．88％(min28％-max92％，SD 16．90％，n=14)，雨季日鸣叫发生频次的平均值为50．35％(min21％-max71％，SD 15．31％，n=10)。日鸣叫发生的频次不受雨季旱季的影响；一年中鸣叫发生频次最高的月份为8月达到了71．43％，最低的3月份则只有31．28％。
4．几乎所有鸣叫都发生在11：30以前(占全部鸣叫的98．05％)，并且大多数发生在6：30-9：30之间(占全部鸣叫的68．09％)，6：30-7：30之间是最多的占到了28．79％。鸣叫开始的平均时间为7：56(min5：58-max13：50，SD 1：27，n=212)；旱季鸣叫的开始时间的平均值为8：22(min6．23-max13：50，SD1：25，n=111)；雨季鸣叫开始时间的平均值是7：28(min5：58-max13：45，SD 1：20，n=101)，旱季鸣叫开始时间与雨季鸣叫开始时间存在着极显著的差异。鸣叫开始时间和日出时间显著相关
5．鸣叫持续的平均时间为13．91分钟(min6．00-max30．00，SD 5．07，n=193)；旱季鸣叫持续时间的平均值为14．19分钟(min6．00-max30．00，SD 5．44，n=113)；雨季鸣叫持续时间的平均值是13．51分钟(min6．00-max29．00，SD 4．51，n=80)。旱季鸣叫持续时间和雨季鸣叫持续时间两者间不存在显著的差异
6．每次鸣叫激动鸣叫的次数平均值为4．59次(min2-max9，SD 1．84，n=22)；第一次激动鸣叫和鸣叫开始之间间隔时间的平均值为4．18分钟(min1-max8，SD2．32，n=22)；每次激动鸣叫间隔时间的平均值为2．70分钟(min1．5-max5，SD 0．96，n=22)；最后次激动鸣叫与鸣叫结束间的间隔时间的平均值为2．64分钟(min0-max10．SD 2．70，n=22)。
7．海南黑冠长臂猿栖息地的植被垂直分带明显，分为海拔375米到800米的残次林、松树林、其他单一树种的人工种植林、荒草坡、芒果或其他水果类的种植林区域；海拔800米到1100米热带山地雨林和沟谷雨林区域；海拔1100米到1300米的山地常绿阔叶林区域；1300米到1565米的山顶矮林区域。长臂猿利用的栖息地面积总共约600公顷，其中A、C群活动区域面积约380公顷，B群活动区域面积约220公顷。
现有长臂猿分布的栖息地片断化程度不高，但公路和架空电线造成的分隔仍然可能具有重要的影响。现存栖息地被严重孤立，造成栖息地面积极其有限且恢复和扩大不易，这可能限制了长臂猿种群数量的发展。
现存栖息地的有限面积、霸王岭林业局在保护区周边的经济活动和周边社区的薪材收集、盗伐和偷猎现象是现存栖息地三个干扰因素。
8．霸王岭保护区面临着人员和资金的严重缺乏，管理不力的问题，保护区内的偷猎和盗伐现象时有发生。保护区周边社区主要为少数民族聚居区域，社区的经济发展滞后，人均收入水平低下，社区人群对于自然资源的依赖性很大。
目前情况下的海南黑冠长臂猿致危因素包括：1)有限的栖息地面积；2)周边社区的贫困导致的偷猎和盗伐现象；3)林业局在保护区周边的经济活动；4)保护区人员和资金的匮乏；5)过低的种群数量。
建议消除公路这条隔绝了黑岭区域和斧头岭区域的障碍，从而为长臂猿可能的种群数量恢复提供亟需的潜在栖息地。尽快地消除保护区内其他人为建筑对长臂猿的间接不利影响，尤其是停止小水电的建设，同时逐步废弃已建好的水电站。停止在保护区周边的经济活动，采取彻底的封山育林措施，逐步淘汰保护区内已有的松树林和其它经济作物林，为长臂猿栖息地的恢复提供空间上的便利。进一步加强对周边社区所拥有的枪支管制力度，逐步过渡到完全禁止枪支的拥有，这样就能够有效地消灭对于长臂猿最直接的威胁因素之一。最后加大向国内外公众宣传保护海南长臂猿的重要意义，为海南长臂猿的保护争取尽可能多的资源。
Hainan Black-crested Gibbon (Nomascus sp.cf. nasutus hainanus) belongs to Mammalia, Primates, Hylobatidae, Nomascus. It only distributes in Hainan Island, P.R.China. It is now Class I of key Species of wildlife protected in China, and listed by IUCN as critically endangered and one of the world's 25 most endangered primates. It was once widely distributed over Hainan island. Because of the habitat losses and human hunting, it's distribution and population declined dramatically. Before the 1960s Hainan Gibbon was widely distributed across 12 counties in Hainan, with an estimated population of over two thousand individuals while By the early 1990s it was believed Bawangling National Natural Reserve was the only place with a viable population of no more than 20 individuals. The gibbon has been on the very edge of extinction.
In order to save this critically endangered primates from extinction, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China together with Paris Zoological Society, France supported a five year field research in Bawangling National Natural Reserve from November, 2001 to January, 2006. The targets of this field work include the population distribution inside the reserve and the reasons which causes this distribution, why the population remains stable at about 20 individuals.
During the 5 year field work, a long-term monitoring on Group A (7individuals) and Group C (4 individuals) were made. Research works about the song characteristics, population distribution and population dynamic, social group organization and its scale were made. Also investigations about the reserve management, local community, habitat structure, fragmentation, disturbance and the current threats to gibbon population were also made. The conclusions of the research work are listed as below:
1. Now, there are at least 3 social groups and 2 solitary male inside the reserve, total population is more than 19 individuals. The compositions of the 3 social groups are: Group A 7 individuals, 1 adult male, 2 adult female, 2 juvenile and 2 infant; Group B 6 individuals, 1 adult male, 2 adult female, 1 juvenile and 2 infant; Group C 4 individuals, 1 adult male, 1 adult female, 1 juvenile and 1 infant. The main gibbon activity area is the south-west slope of Futouling ridge, Benggang ridge and Bengding ridge till the border of the primitive forest at Nanchahe,, the north-west slope of Shifeng ridge, area around Dongsanji ridge till Dong'erdagou valley and the road.
2. The mean scale of the social group is 5.33 individuals, SD1.22, min4-max7 (n=9). Each group consist of, 1 adult male, 1-2 adult female and 2-4 offsprings.Inside Group A and Group B, there are two infants born in the same year. So it is for sure that both the adult female attend reproduction.
3. The mean occurrence frequency of Hainan Black-crested gibbon's duet song is52.41% (min21%-max92%, SD 16.01%, n=24); during dry season is 53.88% (min28%-max92%, SD 16.90%, n=14), while during rain season is 50.35% (min21%-max71%, SD 15.31%, n-10). The difference between dry season and rainseason is not significant. The highest frequency occurs in August 71.43%, the lowestis during March 31.28%.
4. Almost all the duet songs start before 11: 30 (98.05%), and the major part of the songs start between 6: 30 and 9: 30(68.09%), 6: 30-7: 30 has the highest percentage (28.79%). The mean time of the song starting is 7: 56 (min5: 58-max13: 50, SD 1: 27, n=212); during dry season it is 8: 22 (min6: 23-max13: 50, SD1: 25, n=lll); during rain season it is 7: 28 (min5: 58-max13: 45, SD1: 20, n=101), The difference between dry season and rain season is significant The song starting time is correlated with the sun rise.
5. The mean lasting time of duet song is 13.91min (min6.00-max30.00, SD 5.07, n=193); during dry season is 14.19min(min6.00-max30.00, SD 5.44, n=113); during rain season it is 13.51min (min6.00-max29.00, SD 4.51, n=80). The difference between dry season and rain season is not significant.
6.The mean times of great call during duet song is 4.59(min2-max9, SD 1.84, n=22).The mean time between the first great call and the beginning of the song is 4.18min (min1-max8, SD 2.32, n=22) .The mean time between each great call is 2.70min (min1.5-max5, SD 0.96, n=22) . The mean time between the last great call and theend of the song is 2.64min (min0-max10, SD2.70, n=22).
7. The vertical distribution of vegetations of Hainan Black-crested gibbon is clear. Between 375meter and 800 meter, there a secondary forest, pine plantation, fruit tree plantation and grass land. Between 800 meter and 1100 meter, there are valley and mountain rain forest. Between 1100 meter to 1300 meter, there is mountain ever-green broad-leaf forest. Above 1300m, there are mountain dwarf foest The total area used by gibbon is about 600 ha, including 380 ha used by Group A and Group C, 220 ha used by group B.
The fragmentation of the habitat caused by a road and electric line is not serious. But the road cut off the gibbon to reach the area of Heiling ridge where once gibbon distributed. The habitat is completely surrounded by road, pine plantation, fruit tree plantation and grass land. Thus cause the restoration of primary forest in new area become very difficult. The limitation of habitat area may already obstruct the population increasing.
The limited primary forest area, economical plantation and construction, fire wood collecting, poaching and illegal logging pose disturbance to the current gibbon habitat.
8. The reserve management is suffering from shortage of manpower and insufficient fund allocation. Poaching and illegal logging can not be fully sopped. The poverty of the local minority community cause serious dependence of natural resources.
The limitation of usable habita, poaching and illegal logging, economical plantation and construction, Limitations in Reserve Management and Funding Allocation and the too small population pose direct threat to the survive of Hainan gibbon.
It is suggested that the road which isolates Heiling ridge from the current gibbon habitat should be wasted as quickly as possible, in order to provide the population an immediately usable potential habitat. Forbid the construction of any new power dams around the reserve, and waste the power dams already constructed. Stop economical plantations around the reserve; gradually eliminate pine plantation and other plantations inside the reserve so to provide the space for primary forest recovery. Further strengthen the control of gun in the local minority community, gradually forbid the gun usage of local people so that this direct threat to the gibbon can be completely eliminated. Implement a publicity campaign to raise awareness of the Hainan Gibbon conservation and efforts being made to conserve it.
引文
丁长春．1996，海南热带天然林资源变迁及原因浅析．中南林业调查 15(2)：33-35
高耀亭，文焕然，何业恒．1981．历史时期我国长臂猿分布的变迁．动物学研究，2(1)：1～7
顾玉珉．1986．我国更新世长臂猿化石的初步研究．人类学学报，5(3)：208～219
海南霸王岭国家级保护区总体规划，2003
胡玉佳 丁小球．2000海南岛坝王岭热带天然要植物物种多样性研究 生物多样性 8(4)：370-377
蒋学龙，马世来，王应祥等1994a黑长臂猿的群体大小及组成 动物学研究 15(2)：15—22
蒋学龙，马世来，王应祥等1994b黑长臂猿的配偶制及其与行为、生态和进化的关系 人类学学报，13(4)：344—352
蒋学龙，王应祥，1997，黑长臂猿(Hylobates concolor)鸣叫行为研究，人类学学报，16(4)：293-301
蓝道英 1989云南西南地区黑长臂猿群构成、生态和行为的初步研究 动物学研究，10(增刊)：119—126
蓝道英，马世来，李寿昌，郭光，1999，白眉长臂猿鸣叫的时间特征，动物学研究，20(4)：273-277
李致祥，林正玉 1983云南灵长类的分类和分布，动物学研究，4(2)：116-117
刘振河，余斯绵，袁喜才，1984，海南长臂猿的资源现状，野生动物，(6)：1-4
刘振河，1987，我国的类人猿—黑长臂猿，动物学杂志，(4)：40-41
刘振河，覃朝锋，1990，海南长臂猿栖息地结构分析，兽类学报，10(3)：163-169
刘振河，江海声，刘小明，1991，海南长臂猿种群生态研究，绿满东亚第一届东亚地区国家公园与保护区会议暨CNPPA／IUCN第41届工作会议文集，743-756
马世来，王应祥 1986中国南部长臂猿的分类与分布——附三个新亚种的描记 动物学研究，7(4)：393—421
马世来，王应祥．1988中国现代灵长类的分布、现状与保护．兽类学报，8(4)：250～260
马世来，1997a，试论长臂猿的中国起源，兽类学报，17(1)：13-23
马世来，1997b，现生长臂猿的新系统，兽类学报，17(2)：81-91
寿振黄，汪松，陆长坤等1966．海南岛的鸟兽调查．动物分类学报，3(3)：263-264．
宋晓军，江海声，张剑锋等，1999海南黑长臂猿数量调查 中国动物科学研究——中国动物学会第十四届会员代表大会及中国动物学会65周年年会论文集，696-701
苏文拔，1996，坝王岭自然保护区，野生动物，(8)：15-16
宿兵Kressirer P，Monda K，等．1996．中国黑冠长臂猿的分子系统学研究．中国科学(C辑)，26(5)：414-419
孙儒泳．1999．生物多样性保育研究．世界科技研究与发展，21(2)：19—23．
孙儒泳．2001．动物生态学原理．北京：北京师范大学出版社．
孙儒泳．2002．生物多样性的丧失和保护．大自然探索，9：44—45．
王昌和．1995，海南黑长臂猿保护的最新情况．见：夏武平、张荣祖主编．灵长类研究与保护．北京：中国林业出版社，176-177
王令红，林玉芬，长绍武等．1982．湖南省西北部新发现的哺乳动物化石及其意义．古脊椎动物与古人类，20(4)：350-358．
王应祥．1998．中国濒危动物红皮书·兽类．科学出版社．
王应祥，蒋学龙，冯庆，2000黑长臂猿的分布、现状与保护，人类学学报，19：138-147
徐龙辉，刘振河，余斯绵1983海南岛的鸟兽(哺乳纲)科学出版社
张荣祖，1999中国动物地理 科学出版社
张亚平，1997长臂猿的DNA序列进化及其系统发育研究，遗传学报，24(3)：231-237
周兴文，2005人类演化的痕迹，生物学通报，40(1)：61
Allen, G. M. 1938. The mammals of China and Mongolia. 11: Part Ⅰ: 1-620. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. (New York)
Bleisch W. V., Chen N., 1990, Conservation of the black-crested gibbon in China, Oryx, 24: 147-156
Bleisch, W. V. and Chen, N. 1991. Ecology and behavior of wild black-crested gibbons in China with a reconsideration of evidence of polygyny. Primates 32: 539-548.
Brandon-Jones, D., Eudey, A. A., Geissmann, T.et.al. 2004. Asian primate classification. International Journal of Primatology 25: 97-164.
Brockelman W. Y., Ross B. A., Pantuwatana S. 1974. Social interactions of adult gibbons (Hylobates lar) in an experimental colony. In: Rumbaugh D M ed. Gibbon and Siamang. Vo 1. 3. Karger, Basel: 137—1561
Brockelman W., Ali R.,1987. Methods of surveying and sampling forest primate population. In: Marsh C.W., Mittermeier R.A. (eds) . Primate Conservation in Tropical Rain Forest. New York :AlanR. Liss Inc. 23 - 62.
Carpenter C R. 1940. A field study in Siam of the behavior and social relations of the gibbon (Hylobates lar). Comp Psycho Monogr, 16: 1—212
Chan, B.P.L., Fellowes, J.R., Geissmann, T. and Zhang, J. (eds.) (2005). Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan for the Hainan Gibbon -Version I (Last Updated November 2005). Kadoorie Farm & Botanic Garden Technical Report No. 3. KFBG, Hong Kong SAR, iii + 33 pp.
Chan, B.P.L., Tan, X.F. and Tan, W.J.. 2006 Rediscovery of the Critically Endangered Eastern Black Crested Gibbon Nomascus nasutus nasutus (Hylobatidae) in China; with preliminary notes on population size, ecology and conservation status. Asian Primates, in prep
Cheney D L, R W Wranghamt 1987 Predation In: B Smuts et.al. Primate Societies The University of Chicago Press, 227—239
Chivers D.J. 1974. The Siamang in Malaya: A field study of a primate in tropical rain forest. Contrib Primatol. Vo 1. 4.Karger, Basel: 1—335
Chivers D.J. 1977. The Lesser Apes. In: Rainier H P, Bourne G, eds. Primates Conservation. London: Academic Press, 539— 598.
Chivers D. J., 1984 Feeding and ranging in gibbons A sumarry In: Preuschoft H. et al. eds. The LesserApes. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 267-281.
CowlishawG. 1992. Song function in gibbons. Behavior, 121(1—2): 131—153
Creel N., Preuschoft H. 1976. Cranialmorphology of the lesser apes: a multivariate statistical study. In: Rumbaugh D., ed. Gibbon and Siamang. vo 1. 4. Besel: Karger,219- 303.
Creel N., Preuschoft H. 1984. Systematic of the lesser apes: A Quantitative Taxonomic Analysis of Craniometric and Other Variables. In: Preuschoft H. et.al., eds. The LesserApes: Evo lutionary and Behavioural Biology. Oxford: The Alden Press, 562- 613.
Dao Van Tien 1983 On the North Indochinese Gibbons (Hylobates concolor) (Primates, Hylobatidae) in North Vietnam. J.Hum.Evol. 12: 367-372
Ellefson J. O. 1974. A natural history of white-handed gibbons in the Malayan Peninsula. In: Rumbaugh D. M. ed. Gibbon and Siamang. Vo 1. 3. Karger, Basel: 1—136
Ellerman, J. R., and Morrison-Scott, T. C. S. 1951. Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian Mam-mmals, British Museum.
Fan P.F., Jiang X.L., Liu C.M.et.al. 2006. Polygynous mating system and behavioural reason of Black Crested Gibbon (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) at Dazhaizi, Mt. Wuliang, Yunnan, China. Zoological Research 27(2): 216-220.
Fellowes, J. R., and Chan, B. 2004. Hainan Gibbon: concerted action for the world's most endangered ape. Living Forests 7: 22-24.
Felsenstein, J. 1987: Estimation of hominoid phylogeny from a DNA hybridization data set. Journal of Molecular Evolution 26: 123-131.
Geissmann, T., 1995. Gibbon systematics and species identification. International Zoo News 42: 467-501
Geissmann, T., Nguyen Xuan Dang, Lormee, N. et.al. 2000. Vietnam Primate Conservation Status Review 2000. Part 1: Gibbons. Fauna and Flora International, Indochina Programe, Hanoi. Geissmann, T. 2002. Taxonomy and evolution of gibbons. In: Soligo, C., Anzenberger, G., and Martin, R.D. (eds.), Anthropology and primatology into the third millennium: The Centenary Congress of the Zurich Anthropological Institute (Evolutionary Anthropology Vol. 11, Supplement 1), Wiley-Liss, New York, pp. 28-31.
Geissmann, T. (compiler) 2003. Symposium on gibbon diversity and conservation: Concluding resolution. Asian Primates 8(3-4): 28-29.
Geissmann, T. and Chan, B. 2004. The Hainan black crested gibbon: Most critically endangered ape. Folia Primatologica 75 (Suppl. 1): 116. (Abstract.)
Geissmann, T, La Quang Trung, Trinh Dinh Hoang et.al.. 2003. Rarest ape rediscovered in Vietnam. Asian Primates 8(3/4): 8-10.
Gittins S P. 1980. Territorial behavior in the agile gibbon. Int. J. Primatol, 1: 381—399
Gittins S P. 1984. The vocal repertoire and song of the agile gibbon. In: Preuschoft H. et al. eds. The LesserApes. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 345—375
Gittins S. P., Tilson R. L. 1984. Notes on the ecology and behavior of the hoolock gibbon. In: P reuschoft H et al. eds. The Lesser Apes. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 258—266
Goustard M. 1984. Patterns and functions of loud calls in the concolor gibbon. In: Preuschoft H. et al. eds. The Lesser Apes. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 404—415
Groves, C. P., 1972. Systematics and phylogeny of gibbons, in Rumbaugh, D. M. (eds.). Gibbon and Siamang, Vol. 1 Evolution, Ecology, Behavior, and Captive Maintenance. S. Karger, Basel, Switzerland. Pp. 1-89
Groves, C.P. 1989: A Theory of Human and Primate Evolution. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Groves C P, Wang Y., 1990. The gibbons of the subgenus Nomascus (Primates, Mammalia). Zool R es, 11(2): 147- 154.
Groves CP., 2001.Primate Taxonomy. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Haimoff E. H. 1984. Acoustic and organizational features of gibbon song. In: Preuschoft H. et al. eds. The Lesser Apes. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 333—353
Haimoff E. H., Yang X. J., He S. J. et al. 1986. Census and survey of wild black-crested gibbons (Hylobates concolor concolof) in Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China. Folia Primatol, 46: 205—214
Haimoff E. H., Yang X. J., He S. J., et. al., 1987a, Preliminary observations of wild black-crested gibbons(Hylobates concolor concolor) in Yunnan province, People's Republic of China, Primates, 28:335
Haimoff E. H., Yang X. J., He S. J., et. al., 1987b, Conservation of gibbons in Yunnan province, China, Oryx, 21:168-173
Hainan Daily Online, 2007a. http://hnrb.hinews.cn/php/20070326/162705.php
Hainan Daily Online, 2007b. http://hnrb.hinews.cn/php/20070326/162706.php
Jiang Xue-long, Wang Ying-xiang, 1999, Population and conservation of black-crested gibbons(Hylobates concolor jingdongenis) in Wuliang Nature Reserve, Jingdong, Yunnan, Zool. Res., 20 (6): 421-425
Kadoorie Farm & Botanic Garden. 2001. Report of Rapid Biodiversity Assessments at Bawangling National Nature Reserve and Wangxia Limestone Forest, Western Hainan, 3 to 8 April 998. South China Forest Biodiversity Report Series: No. 2. KFBG, Hong Kong SAR, ii + 33 pp.
Kappeler M. 1984. Vocal bouts and territorial maintenance in the moloch gibbon. In: Preuschoft H. et al. eds. The Lesser Apes. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 376—389.
La Quang Trung and Trinh Dinh Hoang. 2004. Status review of the Cao Vit black crested gibbon (Nomascus nasutus nasutus) in Vietnam. In: Conservation of Primates in Vietnam, T. Nadler, U. Streicher, and Ha Thang Long (eds.), pp.90-94. Frankfurt Zoological Society, Hanoi.
Lan D.Y. 1993. Feeding and vocal behaviors of black gibbons (Hylobates concolor) in Yunnan: A preliminary study. Folia Primatol, 60: 94—1051
Leighton D., 1987 Gibbons: territoriality and monogamy In: B Smuts et.al. Primate Societies. The University of Chicago Press, 135—145
Liu, Z. H., Jiang, H., Zhang, Y. et.al.. 1987. Field report on the Hainan Gibbon. Primate Conserv. 8: 49-50.
Liu, Z. H., Zhang, Y. Z., Jiang, H. S. et.al. 1989. Population structure of Hylobates concolor in Bawanglin Nature Reserve, Hainan, China. American Journal of Primatology 19: 247-254.
Ma S., Wang Y, Poirier F E. 1988. Taxonomy, distribution, and status of gibbons (Hylobates) in Southern China and adjacent areas. Primates, 29 (2): 277 - 286.
Marshall J.T., Marshall E.R. 1976. Gibbons and their territorial songs. Science, 193: 235—237
Mitani J.C., 1984 The behavioral regulation of monogamy in Gibbons (Hylobates muelleri) Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 18: 225—229
Mitani J.C. 1985. Responses of gibbons (Hylobatesm uelleri) to self, neighbor, and stranger song duets. Int. J. Primatol, 6(2): 193—2001
Mitani J.C. 1987. Territorially and monogamy among agile gibbons (Hylobates agilis). Behav. Eco. Sociobio. 1,20: 265—269
Mitani J. C. 1988. Male gibbon (Hylobates agilis) singing behavior: Natural history, song variations and function. Ethology, 79: 177—194
Mootnick, A. R. 2006. Gibbon (Hylobatidae) species identification recommended for rescue and breeding centers. Primate Conservation (21): 103-138.
Nadler, T. 2003. Rediscovery of the Eastern black crested gibbon Nomascus nasutus in Vietnam. The Gibbon's Voice 6(1): 1-3.
Napier, J. R. & Napier, P., 1967. A handbook of living primates. Academic Press, London.
People's Daily Online, 2006. http://english.people.com.cn/200611/15/print20061115_321610.html
Raemaekers J. J., Raemaekers P.M. 1985. Field playback of loud calls to gibbons (Hylobates lar) : territorial, sex-specific and species-specific responses. Anim. Behav., 33: 481—493
Roos, C. 2004. Molecular evolution and systematics of Vietnamese primates. In: Conservation of Primates in Vietnam, T. Nadler, U. Streicher and Ha Thang Long (eds.), pp.23-28. Frankfurt Zoological Society, Hanoi.
Roos, C. and Nadler, T. 2005. Molecular evolution and systematics of Indochinese primates. Primate Report 72(1): 38-39.
Roos, C., Thanh, V. N., Walter,' L. and Nadler,' T. 2007. Molecular systematics of Indochinese primates. Vietnamese Journal of Primatology 1: XX-XX.
Schultz, A. H., 1933. Observations on the growth, classification and evolutionary specialization of gibbons and siamangs. Human Biology 5: 212-255, and 385-428.
Sheeran L. K. 1993. A preliminary study of the behavior and socio-ecology of black gibbons (Hylobates concolor) in Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China. Unpublished Ph D dissertation, the Ohio State University.
Simonetta, A., 1957. Catalogo e sinonimia annotata degli ominoidi fossili ed attuali (1758-1955). Atti Soc. Toscana Sci. Nat., Pisa, Ser.B 64: 53-113.
Tan Bangjie 1985. The status of primates in China. Primate Conserv. 5: 63-81.
Tenaza R.R. 1975. Territory and monogamy among kloss' gibbons (Hylobates klossii) in Siberut Island, Indonesia. Folia Primatol, 24: 60—801
Tenaza R.R. 1976. Songs, choruses and counter singing of kloss' gibbons (Hylobates klossii) in Siberut Island, Indonesia. Z Tierpsychol. 40, 37—52
Tenaza R R, R Tilson, 1985. Human predation and kloss's gibbon (Hylobates klossii) sleeping trees in Siberut Island, Indonesia. Am J Primatol, 8: 299—308
Tilson R..? 1979. Behaviour of hoolock gibbon (Hylobates hoolock) during different seasons in Assam, India. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 76:1 — 16
VNA. 2004. Endangered gibbon and rare flora species found. Report on web site of Sci/Tech-Environment, Vietnam News Agency (VNA), Hanoi..
Walker E.R.. 1964. Mammals of the world. (sec.ed., 1968). Baltinore: The Johns Hopkins Press, I: 469- 478.
Wang, S. and Quan, G. 1986. Primate status and conservation in China. In: Primates: The Road to Self-sustaining Populations, K. Benirschke (ed.), pp. 213-220. Springer Verlag, New York.
Whitten A. J. 1982. The ecology of singing in kloss' gibbons (Hylobates klossii) on Siberut Island, Indonesia. Int. J. Primatol, 3(1): 33—51
www.redlist.org
Wu Wei, Wang Xiaoming, Claro, F.et.al. 2004. The current status of the Hainan black-crested gibbon Nomascus sp. cf. nasutus hainanus in Bawangling National Nature Reserve, Hainan, China. Oryx 38(4): 452-456.
Zhang Y., Quan G, Zhao T, Southwick C. H. 1992. Distribtribution of Primates (except Macaca) in China [J]. Acta Theriologica Sinica, ,12(2):81-95.
Zhou Jiang, Wei Fuwen, Li Ming et.al. 2005. Hainan Black-crested Gibbon is headed for extinction. InternationalJournal of Primatology 26(2): 453-465.
高耀亭，文焕然，何业恒．1981．历史时期我国长臂猿分布的变迁．动物学研究，2(1)：1～7
顾玉珉．1986．我国更新世长臂猿化石的初步研究．人类学学报，5(3)：208～219
海南霸王岭国家级保护区总体规划，2003
胡玉佳 丁小球．2000海南岛坝王岭热带天然要植物物种多样性研究 生物多样性 8(4)：370-377
蒋学龙，马世来，王应祥等1994a黑长臂猿的群体大小及组成 动物学研究 15(2)：15—22
蒋学龙，马世来，王应祥等1994b黑长臂猿的配偶制及其与行为、生态和进化的关系 人类学学报，13(4)：344—352
蒋学龙，王应祥，1997，黑长臂猿(Hylobates concolor)鸣叫行为研究，人类学学报，16(4)：293-301
蓝道英 1989云南西南地区黑长臂猿群构成、生态和行为的初步研究 动物学研究，10(增刊)：119—126
蓝道英，马世来，李寿昌，郭光，1999，白眉长臂猿鸣叫的时间特征，动物学研究，20(4)：273-277
李致祥，林正玉 1983云南灵长类的分类和分布，动物学研究，4(2)：116-117
刘振河，余斯绵，袁喜才，1984，海南长臂猿的资源现状，野生动物，(6)：1-4
刘振河，1987，我国的类人猿—黑长臂猿，动物学杂志，(4)：40-41
刘振河，覃朝锋，1990，海南长臂猿栖息地结构分析，兽类学报，10(3)：163-169
刘振河，江海声，刘小明，1991，海南长臂猿种群生态研究，绿满东亚第一届东亚地区国家公园与保护区会议暨CNPPA／IUCN第41届工作会议文集，743-756
马世来，王应祥 1986中国南部长臂猿的分类与分布——附三个新亚种的描记 动物学研究，7(4)：393—421
马世来，王应祥．1988中国现代灵长类的分布、现状与保护．兽类学报，8(4)：250～260
马世来，1997a，试论长臂猿的中国起源，兽类学报，17(1)：13-23
马世来，1997b，现生长臂猿的新系统，兽类学报，17(2)：81-91
寿振黄，汪松，陆长坤等1966．海南岛的鸟兽调查．动物分类学报，3(3)：263-264．
宋晓军，江海声，张剑锋等，1999海南黑长臂猿数量调查 中国动物科学研究——中国动物学会第十四届会员代表大会及中国动物学会65周年年会论文集，696-701
苏文拔，1996，坝王岭自然保护区，野生动物，(8)：15-16
宿兵Kressirer P，Monda K，等．1996．中国黑冠长臂猿的分子系统学研究．中国科学(C辑)，26(5)：414-419
孙儒泳．1999．生物多样性保育研究．世界科技研究与发展，21(2)：19—23．
孙儒泳．2001．动物生态学原理．北京：北京师范大学出版社．
孙儒泳．2002．生物多样性的丧失和保护．大自然探索，9：44—45．
王昌和．1995，海南黑长臂猿保护的最新情况．见：夏武平、张荣祖主编．灵长类研究与保护．北京：中国林业出版社，176-177
王令红，林玉芬，长绍武等．1982．湖南省西北部新发现的哺乳动物化石及其意义．古脊椎动物与古人类，20(4)：350-358．
王应祥．1998．中国濒危动物红皮书·兽类．科学出版社．
王应祥，蒋学龙，冯庆，2000黑长臂猿的分布、现状与保护，人类学学报，19：138-147
徐龙辉，刘振河，余斯绵1983海南岛的鸟兽(哺乳纲)科学出版社
张荣祖，1999中国动物地理 科学出版社
张亚平，1997长臂猿的DNA序列进化及其系统发育研究，遗传学报，24(3)：231-237
周兴文，2005人类演化的痕迹，生物学通报，40(1)：61
Allen, G. M. 1938. The mammals of China and Mongolia. 11: Part Ⅰ: 1-620. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. (New York)
Bleisch W. V., Chen N., 1990, Conservation of the black-crested gibbon in China, Oryx, 24: 147-156
Bleisch, W. V. and Chen, N. 1991. Ecology and behavior of wild black-crested gibbons in China with a reconsideration of evidence of polygyny. Primates 32: 539-548.
Brandon-Jones, D., Eudey, A. A., Geissmann, T.et.al. 2004. Asian primate classification. International Journal of Primatology 25: 97-164.
Brockelman W. Y., Ross B. A., Pantuwatana S. 1974. Social interactions of adult gibbons (Hylobates lar) in an experimental colony. In: Rumbaugh D M ed. Gibbon and Siamang. Vo 1. 3. Karger, Basel: 137—1561
Brockelman W., Ali R.,1987. Methods of surveying and sampling forest primate population. In: Marsh C.W., Mittermeier R.A. (eds) . Primate Conservation in Tropical Rain Forest. New York :AlanR. Liss Inc. 23 - 62.
Carpenter C R. 1940. A field study in Siam of the behavior and social relations of the gibbon (Hylobates lar). Comp Psycho Monogr, 16: 1—212
Chan, B.P.L., Fellowes, J.R., Geissmann, T. and Zhang, J. (eds.) (2005). Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan for the Hainan Gibbon -Version I (Last Updated November 2005). Kadoorie Farm & Botanic Garden Technical Report No. 3. KFBG, Hong Kong SAR, iii + 33 pp.
Chan, B.P.L., Tan, X.F. and Tan, W.J.. 2006 Rediscovery of the Critically Endangered Eastern Black Crested Gibbon Nomascus nasutus nasutus (Hylobatidae) in China; with preliminary notes on population size, ecology and conservation status. Asian Primates, in prep
Cheney D L, R W Wranghamt 1987 Predation In: B Smuts et.al. Primate Societies The University of Chicago Press, 227—239
Chivers D.J. 1974. The Siamang in Malaya: A field study of a primate in tropical rain forest. Contrib Primatol. Vo 1. 4.Karger, Basel: 1—335
Chivers D.J. 1977. The Lesser Apes. In: Rainier H P, Bourne G, eds. Primates Conservation. London: Academic Press, 539— 598.
Chivers D. J., 1984 Feeding and ranging in gibbons A sumarry In: Preuschoft H. et al. eds. The LesserApes. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 267-281.
CowlishawG. 1992. Song function in gibbons. Behavior, 121(1—2): 131—153
Creel N., Preuschoft H. 1976. Cranialmorphology of the lesser apes: a multivariate statistical study. In: Rumbaugh D., ed. Gibbon and Siamang. vo 1. 4. Besel: Karger,219- 303.
Creel N., Preuschoft H. 1984. Systematic of the lesser apes: A Quantitative Taxonomic Analysis of Craniometric and Other Variables. In: Preuschoft H. et.al., eds. The LesserApes: Evo lutionary and Behavioural Biology. Oxford: The Alden Press, 562- 613.
Dao Van Tien 1983 On the North Indochinese Gibbons (Hylobates concolor) (Primates, Hylobatidae) in North Vietnam. J.Hum.Evol. 12: 367-372
Ellefson J. O. 1974. A natural history of white-handed gibbons in the Malayan Peninsula. In: Rumbaugh D. M. ed. Gibbon and Siamang. Vo 1. 3. Karger, Basel: 1—136
Ellerman, J. R., and Morrison-Scott, T. C. S. 1951. Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian Mam-mmals, British Museum.
Fan P.F., Jiang X.L., Liu C.M.et.al. 2006. Polygynous mating system and behavioural reason of Black Crested Gibbon (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) at Dazhaizi, Mt. Wuliang, Yunnan, China. Zoological Research 27(2): 216-220.
Fellowes, J. R., and Chan, B. 2004. Hainan Gibbon: concerted action for the world's most endangered ape. Living Forests 7: 22-24.
Felsenstein, J. 1987: Estimation of hominoid phylogeny from a DNA hybridization data set. Journal of Molecular Evolution 26: 123-131.
Geissmann, T., 1995. Gibbon systematics and species identification. International Zoo News 42: 467-501
Geissmann, T., Nguyen Xuan Dang, Lormee, N. et.al. 2000. Vietnam Primate Conservation Status Review 2000. Part 1: Gibbons. Fauna and Flora International, Indochina Programe, Hanoi. Geissmann, T. 2002. Taxonomy and evolution of gibbons. In: Soligo, C., Anzenberger, G., and Martin, R.D. (eds.), Anthropology and primatology into the third millennium: The Centenary Congress of the Zurich Anthropological Institute (Evolutionary Anthropology Vol. 11, Supplement 1), Wiley-Liss, New York, pp. 28-31.
Geissmann, T. (compiler) 2003. Symposium on gibbon diversity and conservation: Concluding resolution. Asian Primates 8(3-4): 28-29.
Geissmann, T. and Chan, B. 2004. The Hainan black crested gibbon: Most critically endangered ape. Folia Primatologica 75 (Suppl. 1): 116. (Abstract.)
Geissmann, T, La Quang Trung, Trinh Dinh Hoang et.al.. 2003. Rarest ape rediscovered in Vietnam. Asian Primates 8(3/4): 8-10.
Gittins S P. 1980. Territorial behavior in the agile gibbon. Int. J. Primatol, 1: 381—399
Gittins S P. 1984. The vocal repertoire and song of the agile gibbon. In: Preuschoft H. et al. eds. The LesserApes. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 345—375
Gittins S. P., Tilson R. L. 1984. Notes on the ecology and behavior of the hoolock gibbon. In: P reuschoft H et al. eds. The Lesser Apes. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 258—266
Goustard M. 1984. Patterns and functions of loud calls in the concolor gibbon. In: Preuschoft H. et al. eds. The Lesser Apes. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 404—415
Groves, C. P., 1972. Systematics and phylogeny of gibbons, in Rumbaugh, D. M. (eds.). Gibbon and Siamang, Vol. 1 Evolution, Ecology, Behavior, and Captive Maintenance. S. Karger, Basel, Switzerland. Pp. 1-89
Groves, C.P. 1989: A Theory of Human and Primate Evolution. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Groves C P, Wang Y., 1990. The gibbons of the subgenus Nomascus (Primates, Mammalia). Zool R es, 11(2): 147- 154.
Groves CP., 2001.Primate Taxonomy. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Haimoff E. H. 1984. Acoustic and organizational features of gibbon song. In: Preuschoft H. et al. eds. The Lesser Apes. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 333—353
Haimoff E. H., Yang X. J., He S. J. et al. 1986. Census and survey of wild black-crested gibbons (Hylobates concolor concolof) in Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China. Folia Primatol, 46: 205—214
Haimoff E. H., Yang X. J., He S. J., et. al., 1987a, Preliminary observations of wild black-crested gibbons(Hylobates concolor concolor) in Yunnan province, People's Republic of China, Primates, 28:335
Haimoff E. H., Yang X. J., He S. J., et. al., 1987b, Conservation of gibbons in Yunnan province, China, Oryx, 21:168-173
Hainan Daily Online, 2007a. http://hnrb.hinews.cn/php/20070326/162705.php
Hainan Daily Online, 2007b. http://hnrb.hinews.cn/php/20070326/162706.php
Jiang Xue-long, Wang Ying-xiang, 1999, Population and conservation of black-crested gibbons(Hylobates concolor jingdongenis) in Wuliang Nature Reserve, Jingdong, Yunnan, Zool. Res., 20 (6): 421-425
Kadoorie Farm & Botanic Garden. 2001. Report of Rapid Biodiversity Assessments at Bawangling National Nature Reserve and Wangxia Limestone Forest, Western Hainan, 3 to 8 April 998. South China Forest Biodiversity Report Series: No. 2. KFBG, Hong Kong SAR, ii + 33 pp.
Kappeler M. 1984. Vocal bouts and territorial maintenance in the moloch gibbon. In: Preuschoft H. et al. eds. The Lesser Apes. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 376—389.
La Quang Trung and Trinh Dinh Hoang. 2004. Status review of the Cao Vit black crested gibbon (Nomascus nasutus nasutus) in Vietnam. In: Conservation of Primates in Vietnam, T. Nadler, U. Streicher, and Ha Thang Long (eds.), pp.90-94. Frankfurt Zoological Society, Hanoi.
Lan D.Y. 1993. Feeding and vocal behaviors of black gibbons (Hylobates concolor) in Yunnan: A preliminary study. Folia Primatol, 60: 94—1051
Leighton D., 1987 Gibbons: territoriality and monogamy In: B Smuts et.al. Primate Societies. The University of Chicago Press, 135—145
Liu, Z. H., Jiang, H., Zhang, Y. et.al.. 1987. Field report on the Hainan Gibbon. Primate Conserv. 8: 49-50.
Liu, Z. H., Zhang, Y. Z., Jiang, H. S. et.al. 1989. Population structure of Hylobates concolor in Bawanglin Nature Reserve, Hainan, China. American Journal of Primatology 19: 247-254.
Ma S., Wang Y, Poirier F E. 1988. Taxonomy, distribution, and status of gibbons (Hylobates) in Southern China and adjacent areas. Primates, 29 (2): 277 - 286.
Marshall J.T., Marshall E.R. 1976. Gibbons and their territorial songs. Science, 193: 235—237
Mitani J.C., 1984 The behavioral regulation of monogamy in Gibbons (Hylobates muelleri) Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 18: 225—229
Mitani J.C. 1985. Responses of gibbons (Hylobatesm uelleri) to self, neighbor, and stranger song duets. Int. J. Primatol, 6(2): 193—2001
Mitani J.C. 1987. Territorially and monogamy among agile gibbons (Hylobates agilis). Behav. Eco. Sociobio. 1,20: 265—269
Mitani J. C. 1988. Male gibbon (Hylobates agilis) singing behavior: Natural history, song variations and function. Ethology, 79: 177—194
Mootnick, A. R. 2006. Gibbon (Hylobatidae) species identification recommended for rescue and breeding centers. Primate Conservation (21): 103-138.
Nadler, T. 2003. Rediscovery of the Eastern black crested gibbon Nomascus nasutus in Vietnam. The Gibbon's Voice 6(1): 1-3.
Napier, J. R. & Napier, P., 1967. A handbook of living primates. Academic Press, London.
People's Daily Online, 2006. http://english.people.com.cn/200611/15/print20061115_321610.html
Raemaekers J. J., Raemaekers P.M. 1985. Field playback of loud calls to gibbons (Hylobates lar) : territorial, sex-specific and species-specific responses. Anim. Behav., 33: 481—493
Roos, C. 2004. Molecular evolution and systematics of Vietnamese primates. In: Conservation of Primates in Vietnam, T. Nadler, U. Streicher and Ha Thang Long (eds.), pp.23-28. Frankfurt Zoological Society, Hanoi.
Roos, C. and Nadler, T. 2005. Molecular evolution and systematics of Indochinese primates. Primate Report 72(1): 38-39.
Roos, C., Thanh, V. N., Walter,' L. and Nadler,' T. 2007. Molecular systematics of Indochinese primates. Vietnamese Journal of Primatology 1: XX-XX.
Schultz, A. H., 1933. Observations on the growth, classification and evolutionary specialization of gibbons and siamangs. Human Biology 5: 212-255, and 385-428.
Sheeran L. K. 1993. A preliminary study of the behavior and socio-ecology of black gibbons (Hylobates concolor) in Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China. Unpublished Ph D dissertation, the Ohio State University.
Simonetta, A., 1957. Catalogo e sinonimia annotata degli ominoidi fossili ed attuali (1758-1955). Atti Soc. Toscana Sci. Nat., Pisa, Ser.B 64: 53-113.
Tan Bangjie 1985. The status of primates in China. Primate Conserv. 5: 63-81.
Tenaza R.R. 1975. Territory and monogamy among kloss' gibbons (Hylobates klossii) in Siberut Island, Indonesia. Folia Primatol, 24: 60—801
Tenaza R.R. 1976. Songs, choruses and counter singing of kloss' gibbons (Hylobates klossii) in Siberut Island, Indonesia. Z Tierpsychol. 40, 37—52
Tenaza R R, R Tilson, 1985. Human predation and kloss's gibbon (Hylobates klossii) sleeping trees in Siberut Island, Indonesia. Am J Primatol, 8: 299—308
Tilson R..? 1979. Behaviour of hoolock gibbon (Hylobates hoolock) during different seasons in Assam, India. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 76:1 — 16
VNA. 2004. Endangered gibbon and rare flora species found. Report on web site of Sci/Tech-Environment, Vietnam News Agency (VNA), Hanoi.
Walker E.R.. 1964. Mammals of the world. (sec.ed., 1968). Baltinore: The Johns Hopkins Press, I: 469- 478.
Wang, S. and Quan, G. 1986. Primate status and conservation in China. In: Primates: The Road to Self-sustaining Populations, K. Benirschke (ed.), pp. 213-220. Springer Verlag, New York.
Whitten A. J. 1982. The ecology of singing in kloss' gibbons (Hylobates klossii) on Siberut Island, Indonesia. Int. J. Primatol, 3(1): 33—51
www.redlist.org
Wu Wei, Wang Xiaoming, Claro, F.et.al. 2004. The current status of the Hainan black-crested gibbon Nomascus sp. cf. nasutus hainanus in Bawangling National Nature Reserve, Hainan, China. Oryx 38(4): 452-456.
Zhang Y., Quan G, Zhao T, Southwick C. H. 1992. Distribtribution of Primates (except Macaca) in China [J]. Acta Theriologica Sinica, ,12(2):81-95.
Zhou Jiang, Wei Fuwen, Li Ming et.al. 2005. Hainan Black-crested Gibbon is headed for extinction. InternationalJournal of Primatology 26(2): 453-465.