北京市低山区残次林评价及改造技术研究
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摘要
森林是人类赖以生存的重要自然资源,随着造林面积、数量的增加以及管护不及时,造成大量的残次林出现。因此,需要对北京低山区残次林进行一次全面的调查,在北京低山区采用抽样法选取了67块残次林样地,了解北京低山区残次林的现状,对北京低山区残次类型进行划分,构建残次林评价指标体系,并进行残次林改造技术研究,为下一步对北京低山区残次林改造和提高林分质量提供理论依据。本研究得出结论如下：(1)北京低山区植被结构呈不同程度的残次状况对北京低山区森林植被进行调查,群落类型有油松林、侧柏林、刺槐林、杨树林、栎类林及灌木林等。从样地的密度、蓄积量、林下植被等调查看出,林分树种较为单一,优势树种优势明显,林下植被没有规律可言,其物种多样性、分布均匀度等变化较大,且不同类型的群落呈现出枯立木较多、枯枝枯梢以及病腐严重等残次状况。(2)北京低山区残次林分类本文根据北京市低山区残次林调查及分析,将北京市低山区残次林分为过密林、疏林、过熟退化林、无建群树种林。过密林主要为油松林和侧柏林,油松林林分密度为1017株—4844株/hm2,侧柏林林分密度在2000株/hm2以上；疏林主要为油松林、侧柏林和栎类林,其中,油松疏林林分密度为200株/hm2,侧柏疏林密度在700株/hm2以下,油松侧柏疏林多为未形成郁闭的新造林,而栎类林健康状况良好,但其郁闭度较低；在过熟退化林中,以刺槐和杨树为主,刺槐林内枯立木、濒死木比例最高可达到52.43%；无建群树种林主要是灌木林,不利于森林的正向演替。(3)构建了残次林评价指标体系对残次林进行定义,使其更加准确与全面。结合调查数据,数学方法和专家意见筛选出10个定量评价指标,评价指标分为生态和立地两个方面指标,主要包括单位面积蓄积量、物种多样性、林分密度、郁闭度、坡度、土壤厚度、砾石含量等。运用频度分析法将每一指标等距划分为4个等级,构建北京低山残次林评价指标体系。(4)残次林改造技术本次试验针对北京市低山区树种结构单一的特点,采取针阔混交配置的带状生态林改造模式,共栽植油松、侧柏、栓皮栎、五角枫苗木共440株；从北京低山区彩叶树种缺少,景观效果不佳为出发点,提出彩叶树种点缀式和片状式设计相结合的风景林改造模式,栽植加拿大红枫、鸡爪槭、挪威槭等彩叶树种苗木共275株。在改造试验中使用客土基盘法,养分状况得到明显改善。水土保持林改造中,苗木在成活率(保存率)均在80%以上；对照组中使用基盘的苗木相比未使用基盘的苗木,成活率(保存率)高出将近30%,生长量方面也有显著的提高；在风景林改造中采用加大坑穴客土基盘法造林,除鸡爪槭造林成活率(保存率)为84%外,其它树种均达到95%以上,值得在北京市低低山区残次林改造中推广。
Forest is a important natural resource for human survival. A large number of deteriorated forests appeared with the increase in the number of afforestation area as well as management and protection not in a timely manner. Therefore, a comprehensive investigation of deteriorated forests in the low mountain area of Beijing was necessary. This paper's research purpose is providing a theoretical basis for the transformation of deteriorated forests and promoting stand quality by selecting67deteriorated forests plots with sampling method and dividing the type of deteriorated forests and constructing assess index system and studying the transformation techniques of deteriorated forests. The main study conclusions as follows:(1) Vegetation structure showed varying degrees of defective conditions In Beijing low mountain area.The Chinese pine forests, platycladus orientalis forests, locust forest, poplar plantation, oak woodland and shrubbery, etc. are the main community types. And the plots of density, volume, and understory vegetation survey showed that a substantial proportion of stand species is relatively homogeneous, and there is no law at all in understory vegetation distribution. The diversity in species and evenness changed largely, and different types of communities showed different defective conditions.(2) The classification of deteriorated forests in Beijing low mountain areas.The deteriorated forests in Beijing's low mountain area could be divided into the dense stands, open forests, over mature forests and non-dominate spices forests, basing on forest survey and analysis. Chinese pine dense forests'density was1017-4844/hm2, platycladus orientalis dense forests was2000/hm2. Most of open forests were new plantation without formation of crown closure. Chinese pine open forests'density was200/hm2, platycladus orientalis open forests was700/hm2. The locust and poplar forests were the most obvious over mature forests and the dying wood ratio in locust forests can reach52.43%. There were no domination spices in shrubbery and were positive to the succession of forest.(3) Constructing assess index system of deteriorated forestsThe word "deteriorated forests" was defined again, so that it became more accurate and comprehensive. Combined with survey data, using the mathematical methods and experts advices,10quantitative assess index were filtered out. The assess index mainly involved ecological and site these two indicators, including the volume of the unit area, species diversity, stand density, crown density, slope, gravel content and soil thickness. Assess index system of deteriorated forests in Beijing low mountain areas was constructed using frequency analysis determine the standard of each indicator.(4) Transformation technology.for deteriorated forestsAccording to the single species structural characteristics of the low mountain area in Beijing, this test took mixed configuration of ecological forest transformation model and planted including Chinese pine, platycladus orientalis, quercus variabilis and acer mono maxim. According to lack of color-leaf trees and ineffective landscape, color-leaf trees decorative style and scenic forest transformation model were combined. So Canadian maple, Acer palmatum, norway maple were planted in. New soil base plate method used in the transformation test, nutrient status significantly improved. Transformation of soil and water conservation forest, seedling survival rate (preservation rate) in more than80%; seedlings used in the base plate in the control group not in use compared to nearly30%above the base of seedlings, the survival rate (preservation rate), growth also significantly improved in terms of quantity; increase pits new soil base method afforestation in the scenic forest transformation, except Acer palmatum survival rate of afforestation (preservation rate) was84%, other species are more than95%,It is worth to promote the deteriorated forests transformation technology of Beijing low mountain areas.
Forest is a important natural resource for human survival. A large number of deteriorated forests appeared with the increase in the number of afforestation area as well as management and protection not in a timely manner. Therefore, a comprehensive investigation of deteriorated forests in the low mountain area of Beijing was necessary. This paper's research purpose is providing a theoretical basis for the transformation of deteriorated forests and promoting stand quality by selecting67deteriorated forests plots with sampling method and dividing the type of deteriorated forests and constructing assess index system and studying the transformation techniques of deteriorated forests. The main study conclusions as follows:(1) Vegetation structure showed varying degrees of defective conditions In Beijing low mountain area.The Chinese pine forests, platycladus orientalis forests, locust forest, poplar plantation, oak woodland and shrubbery, etc. are the main community types. And the plots of density, volume, and understory vegetation survey showed that a substantial proportion of stand species is relatively homogeneous, and there is no law at all in understory vegetation distribution. The diversity in species and evenness changed largely, and different types of communities showed different defective conditions.(2) The classification of deteriorated forests in Beijing low mountain areas.The deteriorated forests in Beijing's low mountain area could be divided into the dense stands, open forests, over mature forests and non-dominate spices forests, basing on forest survey and analysis. Chinese pine dense forests'density was1017-4844/hm2, platycladus orientalis dense forests was2000/hm2. Most of open forests were new plantation without formation of crown closure. Chinese pine open forests'density was200/hm2, platycladus orientalis open forests was700/hm2. The locust and poplar forests were the most obvious over mature forests and the dying wood ratio in locust forests can reach52.43%. There were no domination spices in shrubbery and were positive to the succession of forest.(3) Constructing assess index system of deteriorated forestsThe word "deteriorated forests" was defined again, so that it became more accurate and comprehensive. Combined with survey data, using the mathematical methods and experts advices,10quantitative assess index were filtered out. The assess index mainly involved ecological and site these two indicators, including the volume of the unit area, species diversity, stand density, crown density, slope, gravel content and soil thickness. Assess index system of deteriorated forests in Beijing low mountain areas was constructed using frequency analysis determine the standard of each indicator.(4) Transformation technology.for deteriorated forestsAccording to the single species structural characteristics of the low mountain area in Beijing, this test took mixed configuration of ecological forest transformation model and planted including Chinese pine, platycladus orientalis, quercus variabilis and acer mono maxim. According to lack of color-leaf trees and ineffective landscape, color-leaf trees decorative style and scenic forest transformation model were combined. So Canadian maple, Acer palmatum, norway maple were planted in. New soil base plate method used in the transformation test, nutrient status significantly improved. Transformation of soil and water conservation forest, seedling survival rate (preservation rate) in more than80%; seedlings used in the base plate in the control group not in use compared to nearly30%above the base of seedlings, the survival rate (preservation rate), growth also significantly improved in terms of quantity; increase pits new soil base method afforestation in the scenic forest transformation, except Acer palmatum survival rate of afforestation (preservation rate) was84%, other species are more than95%,It is worth to promote the deteriorated forests transformation technology of Beijing low mountain areas.
引文
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[4]陈廉杰,綦山丁.贵州乌江中游地区低效林类型和划分标准制定[J].贵州林业科技,1991,19(3)：38-47.
[5]陈灵芝,钱迎倩.生物多样性科学前沿[J].生态学报,1997,17：565-572.
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[7]陈维伦,郭东红,杨善英,等.山杨新(P.alba×P.bolleana)叶外植体的器官分以及生长调节物质对它的影响[J].植物学报,1980,22(4)：311-315.
[8]陈章水.杨树二元立木材积表的编制[J].林业科学研究,1989,2(1)：118.
[9]陈致富,魏天兴,赵建,等.化肥和粘合剂对保育基盘育苗的影响—晋西黄土区保育基盘播种造林试验[J].林业实用技术,2009,9：25-26.
[10]杜晓军,姜凤岐,范志平,等.如何看待我国的低产林问题[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2000,31(3)：258-260.
[11]甘敬.北京山区森林健康评价研究[D].北京林业大学,2007.
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