旧采残煤区积水形成机制及处置技术研究
|
摘要
上世纪八十年代,大量小煤窑采用房柱式开采方法,回采率仅10%～30%,浪费资源严重,解决当前煤炭资源紧缺的有效方法就是对剩余煤炭资源进行复采。但由于旧采残煤区水文地质条件复杂、积水形成机制尚不清楚,给煤矿的安全生产带来极大的威胁。
本文采用水文地质、矿山压力及数值模拟等理论和方法,系统研究了旧采残煤区积水的形成机制及处置技术。
通过系统分析矿井充水水源、充水通道、聚水空间,研究了老空水的形成机制。研究表明：老空水充水水源主要有大气降水、地表水、松散层含水层水、煤层顶底板砂岩裂隙水和灰岩水等；老空水充水通道主要有顶板垮落形成的导水裂隙带、底板破坏形成的导水裂隙带、断层、陷落柱、封闭不良钻孔等。大多数矿井由2-3种充水源和充水通道组成。老空水位于采空区底板相对标高较低处；老空水主要分布在冒落带内,少部分分布在裂隙带内。老空水的形成是渗流—应力—围岩三者的耦合作用过程,采空区积水是一个动态过程。在不同的地质及水文地质条件下,老空水的形成机制具有多样性。
研究了残煤开采隔离煤柱的留设和封堵技术,在实际生产中要采用隔堵相结合的方法。
最后研究了老空水的预测预报和探放水方法。通过对现场资料分析法、钻探法、物探法及分析计算法系统分析,指出了各种方法的局限性及适应用条件。矿井在生产实际中必须采用多种手段综合分析方法
In1980s, lots of small coal mines used the mining systems of room and room-pillar, the recovery rate was only10%-30%, which led to serious resources loss. The effective way to solve the problem of high-quality coal shortage is to recycle the remaining coal resources. But because the hydro-geological conditions of left-over areas mining is complex and the mechanism of mine goaf water is unclear, bring great threat for the safety of coal mine production.
Research on the form mechanism of left-over areas water and disposal technology were studied in detail by theories and by means of hydrogeology, mine pressure and numerical simulation in this dissertation.
By the analysis of the supplied water-source, supplied water-pathway, and accumulated water-inter space, the mechanism of goaf water was studied systematically. The studies show that its water-source supplied consists of meteoric water source, loose aquifer source, sandstone aquifer source and ete. Its water-pathway supplied consists of the inner collapsed zone, the permeable fractured zone, pitfall, faulted zone, unfavorable enclosed drill hole and so on. The combination of2-3types may be fallen across in most of the mine. Goaf water is located at the low-level position of goaf coal layer bottom bed; mostly at the inner collapsed zone and that has phreatic water character, other one at the permeable fractured zone and that has confined water character. The form of goaf water is a process of dynamic diversification under the coupling action among seepage, stress and surrounding rock. The formation of goaf water is a process of dynamic diversification. The research show that there are multi-formation for goaf water mechanism, under dissimilar geological, hydro-geological conditions.
Study the waterproof coal pillar setting of left-over areas of mining and sealing technology, in mine production practice integrative the two method should be adopt.
Finally, the prediction means of goaf water and technique measure of water divine discharge was studied. Conditions in point and localization in existence for the whole bag of tricks were proposed by the research on the field-tested data analytical method, locate inquisition, drilling method, geophysical prospecting method, and numerical calculating method. Mine production practice show that integrative method should be adopt in order to forecast goaf water well and truly.
本文采用水文地质、矿山压力及数值模拟等理论和方法,系统研究了旧采残煤区积水的形成机制及处置技术。
通过系统分析矿井充水水源、充水通道、聚水空间,研究了老空水的形成机制。研究表明：老空水充水水源主要有大气降水、地表水、松散层含水层水、煤层顶底板砂岩裂隙水和灰岩水等；老空水充水通道主要有顶板垮落形成的导水裂隙带、底板破坏形成的导水裂隙带、断层、陷落柱、封闭不良钻孔等。大多数矿井由2-3种充水源和充水通道组成。老空水位于采空区底板相对标高较低处；老空水主要分布在冒落带内,少部分分布在裂隙带内。老空水的形成是渗流—应力—围岩三者的耦合作用过程,采空区积水是一个动态过程。在不同的地质及水文地质条件下,老空水的形成机制具有多样性。
研究了残煤开采隔离煤柱的留设和封堵技术,在实际生产中要采用隔堵相结合的方法。
最后研究了老空水的预测预报和探放水方法。通过对现场资料分析法、钻探法、物探法及分析计算法系统分析,指出了各种方法的局限性及适应用条件。矿井在生产实际中必须采用多种手段综合分析方法
In1980s, lots of small coal mines used the mining systems of room and room-pillar, the recovery rate was only10%-30%, which led to serious resources loss. The effective way to solve the problem of high-quality coal shortage is to recycle the remaining coal resources. But because the hydro-geological conditions of left-over areas mining is complex and the mechanism of mine goaf water is unclear, bring great threat for the safety of coal mine production.
Research on the form mechanism of left-over areas water and disposal technology were studied in detail by theories and by means of hydrogeology, mine pressure and numerical simulation in this dissertation.
By the analysis of the supplied water-source, supplied water-pathway, and accumulated water-inter space, the mechanism of goaf water was studied systematically. The studies show that its water-source supplied consists of meteoric water source, loose aquifer source, sandstone aquifer source and ete. Its water-pathway supplied consists of the inner collapsed zone, the permeable fractured zone, pitfall, faulted zone, unfavorable enclosed drill hole and so on. The combination of2-3types may be fallen across in most of the mine. Goaf water is located at the low-level position of goaf coal layer bottom bed; mostly at the inner collapsed zone and that has phreatic water character, other one at the permeable fractured zone and that has confined water character. The form of goaf water is a process of dynamic diversification under the coupling action among seepage, stress and surrounding rock. The formation of goaf water is a process of dynamic diversification. The research show that there are multi-formation for goaf water mechanism, under dissimilar geological, hydro-geological conditions.
Study the waterproof coal pillar setting of left-over areas of mining and sealing technology, in mine production practice integrative the two method should be adopt.
Finally, the prediction means of goaf water and technique measure of water divine discharge was studied. Conditions in point and localization in existence for the whole bag of tricks were proposed by the research on the field-tested data analytical method, locate inquisition, drilling method, geophysical prospecting method, and numerical calculating method. Mine production practice show that integrative method should be adopt in order to forecast goaf water well and truly.
引文
[1]虎维岳.矿山水害防治理论与方法汇[M].北京：煤炭工业出版社,2005.1-196.
[2]吴发红.老塘水的预测与防治[J].煤炭技术,2004,23(4)：59.
[3]煤炭科学研究院北京开采研究所.煤矿地表移动与覆岩破坏规律及其应用.北京：煤炭工业出版社,1981：132-148.
[4]高延法.岩移“四带”模型与动态位移反分析[J].煤炭学报,1996,21(1)：51～56.
[5]钱鸣高,许家林.覆岩采动裂隙分布的“O”形圈特征研究[J].煤炭学报,1998,23(5)：466～469.
[6]邓喀中,周鸣,谭志祥等.采动岩体破裂规律的试验研究明.中国矿业大学学报,1998,27(3)：261～264.
[7]于广明,谢和平,周宏伟等.结构化岩体采动裂隙分布规律与分形性实验研究闭.实验力学,1998,13(2)：145-154.
[8]李树刚,石平五,钱鸣高.覆岩采动裂隙椭抛带动态分布特征研究[J].矿山压力与顶板管理,1999,(3)：44-46.
[9]张金才,刘天泉.论煤层底板采动裂隙带的深度及分布特征明.煤炭学报,1990,15(2)：46-55.
[10]李白英.预防矿井底板突水的“下三带”理论及其发展与应用[J].山东矿业学院学报(自然科学版),1999,18(4)：11-18.
[11]施龙青,韩进.开采煤层底板“四带”划分理论与实践[J].中国矿业大学学报,2005,34(1)：16～23.
[12]谢广祥.采高对工作面及围岩应力壳的力学特征影响[J].煤炭学报,2006,31(1)：6-10.
[13]蔡振宇,杨本生,刘新河.水体下煤层开采的相似材料模拟研究[J].中国矿业,2003,12(3)：62～63.
[14]隋旺华,董青红,狄乾生.工程地质模型在防水煤岩柱研究中的应用[J].中国矿业大学学报,1999,28(5)：417-420.
[15]贾剑青,王宏图,唐建新.采煤工作面采动裂隙带的确定方法[J].中国矿业,2004,13(11)：45～47.
[16]张杰,侯忠杰.浅埋煤层导水裂隙发展规律物理模拟分析[J].矿山压力与顶板管理,2004,4：32～34.
[17]李静.用有限单元数值法计算采掘场地下水涌水量[J].露天采矿技术,2004,6：17-18.
[18]董青红,陈国平.三维工程地质模型在防水煤岩柱留设研究中的应用展望[J].水文地质工程地质,1999,3：13～15.
[19]BrownA, SehauerM I, Rowe J W, and HeleyW. Water Management in Oil Shale Mining [M]. US Bureau of Mines, Rl, contract J0265019,1977,436.
[20]Zhang L., Franklin J.A. Prediction of water flow into rock tunnels:an analytical solution assuming an hydraulic conductivity gradient [J]. Int. Rock Min. Sei. & Geomech. Abstr.1993,1:37-46.
[21]Liu J.ElsworthD.Three-dimensional effeets of hydraulic conductivity enhancement and desaturation around mined Panels [J].Int.J.Rock Mech. Min Sci.1997,8:1139-1152.
[22]Bredehoeft J D, Papadopulos SS. A Method for Determining the Hydraulic Properties of Tight Formation [J].Water Resources Research.1980,16(1):233-235.
[23]Bai M., Elsworth D. Modeling of subsidence and stress-dependent hydraulic conductivity for intact and fractured porous media [J]. Rock. Mech. & Roek Engng.1994,4: 235-251.
[24]Oda M. An equivalent model for coupled stress and fluid flow analysis in jointed rock masses[J].Water Resour.Res.1986,22:1945-1956.
[25]ElsworthD, XiangJ. A reduced degree of freedom model for thermal permeability enhancement in blocky rock [J].Geothermics.1989,18:691 - 709.
[26]Scheidgger A.E The Physics of flow through porous media [M]. Macmillan. Newyork, 1957,236.
[27]WalshJ.B. Effect of pore pressure and confining stress on fracture permeability [J]. Int.RockMin.Sei. & Geomeeh.Abstr.1981,18:429-435.
[28]Noorishad J., Ayatollahi M.S., and Witherspoon P.A.Coupled stress and fluid flow analysis of fractured rocks [J]. Int.J.RoekMech.Min.Sei.&Geomeeh.Abstr.1982,19:185-193.
[29]煤炭工业部基本建设司组织编译.国际采矿和地下工程治水会议论文集[M].北京：煤炭工业出版社,1983.173-188
[30]魏可忠主编.矿井水文地质.北京：煤炭工业出版社.1991,111～118.
[31]肖黎明水体下采煤[M].北京：煤炭工业出版社.1975,93～94.
[32]程建远.基于微机的三维地震解释性处理技术[D].陕西：长安大学,2001.83～84.
[33]D.S. Berry. An elastic treatment of ground movement due to mining -I. Isotropic ground [J]. Journal of the Mechanical and Physics of Solids.1960,8(4):280-292.
[34]Brown, A., Schauer, M.I., Rowe, J.W, and Heley, W.Water Management in oil Shale Mining[M]. US Bureau of Mines, RI, contract J0265019,1977,436.
[35]煤炭工业部基本建设司组织编译.国际采矿和地下工程治水会议论文集[M].北京：煤炭工业出版社,1983.173-188
[36]柴登榜等编.矿井地质工作手册[M].北京：煤炭工业出版社,1984.443.
[37]韩必武,朱文,孙兴平.老空区充水定量评价田.淮南职业技术学院学报,2002,2(4)：78～82.
[38]李景恒、许延春、张波等.深部首采工作面顶底板涌水量预计团.煤矿开采,2003,54(8)：6～68.
[39]李思标,李迪昌,孔令珍.关于充水系数的取值问题田.煤炭科学技术,2002,30(9)：53-54.
[40]徐衍合,李振华,陈绍军.试产工作面涌水量的预测[J].煤炭技术,2004,23(5)：53～55.
[41]李占文,张红果.煤矿古塘涌水量的简便估算团.煤矿开采,2001,4：70-72.
[42]李延辉.防治老空水技术途径[J].山东煤炭科技,2004,5：38-39.
[43]张军工.采动影响区老空积水原因分析闭.煤炭工程,2005,10：35～37.
[44]唐依民,肖江矿区地下水系统演化过程中混沌性态形成的条件及机理闭.煤炭学报,2006,31(1)：45～49,
[45]周仕来,刘勇.小煤矿在残采复采过程中安全技术问题分析与措施[J].煤矿安全,2010.(6)：120～121.
[46]张廷民,刘新宏.刀柱下弃置煤炭复采技术的应用[J].山西煤炭,2006.26(4)：38-40.
[47]林伟义,涂宣锋.丰海煤矿报废采区复采评估及存在问题的探讨[J].能源与环境, 2009.(3)：66～68.
[48]杨科.围岩宏观应力壳和采动裂隙演化特征及其动态效应研究田[D].合肥：安徽理工大学,2007.
[49]沈光寒,李白英,吴戈.矿井特殊开采的理论与实践[M].北京：煤炭工业出版社,1992：23-45.
[50]彭苏萍.煤矿安全高效开采地质保障体系[M].北京：煤炭工业出版社.2001,217～221.
[51]程建远.基于微机的三维地震解释性处理技术[D].陕西：长安大学,2001.83-84.
[52]罗立平.矿井老空水形成机制与防水煤柱留设研究[D].北京：中国矿业大学,2009.
[53]曾庆铭.煤炭开采对地下水资源的破坏机理和保护对策研究[D].山东：山东科技大学,2010.
[54]张林山,秦靖宇.小煤窑采空区留设防水煤柱合理宽度的探讨[J].华北科技学院学报,2009.26(4)：66～69.
[2]吴发红.老塘水的预测与防治[J].煤炭技术,2004,23(4)：59.
[3]煤炭科学研究院北京开采研究所.煤矿地表移动与覆岩破坏规律及其应用.北京：煤炭工业出版社,1981：132-148.
[4]高延法.岩移“四带”模型与动态位移反分析[J].煤炭学报,1996,21(1)：51～56.
[5]钱鸣高,许家林.覆岩采动裂隙分布的“O”形圈特征研究[J].煤炭学报,1998,23(5)：466～469.
[6]邓喀中,周鸣,谭志祥等.采动岩体破裂规律的试验研究明.中国矿业大学学报,1998,27(3)：261～264.
[7]于广明,谢和平,周宏伟等.结构化岩体采动裂隙分布规律与分形性实验研究闭.实验力学,1998,13(2)：145-154.
[8]李树刚,石平五,钱鸣高.覆岩采动裂隙椭抛带动态分布特征研究[J].矿山压力与顶板管理,1999,(3)：44-46.
[9]张金才,刘天泉.论煤层底板采动裂隙带的深度及分布特征明.煤炭学报,1990,15(2)：46-55.
[10]李白英.预防矿井底板突水的“下三带”理论及其发展与应用[J].山东矿业学院学报(自然科学版),1999,18(4)：11-18.
[11]施龙青,韩进.开采煤层底板“四带”划分理论与实践[J].中国矿业大学学报,2005,34(1)：16～23.
[12]谢广祥.采高对工作面及围岩应力壳的力学特征影响[J].煤炭学报,2006,31(1)：6-10.
[13]蔡振宇,杨本生,刘新河.水体下煤层开采的相似材料模拟研究[J].中国矿业,2003,12(3)：62～63.
[14]隋旺华,董青红,狄乾生.工程地质模型在防水煤岩柱研究中的应用[J].中国矿业大学学报,1999,28(5)：417-420.
[15]贾剑青,王宏图,唐建新.采煤工作面采动裂隙带的确定方法[J].中国矿业,2004,13(11)：45～47.
[16]张杰,侯忠杰.浅埋煤层导水裂隙发展规律物理模拟分析[J].矿山压力与顶板管理,2004,4：32～34.
[17]李静.用有限单元数值法计算采掘场地下水涌水量[J].露天采矿技术,2004,6：17-18.
[18]董青红,陈国平.三维工程地质模型在防水煤岩柱留设研究中的应用展望[J].水文地质工程地质,1999,3：13～15.
[19]BrownA, SehauerM I, Rowe J W, and HeleyW. Water Management in Oil Shale Mining [M]. US Bureau of Mines, Rl, contract J0265019,1977,436.
[20]Zhang L., Franklin J.A. Prediction of water flow into rock tunnels:an analytical solution assuming an hydraulic conductivity gradient [J]. Int. Rock Min. Sei. & Geomech. Abstr.1993,1:37-46.
[21]Liu J.ElsworthD.Three-dimensional effeets of hydraulic conductivity enhancement and desaturation around mined Panels [J].Int.J.Rock Mech. Min Sci.1997,8:1139-1152.
[22]Bredehoeft J D, Papadopulos SS. A Method for Determining the Hydraulic Properties of Tight Formation [J].Water Resources Research.1980,16(1):233-235.
[23]Bai M., Elsworth D. Modeling of subsidence and stress-dependent hydraulic conductivity for intact and fractured porous media [J]. Rock. Mech. & Roek Engng.1994,4: 235-251.
[24]Oda M. An equivalent model for coupled stress and fluid flow analysis in jointed rock masses[J].Water Resour.Res.1986,22:1945-1956.
[25]ElsworthD, XiangJ. A reduced degree of freedom model for thermal permeability enhancement in blocky rock [J].Geothermics.1989,18:691 - 709.
[26]Scheidgger A.E The Physics of flow through porous media [M]. Macmillan. Newyork, 1957,236.
[27]WalshJ.B. Effect of pore pressure and confining stress on fracture permeability [J]. Int.RockMin.Sei. & Geomeeh.Abstr.1981,18:429-435.
[28]Noorishad J., Ayatollahi M.S., and Witherspoon P.A.Coupled stress and fluid flow analysis of fractured rocks [J]. Int.J.RoekMech.Min.Sei.&Geomeeh.Abstr.1982,19:185-193.
[29]煤炭工业部基本建设司组织编译.国际采矿和地下工程治水会议论文集[M].北京：煤炭工业出版社,1983.173-188
[30]魏可忠主编.矿井水文地质.北京：煤炭工业出版社.1991,111～118.
[31]肖黎明水体下采煤[M].北京：煤炭工业出版社.1975,93～94.
[32]程建远.基于微机的三维地震解释性处理技术[D].陕西：长安大学,2001.83～84.
[33]D.S. Berry. An elastic treatment of ground movement due to mining -I. Isotropic ground [J]. Journal of the Mechanical and Physics of Solids.1960,8(4):280-292.
[34]Brown, A., Schauer, M.I., Rowe, J.W, and Heley, W.Water Management in oil Shale Mining[M]. US Bureau of Mines, RI, contract J0265019,1977,436.
[35]煤炭工业部基本建设司组织编译.国际采矿和地下工程治水会议论文集[M].北京：煤炭工业出版社,1983.173-188
[36]柴登榜等编.矿井地质工作手册[M].北京：煤炭工业出版社,1984.443.
[37]韩必武,朱文,孙兴平.老空区充水定量评价田.淮南职业技术学院学报,2002,2(4)：78～82.
[38]李景恒、许延春、张波等.深部首采工作面顶底板涌水量预计团.煤矿开采,2003,54(8)：6～68.
[39]李思标,李迪昌,孔令珍.关于充水系数的取值问题田.煤炭科学技术,2002,30(9)：53-54.
[40]徐衍合,李振华,陈绍军.试产工作面涌水量的预测[J].煤炭技术,2004,23(5)：53～55.
[41]李占文,张红果.煤矿古塘涌水量的简便估算团.煤矿开采,2001,4：70-72.
[42]李延辉.防治老空水技术途径[J].山东煤炭科技,2004,5：38-39.
[43]张军工.采动影响区老空积水原因分析闭.煤炭工程,2005,10：35～37.
[44]唐依民,肖江矿区地下水系统演化过程中混沌性态形成的条件及机理闭.煤炭学报,2006,31(1)：45～49,
[45]周仕来,刘勇.小煤矿在残采复采过程中安全技术问题分析与措施[J].煤矿安全,2010.(6)：120～121.
[46]张廷民,刘新宏.刀柱下弃置煤炭复采技术的应用[J].山西煤炭,2006.26(4)：38-40.
[47]林伟义,涂宣锋.丰海煤矿报废采区复采评估及存在问题的探讨[J].能源与环境, 2009.(3)：66～68.
[48]杨科.围岩宏观应力壳和采动裂隙演化特征及其动态效应研究田[D].合肥：安徽理工大学,2007.
[49]沈光寒,李白英,吴戈.矿井特殊开采的理论与实践[M].北京：煤炭工业出版社,1992：23-45.
[50]彭苏萍.煤矿安全高效开采地质保障体系[M].北京：煤炭工业出版社.2001,217～221.
[51]程建远.基于微机的三维地震解释性处理技术[D].陕西：长安大学,2001.83-84.
[52]罗立平.矿井老空水形成机制与防水煤柱留设研究[D].北京：中国矿业大学,2009.
[53]曾庆铭.煤炭开采对地下水资源的破坏机理和保护对策研究[D].山东：山东科技大学,2010.
[54]张林山,秦靖宇.小煤窑采空区留设防水煤柱合理宽度的探讨[J].华北科技学院学报,2009.26(4)：66～69.