新疆焉耆盆地中生代原盆面貌及其演化与改造
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摘要
焉耆盆地是位于南天山褶皱带上的一中、新生代改造残留盆地,处于塔里木、准噶尔和吐哈三大盆地之间。后期强烈的改造,造成焉耆盆地古今面貌迥异。焉耆盆地经历了复杂构造变动及地层遭到强烈的剥蚀,这制约了对盆地发生、发展、衰退和消亡等过程的认识。河南油田自1993年开始对其开展规模性油气勘探,1998年发现并探明两个油田(宝浪、本布图)、四个含油区块(宝中、宝北、本布图、本布图东),侏罗系是其主要勘探目的层。但是,从1998至今油气勘探再无任何进展。2004年在盆地西部霍拉山前的城2井证实了霍拉山山前之下存在一套较厚的中生代地层,这显示盆地原始面貌与今盆地面貌存在巨大的差异。本文以改造盆地为指导思想,坚持从整体、动态、综合这一思路出发,以大量的磷灰石和锆石裂变径迹分析为主线,多学科、多种方法相结合,突出盆地演化及改造过程。本文在大量的磷灰石和锆石裂变径迹年龄分析的基础上,结合现今盆地构造格局和残留地层中岩石矿物特征及沉积环境研究以及与周邻中生代盆地地层、沉积相及烃源岩进行综合对比,系统地探讨了焉耆盆地周缘山体隆升时限、中生代原始面貌及其演化与后期改造特征,为盆地油气勘探提供重要的理论基础。本论文取得如下主要认识:
     1.焉耆盆地周缘山体及山前样品磷灰石和锆石裂变径迹分析表明山体隆升具有多期次的特征,但是中生代隆升较晚,始于早白垩世中晚期。
     2.通过对焉耆盆地现今残留中生代地层中的岩矿特征(碎屑含砾百分比、成熟度指数和重矿物稳定系数)及沉积环境分析,焉耆盆地中生代物源区位于盆地北部,碎屑由北至南搬运;盆地北部为辫状河相沉积环境,南部为浅湖相沉积环境。在此基础上,与周邻中生代尤尔都斯、库米什、孔雀河斜坡和库车盆地地层、沉积相和烃源岩进行对比,结果表明,中、晚三叠世,库车盆地和焉耆及库米什地区相连通,在焉耆和库米什地区沉积了较薄的小泉沟群地层,其北部尤尔都斯和南部孔雀河斜坡由于地势较高而没有沉积小泉沟群地层;早侏罗世开始,库车、焉耆、尤尔都斯、孔雀河斜坡和库米什地区相连通,构成了塔里木大型盆地的北部,这种面貌持续到早白垩世早期;早白垩世中、晚期-晚白垩世天山及焉耆盆地周边山体开始隆升,尤尔都斯、库车、焉耆、库米什和孔雀河斜坡完全被分割成独立的沉积盆地,进入各自的演化阶段。
     3.通过对盆地内磷灰石和锆石年龄分析,焉耆盆地存在5期构造运动:晚三叠世、早白垩世中晚期-晚白垩世、始新世、渐新世和中新世。盆地经历了前陆盆地(P_2-T)、伸展盆地(J-K_1~1)、挤压剥蚀阶段(K_1~(2-3)-K_2)和再生前陆盆地(E-Q)四个演化阶段。
     4.焉耆盆地经历了燕山晚期和喜马拉雅期两次改造,具有抬升剥蚀改造型、复合改造型及冲断-褶皱改造型三种改造类型,改造强度具有强烈、较强和中等三个级别。
Yanqi Basin is a Meso-Cenozoic reformed residual basin in the southern Tianshan folded belt and locates among Tarim, Junggar and Turpan basins. The present appearance of Yanqi basin is entirely different with its ancient because of later strong reformation. Yanqi basin was underwent complex structure change and strata were eroded strongly which restrict the cognition of the basin, such as generation, development, decline and disappear, et al. Since full-scale exploration in Yanqi basin in 1993 by Henan oil field, there have found two oil fields(Biaoliang oil field and Bengbutu oil field) and four bearing-oil sections(Baobei, Baozhong, Bengbutu and Bengbutudong) and Jurassic is the mainly exploited stratum. But there have not any achievement in exploration since 1998. It was found that a suit of thicker Mesozoic strata lie underneath Huola mountain in the west of Yanqi basin which was approved by exploratory drill chen2, it shows that the original appearances of Yanqi basin entirely differ with the present. This thesis use the reformed basin as the guideline, insist the thought of integer, dynamic and comprehension, use the large numbers of analysis on apatite and zircon fission track as clew, combine with several subjects and techniques and give prominence to the evolvement and reformation process. On the basis of the large numbers of age analysis on apatite and zircon fission track, through the research on the present structural framework, mineral characteristics and depositional environment in remanet strata and comprehensive compare with its neighboring Mesozoic basins in strata, sedimentary facies and hydrocarbon source rock, this thesis systemically discussion on the uplift timing of these mountains around Yanqi basin, original appearances in Mesozoic and characteristics of evolution and later reformation and provide important theoretical basis for petroleum exploration. The paper is briefed as follows:
     1. Analysis on these apatite and zircon fission tracks from mountains and in the front of them shows that they have the characteristic of mult-stages uplift. These mountains were uplifted late in Mesozoic and began in the middle-late period in lower Cretaceous.
     2. Analysis on mineral characteristics (percent of shingly fragment, maturation index and heavy mineral coefficient of stability) and depositional environment in Mesozoic remanet strata show that provenance located in the north of Yanqi basin, clast were moved from north to south in Mesozoic, and the sedimentary environment in northern basin were braided stream facies while shallow lacustrine stream facies in southern basin. On these basis, the original appearances was discussed through comparing with its neighboring Mesozoic basins, Yourdusi, Kumux, Kongquehe slope and Kuqa basin, in strata, sedimentary facies and hydrocarbon source rock. The results revealed that Kuqa was coherent with Yanqi and Kumux and there were covered with thin Xiaoqungou group in mid-late Trias, but Yourdusi and Kongqhehe slope, respectively located in the north and south of Yanqi basin, had no sediment because of high topography, the five areas, Yourdusi basin, Kuqa basin, Yanqi basin and Kumux basin, were coherent and formed the north of the larger Tarim basin at the beginning of early Jurassic, the appearances were continued to early period in early Cretaceous, above those areas were divided into five separate basins and began respective evolution because that Tiansha and these mountains around Yanqi basin were uplifted from middle-late period in early Cretaceous to late Cretaceous.
     3. Through the age analysis on apatite and zircon fission track, there have five stages of tectonic movements, respectively occurred in late Trias, from mid-late period in early Cretaceous to late Cretaceous, Eocene, Oligocene and Miocene. Yanqi Basin experienced five evolution stages including Forland Basin(P_2-T), Extensional Basin(J- k_1~1), Compression and Erosion stage(K_1~(2-3)-K_2) and Regeneration Forland Basin(E-Q).
     4. Yanqi basin experienced two stages of reformations in late period of Yanshan and Himalaxiyan, there are three kinds of reformation types in basin, respectively uplift-erosion reformation, composite reformation and thrust-fold reformation and its reformation intension were divided into stronger, strong and medium grades.
引文
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