云锡松矿残矿回采地压控制研究
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摘要
许多矿山进入开采末期,资源紧张,而空区内有大量的残矿,为缓解资源紧张局面,回收残矿的要求更为迫切。空区中残矿开采技术条件复杂,采空区的状态或为敞空或为冒落充填,回采这些残矿面临的最大技术难题就是回收过程中的地压控制问题。
论文以松矿房柱法矿柱回采为研究对象,使用FLAC3D软件建立现场房柱法模型,考虑了三种不同侧压系数,进行开采计算。根据计算结果,运用岩体力学、岩石力学、复合岩体力学知识对矿岩稳定性进行分析,总结了三种侧压系数下的地压显现规律,分析了盘区压力拱效应,并根据对压力拱的定义圈定了盘区压力拱的边界。通过计算分析认为松矿房柱法结构及参数合理。按不同回采顺序进行回采,会使待采矿块处于不同的地压控制之下,选择合理的回采顺序对限制采场地压有重大作用；论文计算了自重应力场条件下三种回采顺序的地压显现规律,认为不同的回采顺序对待采矿块形成的地压一致。
在一次回采的基础上进行矿柱回采,需要控制采场地压。论文分析了空场中不同位置矿柱回采后的地压显现规律及矿岩稳定性,认为回采靠近盘区矿柱的点柱可以控制采场地压。
采场顶板可能因顶板中央的拉应力或角点处的压应力增至极限值而导致冒顶,经过计算分析,认为松矿房柱法空场顶板破坏方式是角点压应力集中导致岩体破坏进而导致冒顶。
Numerous mines are at telophase of mining and resources exhaust while there is a lot of residual ore in the goaf. In order to help relieve the resource crisis,the residual ore has to be drawn. But the technical conditions of residual ore are complicated, the goaf is open or the roof has fell. So the most difficult technical problem is to control ground pressure when the residual ore is drawn.
Thesis chose residual ore recovery of room-and-pillar mining in Songshujiao Mine as subject investigated, built model of room-and-pillar mining with FLAC3D software. Then first mining was calculated while considering three different lateral-compression coeffecients.The result has been analyzed with rock mechanics,rock mass mechanics and compound rock mechanics so as to judge stability of pillars and wallrock, to get the regularity of workings ground pressure of three different lateral-compression coeffecients, to analyze the effect of panel pressure arch and to delineate the boundary of the panel pressure arch. Structure and parameter of room-and-pillar mining are reasonable through annlysis. Different sequence of mining brings different ground pressure to stand-by nugget and reasonable sequence plays an important role to control the ground pressure of workings. Thesis calculated three different sequence mining of deadweight stress pattern and found the regularity of workings ground pressure of three different sequence is similar.
Some pillars could be drawn after first mining.But the workings ground pressure should be controled when the pillar is restored. Thesis analyzes stability of pillars and wallrock and regularity of workings ground pressure while drawing pillars at different position. Based on ground pressure control,the pillars next to panel barrier can be drawn.
The roof may fall when drawing stress of the middle is large enough or the compressive stress of corner is beyond peak strength. Then the probable mode of roof caving of Songshujiao Mine is the corner break because of compressive stress beyond peak strength through analysis.
论文以松矿房柱法矿柱回采为研究对象,使用FLAC3D软件建立现场房柱法模型,考虑了三种不同侧压系数,进行开采计算。根据计算结果,运用岩体力学、岩石力学、复合岩体力学知识对矿岩稳定性进行分析,总结了三种侧压系数下的地压显现规律,分析了盘区压力拱效应,并根据对压力拱的定义圈定了盘区压力拱的边界。通过计算分析认为松矿房柱法结构及参数合理。按不同回采顺序进行回采,会使待采矿块处于不同的地压控制之下,选择合理的回采顺序对限制采场地压有重大作用；论文计算了自重应力场条件下三种回采顺序的地压显现规律,认为不同的回采顺序对待采矿块形成的地压一致。
在一次回采的基础上进行矿柱回采,需要控制采场地压。论文分析了空场中不同位置矿柱回采后的地压显现规律及矿岩稳定性,认为回采靠近盘区矿柱的点柱可以控制采场地压。
采场顶板可能因顶板中央的拉应力或角点处的压应力增至极限值而导致冒顶,经过计算分析,认为松矿房柱法空场顶板破坏方式是角点压应力集中导致岩体破坏进而导致冒顶。
Numerous mines are at telophase of mining and resources exhaust while there is a lot of residual ore in the goaf. In order to help relieve the resource crisis,the residual ore has to be drawn. But the technical conditions of residual ore are complicated, the goaf is open or the roof has fell. So the most difficult technical problem is to control ground pressure when the residual ore is drawn.
Thesis chose residual ore recovery of room-and-pillar mining in Songshujiao Mine as subject investigated, built model of room-and-pillar mining with FLAC3D software. Then first mining was calculated while considering three different lateral-compression coeffecients.The result has been analyzed with rock mechanics,rock mass mechanics and compound rock mechanics so as to judge stability of pillars and wallrock, to get the regularity of workings ground pressure of three different lateral-compression coeffecients, to analyze the effect of panel pressure arch and to delineate the boundary of the panel pressure arch. Structure and parameter of room-and-pillar mining are reasonable through annlysis. Different sequence of mining brings different ground pressure to stand-by nugget and reasonable sequence plays an important role to control the ground pressure of workings. Thesis calculated three different sequence mining of deadweight stress pattern and found the regularity of workings ground pressure of three different sequence is similar.
Some pillars could be drawn after first mining.But the workings ground pressure should be controled when the pillar is restored. Thesis analyzes stability of pillars and wallrock and regularity of workings ground pressure while drawing pillars at different position. Based on ground pressure control,the pillars next to panel barrier can be drawn.
The roof may fall when drawing stress of the middle is large enough or the compressive stress of corner is beyond peak strength. Then the probable mode of roof caving of Songshujiao Mine is the corner break because of compressive stress beyond peak strength through analysis.
引文
[1]秦德先黎应书.个旧锡铜多金属矿床地质研究[M].北京：科学出版社,2008
[2]谭学术等.复合岩体力学理论及其应用[M].北京：煤炭工业出版社,1994
[3]解世俊.金属矿床地下开采[M].北京：冶金工业出版社,2008
[4]周君才.难采矿体新型采矿法[M].北京：冶金工业出版社,1998
[5]梁晓丹,刘刚,赵坚.地下工程压力拱拱体的确定与成拱分析[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版).2005,33(3)：314-317
[6]喻波,王呼佳.压力拱理论及隧道埋深划分方法研究[M].北京：中国铁道出版社2008
[7]万海涛.画眉坳钨矿矿柱回采及采空区处理数值模拟研究[D].赣州：江西理工大学,2009
[8]KOVARI K.Erroneous concepts behind the New Austrian Tunnelling Method [J].Tunnels & Tunnelling,1994,11:38—41
[9]BRADY B H G, BROWN E T.Rock mechanics for underground mining[M].London:Georage Allen & Unwin,1985.212—213
[10]TERZAGHI K. Theoretial soil mechanics [M].New York:John Wiley &Sons,1947.66-76
[11]HUANG Z. Stabilizing of rock cavern roofs by rockbolts [D].Norway:Norwegian Univ of Science and technology,2001
[12]彭文斌.FLAC 3D实用教程[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2009
[13]Itasca Consulting Group, Inc. FLAC(Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua) User Manuals, Version 5.0, Minneapolis, Minnesota,2005.5
[14]陈育民徐鼎平.FLAC/FLAC 3D基础与工程实例[M].北京：中国水利水电出版社,2009
[15]刘波,韩彦辉.FLAC原理实例与应用指南[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2009
[16]Hoek E, Brown ET. Underground Excavation in Rock. England:Institute of Mining and Metallurgy,1980
[17]Golder Associates. Geotechnical Review for Reopening of Chambishi Mine. Zamabia: Report to ZCCM,1994
[18]徐芝纶.弹性力学简明教程[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2009
[19]KulalilakeP H S W,Ucpirti H,Wang S.et al.Use of the distinct element method to perform stress analysis in rock with non-persistent joints and study the effect of joint geometry parameters on the strength and deformability of rock masses[J].Rock Mech.&Rock Eng.No25,1992.
[20]Kim K,Gao H.Probabilistic approaches to estimating variation in the mechanical properties of rock masses[J].Int.J. Rock Mech.Min.Sci.& Geomech.Abstr.No 32 1995.
[21]Bieniawski Z T,Rock mass classification in rock engineering[A].Explor for Rock Eng.Pro,of the symp.A.A.Balkema,Geotech Div,Transvaal,Cape Town,S Afr,1976,97-106.
[22]孙广忠 孙毅.岩体力学原理[M].北京：科学出版社,2011
[23]刘佑荣 唐辉明.岩体力学[M].武汉：中国地质大学出版社,1999
[24]徐志英.岩石力学[M].北京：中国水利水电出版社,1999
[25]刘国栋.浅谈金属矿床的地下二次开采[J].有色金属(矿山部分).1997,1：22-25
[26]饶运章 艾幼孙.大宝山矿区地压控制与残矿安全回收[J].江西有色金属.2004,18(4)：24-27
[27]王湖鑫.地下残矿回收方法研究[J].矿冶,2008,17(2)：24-26
[28]王昌虎.Ⅱ号矿体端部细脉残矿的回采实践[J].有色金属(矿山部分).2002,54(4)：9-11
[29]徐洋洲.采用人工假底回采顶间柱残矿[J].中国矿山工程.1990,4：16-17
[30]冯巨恩 郭生茂.甘肃白银小铁山矿残矿回收实践[J].黄金科学技术.2001,9(3-4)：53-57
[31]吴根替.黄金洞矿区老窿残矿回采技术研究[J].国土资源导刊.2007,2：32-34
[32]欧阳年开.残矿二次开采若干问题的分析[J].化工矿山技术.1989,18(3)：45-47
[33]赵继银.残矿回收的实践[J].矿业快报.2004,10：44-45
[34]杨明.残留矿柱开采的新工艺技术研究[J].矿业研究与开发.2000,20(6)：8-10
[35]汪和平 张开平.地下矿山残矿的回收技术[J].江西冶金.2001,5：27-29
[36]方胜勇 姚根保.凤凰山铜矿残矿资源回收的实践[J].岳阳师范学院学报(自然 科学版).2000,13(2)：40-43
[37]王洪涛.萑香洼金矿残矿开采技术研究[J].有色金属(矿山部分).2006,58(4)：8-9
[38]张文斌.空场采矿法的矿柱回收与空区处理[J].甘肃有色金属.2002,17(2)：8-11
[39]董群柱.联合采矿法在残矿回采中的应用与实践[J].黄金.2004,25(2)：20-22
[40]潘光明胡磊谷新建.龙山金锑矿低品位老窿残矿回收技术[J].黄金科学技术.2008.16(1)：16-18
[41]杨玉林李国增纪长生.脉外天井分层切割穿脉出矿残矿采矿方法的生产实践[J].黄金.1993,14(12)：16-18
[42]陈琼曹明秋肖迪民.人工矿柱在难采残矿回采中应用实践[J].采矿技术.2008,8(6)：13-14
[43]费子文.采矿手册[M].北京：冶金工业出版社,1991
[44]王青史维祥.采矿学[M].北京：冶金工业出版社,2006
[45]侯克鹏.矿山地压控制理论与实践[M].昆明：云南科技出版社,2004
[2]谭学术等.复合岩体力学理论及其应用[M].北京：煤炭工业出版社,1994
[3]解世俊.金属矿床地下开采[M].北京：冶金工业出版社,2008
[4]周君才.难采矿体新型采矿法[M].北京：冶金工业出版社,1998
[5]梁晓丹,刘刚,赵坚.地下工程压力拱拱体的确定与成拱分析[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版).2005,33(3)：314-317
[6]喻波,王呼佳.压力拱理论及隧道埋深划分方法研究[M].北京：中国铁道出版社2008
[7]万海涛.画眉坳钨矿矿柱回采及采空区处理数值模拟研究[D].赣州：江西理工大学,2009
[8]KOVARI K.Erroneous concepts behind the New Austrian Tunnelling Method [J].Tunnels & Tunnelling,1994,11:38—41
[9]BRADY B H G, BROWN E T.Rock mechanics for underground mining[M].London:Georage Allen & Unwin,1985.212—213
[10]TERZAGHI K. Theoretial soil mechanics [M].New York:John Wiley &Sons,1947.66-76
[11]HUANG Z. Stabilizing of rock cavern roofs by rockbolts [D].Norway:Norwegian Univ of Science and technology,2001
[12]彭文斌.FLAC 3D实用教程[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2009
[13]Itasca Consulting Group, Inc. FLAC(Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua) User Manuals, Version 5.0, Minneapolis, Minnesota,2005.5
[14]陈育民徐鼎平.FLAC/FLAC 3D基础与工程实例[M].北京：中国水利水电出版社,2009
[15]刘波,韩彦辉.FLAC原理实例与应用指南[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2009
[16]Hoek E, Brown ET. Underground Excavation in Rock. England:Institute of Mining and Metallurgy,1980
[17]Golder Associates. Geotechnical Review for Reopening of Chambishi Mine. Zamabia: Report to ZCCM,1994
[18]徐芝纶.弹性力学简明教程[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2009
[19]KulalilakeP H S W,Ucpirti H,Wang S.et al.Use of the distinct element method to perform stress analysis in rock with non-persistent joints and study the effect of joint geometry parameters on the strength and deformability of rock masses[J].Rock Mech.&Rock Eng.No25,1992.
[20]Kim K,Gao H.Probabilistic approaches to estimating variation in the mechanical properties of rock masses[J].Int.J. Rock Mech.Min.Sci.& Geomech.Abstr.No 32 1995.
[21]Bieniawski Z T,Rock mass classification in rock engineering[A].Explor for Rock Eng.Pro,of the symp.A.A.Balkema,Geotech Div,Transvaal,Cape Town,S Afr,1976,97-106.
[22]孙广忠 孙毅.岩体力学原理[M].北京：科学出版社,2011
[23]刘佑荣 唐辉明.岩体力学[M].武汉：中国地质大学出版社,1999
[24]徐志英.岩石力学[M].北京：中国水利水电出版社,1999
[25]刘国栋.浅谈金属矿床的地下二次开采[J].有色金属(矿山部分).1997,1：22-25
[26]饶运章 艾幼孙.大宝山矿区地压控制与残矿安全回收[J].江西有色金属.2004,18(4)：24-27
[27]王湖鑫.地下残矿回收方法研究[J].矿冶,2008,17(2)：24-26
[28]王昌虎.Ⅱ号矿体端部细脉残矿的回采实践[J].有色金属(矿山部分).2002,54(4)：9-11
[29]徐洋洲.采用人工假底回采顶间柱残矿[J].中国矿山工程.1990,4：16-17
[30]冯巨恩 郭生茂.甘肃白银小铁山矿残矿回收实践[J].黄金科学技术.2001,9(3-4)：53-57
[31]吴根替.黄金洞矿区老窿残矿回采技术研究[J].国土资源导刊.2007,2：32-34
[32]欧阳年开.残矿二次开采若干问题的分析[J].化工矿山技术.1989,18(3)：45-47
[33]赵继银.残矿回收的实践[J].矿业快报.2004,10：44-45
[34]杨明.残留矿柱开采的新工艺技术研究[J].矿业研究与开发.2000,20(6)：8-10
[35]汪和平 张开平.地下矿山残矿的回收技术[J].江西冶金.2001,5：27-29
[36]方胜勇 姚根保.凤凰山铜矿残矿资源回收的实践[J].岳阳师范学院学报(自然 科学版).2000,13(2)：40-43
[37]王洪涛.萑香洼金矿残矿开采技术研究[J].有色金属(矿山部分).2006,58(4)：8-9
[38]张文斌.空场采矿法的矿柱回收与空区处理[J].甘肃有色金属.2002,17(2)：8-11
[39]董群柱.联合采矿法在残矿回采中的应用与实践[J].黄金.2004,25(2)：20-22
[40]潘光明胡磊谷新建.龙山金锑矿低品位老窿残矿回收技术[J].黄金科学技术.2008.16(1)：16-18
[41]杨玉林李国增纪长生.脉外天井分层切割穿脉出矿残矿采矿方法的生产实践[J].黄金.1993,14(12)：16-18
[42]陈琼曹明秋肖迪民.人工矿柱在难采残矿回采中应用实践[J].采矿技术.2008,8(6)：13-14
[43]费子文.采矿手册[M].北京：冶金工业出版社,1991
[44]王青史维祥.采矿学[M].北京：冶金工业出版社,2006
[45]侯克鹏.矿山地压控制理论与实践[M].昆明：云南科技出版社,2004