殡葬建筑生态化设计研究
|
摘要
自古以来,殡葬建筑就是城市建设的一个重要组成部分,曾在东西方建筑文化中有着辉煌的历史,是人类文明的重要标志。古代的金字塔、泰姬陵以及中国的秦始皇陵等都是举世瞩目、家喻户晓的殡葬建筑;近代的如南京中山陵、日本的多摩陵园等都是设计极佳而备受崇敬的殡葬建筑;现代殡葬建筑如恩里克·米拉莱斯设计的伊瓜拉达墓园、阿尔多·罗西设计的圣卡塔多公墓、槇文彦设计的风之丘葬斋场都堪称经典。
然而在我国现代殡葬建筑却并不被重视。之所以存在这一现象,除了由于各种社会历史因素的影响外,主要是由于时代的禁忌,以及无力面对作为生命规律的特定阶段——死亡这一现象,导致了死亡的主题在中国现代建筑中被极力地回避。人类社会发展到今天,人们对死亡的态度没有改变多少,但表达死亡的能力却降低了。在一个年轻且充满活力的社会,死亡无处藏身,它成了禁忌,而且表现死亡的艺术与技术也深受责难。在我国建筑创新日渐兴盛之时,现代殡葬建筑的设计却被遗忘在角落而不大受到重视,这很难适应当代殡葬事业发展的形势。同时非生态化的殡葬建筑也带来了严重的环境问题,与全球的可持续发展的大潮相背离。因此殡葬建筑是生态学研究的重要方面,也是可持续发展面对的重大问题。国外也只在近几十年里才逐渐开展对殡葬建筑生态化的研究。
没有哪一种类型的建筑像殡葬建筑这样注重和自然环境的相互关系。殡葬建筑无论从建筑物本身或是人的原始心理,以及其外部和内部环境来说都是与生态化密不可分的。尤其是殡葬建筑的内在本质就是要将死亡躯体这一实物形式转化为另一种形式——骨灰的过程。而这一过程本身恰恰是一种生态化过程的转化,是回归自然的一种特别的“实质性存在”和特殊表现形式。
基于上述原因,本论文从生态化的角度出发对殡葬建筑的生态化设计进行研究并提出相应的技术策略。论文首先从介绍中国古代的殡葬理念入手,阐述了中国传统殡葬建筑早期自发的生态伦理思想和实践经验,以及西方殡葬建筑生态化的演进,表明殡葬建筑生态化和可持续发展的必然性。同时,现代殡葬建筑的生态设计观以可持续发展战略与生态学基本理论为基础,针对当今殡葬建筑所面临的严重生态问题,提出殡葬建筑生态化设计的原则及其重要意义,进而提出未来我国殡葬建筑生态化发展取向。然后,针对殡葬建筑对景观生态环境造成的各种危害,对殡葬建筑外部环境景观生态化进一步剖析,并运用景观生态学的原理,提出殡葬建筑外部环境生态化设计的理念、原则和设计方法,并对殡葬建筑外部环境生态设计提出相应的技术策略。殡葬建筑内部环境的生态化设计同样重要,通过探讨殡葬建筑由于其具有的特殊使用功能,在声、光、热等方面带给室内环境的影响,阐述了殡葬建筑内部环境的生态化品质的调控,提出如何进行殡葬建筑室内空间环境气氛的营造,并通过各种生态化技术应用实现殡葬建筑室内环境的生态化设计,从而最终提升殡葬建筑内部环境的生态化品质。最后,殡葬建筑的生态化设计还需要通过市场导向、政策导向和法规控制的引导机制才能保障其顺利实施。
综上所述,本论文选择了以生态化为切入点,通过对建筑学、生态学、生态伦理学、景观生态学、文化人类学、中国传统的风水理论等多学科对殡葬建筑的外部环境和内部环境的交叉研究,探讨殡葬建筑生态化设计,建立了殡葬建筑生态化设计理念和理论框架,对于解决现代殡葬建筑发展中所遇到的问题,改善殡葬建筑设计对城市环境的影响,为我国殡葬建筑设计的转型提供重要的理论和实践意义。同时,在许多作品中死亡作为一个主题对于激发灵感具有重大的潜力,我希望本论文的研究对一个常被忽视的建筑领域的讨论起到抛砖引玉的作用。
Funeral buildings are important parts of city buildings from ancient time, they have splendid history in both east and west culture, and they become the important symbols of human being civilization. The ancient pyramids, Tai Mahsl Tomb, and Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor of China are all famous funeral buildings in the world. The latter-day Lenin's Mausoleum and Dr. Sun Yat-sen's Mausoleum are also widely respected funeral buildings because of their wonderful design. Modern funeral buildings like Igualada Cemetery designed by Enric Miralles, Cemetery of San Cataldo designed by Aldo Rossi, and Kaze-no-Oka Crematorium designed by Fumihiko Maki are all highly respected.
However, funeral buildings have not been paid enough attention to in our country. On one side, this is because of various history elements. The more important reason is taboo of ages and incapable of facing the specific phase of life, namely, death. That led to greatly avoiding of using death theme in modern Chinese architectures. Today, although human society developed so much, the attitude that people face to death changed little. However, the ability that people express death reduced. In a young and agile society, death can not hide anywhere. Instead, it becomes taboo, and art and technique that express death are censured much. Nowadays, when architecture innovation progresses rapidly, modern funeral buildings seem to be forgotten and haven’t been paid deserved attention to. This situation results in funeral buildings can not keep up with the progress of funeral and interment. Meanwhile, un-ecological funeral buildings bring on severe environment problems, that is opposite with global tide of sustainable development. So, the funeral building is an important research aspect of bionomics and is an important problem of sustainable development. In foreign counties, research on ecological funeral buildings began in recent decades.
No other architectures emphasize relationship with natural environment so much than funeral buildings. From view of no matter architecture itself, human primal mentality or external and internal environment, funeral buildings are all have close relationship with ecology. Especially, the inbeing of funeral building is the procedure that transforms dead body into ashes. This procedure is exactly an ecological transformation; it is a special natural returning existence and representation form.
For those reasons, in this paper we research on design and technique of funeral buildings from an ecological view. First, we begin with an introduction of ancient Chinese funeral idea, state Chinese traditional inchoate spontaneous ecological idea and experience of funeral buildings. Also we talk about ecological evolvement of funeral buildings in western countries. Then we summarize the ecological characters and value of funeral buildings, and propose ecological future development direction of our country funeral buildings. Aiming at harm that funeral buildings brought on, we further discuss on ecological landscape of funeral buildings, and analyze funeral building design that emphasize ecological landscape. Then we bring forward idea, principle, design method and technical strategy of funeral building ecological landscape design. Based on ecological quality analysis of natural environment interface and architecture environment interface of funeral buildings, we expound the ecological trend of funeral buildings interface material and technique. And trough integrated research on interface form and construction technique, equipment technique, intelligent technique and bionic technique, we discuss integration of funeral buildings interface ecological design and technique. At last we analyze the ecological elements of indoor environment, and discuss sound, light and temperature impact on indoor environment which funeral buildings bring due to their specific functions. We describe how to adjust the ecological character of indoor environment, and set forth the method of establish indoor ambience of funeral buildings. We also design funeral buildings indoor environment ecologically based on ecological technical strategies. Eventually, we can promote ecological quality of funeral buildings’indoor environment.
In summary, this paper discuss on ecological design of funeral buildings. Trough application of environment ethnics, combining with design principle of Chinese traditional geomantic theory, culture anthropology, and landscape ecology, we try to research on ecological design of funeral buildings’outside environment, indoor environment, and interfaces, to found ecological design idea and theoretical framework of funeral buildings. It has important theoretical and practical significance on resolving problems in modern funeral buildings development, improving city environment, shortening the ecological trend gap between our country and foreign countries, constructing ecological city, achieving harmonious development of human, nature and society, realizing sustainable development strategy eventually. Meanwhile, in many works, death is always a potential subject to enlighten inspiration. We hope this paper can stimulate discussions in this often neglected architecture domain.
然而在我国现代殡葬建筑却并不被重视。之所以存在这一现象,除了由于各种社会历史因素的影响外,主要是由于时代的禁忌,以及无力面对作为生命规律的特定阶段——死亡这一现象,导致了死亡的主题在中国现代建筑中被极力地回避。人类社会发展到今天,人们对死亡的态度没有改变多少,但表达死亡的能力却降低了。在一个年轻且充满活力的社会,死亡无处藏身,它成了禁忌,而且表现死亡的艺术与技术也深受责难。在我国建筑创新日渐兴盛之时,现代殡葬建筑的设计却被遗忘在角落而不大受到重视,这很难适应当代殡葬事业发展的形势。同时非生态化的殡葬建筑也带来了严重的环境问题,与全球的可持续发展的大潮相背离。因此殡葬建筑是生态学研究的重要方面,也是可持续发展面对的重大问题。国外也只在近几十年里才逐渐开展对殡葬建筑生态化的研究。
没有哪一种类型的建筑像殡葬建筑这样注重和自然环境的相互关系。殡葬建筑无论从建筑物本身或是人的原始心理,以及其外部和内部环境来说都是与生态化密不可分的。尤其是殡葬建筑的内在本质就是要将死亡躯体这一实物形式转化为另一种形式——骨灰的过程。而这一过程本身恰恰是一种生态化过程的转化,是回归自然的一种特别的“实质性存在”和特殊表现形式。
基于上述原因,本论文从生态化的角度出发对殡葬建筑的生态化设计进行研究并提出相应的技术策略。论文首先从介绍中国古代的殡葬理念入手,阐述了中国传统殡葬建筑早期自发的生态伦理思想和实践经验,以及西方殡葬建筑生态化的演进,表明殡葬建筑生态化和可持续发展的必然性。同时,现代殡葬建筑的生态设计观以可持续发展战略与生态学基本理论为基础,针对当今殡葬建筑所面临的严重生态问题,提出殡葬建筑生态化设计的原则及其重要意义,进而提出未来我国殡葬建筑生态化发展取向。然后,针对殡葬建筑对景观生态环境造成的各种危害,对殡葬建筑外部环境景观生态化进一步剖析,并运用景观生态学的原理,提出殡葬建筑外部环境生态化设计的理念、原则和设计方法,并对殡葬建筑外部环境生态设计提出相应的技术策略。殡葬建筑内部环境的生态化设计同样重要,通过探讨殡葬建筑由于其具有的特殊使用功能,在声、光、热等方面带给室内环境的影响,阐述了殡葬建筑内部环境的生态化品质的调控,提出如何进行殡葬建筑室内空间环境气氛的营造,并通过各种生态化技术应用实现殡葬建筑室内环境的生态化设计,从而最终提升殡葬建筑内部环境的生态化品质。最后,殡葬建筑的生态化设计还需要通过市场导向、政策导向和法规控制的引导机制才能保障其顺利实施。
综上所述,本论文选择了以生态化为切入点,通过对建筑学、生态学、生态伦理学、景观生态学、文化人类学、中国传统的风水理论等多学科对殡葬建筑的外部环境和内部环境的交叉研究,探讨殡葬建筑生态化设计,建立了殡葬建筑生态化设计理念和理论框架,对于解决现代殡葬建筑发展中所遇到的问题,改善殡葬建筑设计对城市环境的影响,为我国殡葬建筑设计的转型提供重要的理论和实践意义。同时,在许多作品中死亡作为一个主题对于激发灵感具有重大的潜力,我希望本论文的研究对一个常被忽视的建筑领域的讨论起到抛砖引玉的作用。
Funeral buildings are important parts of city buildings from ancient time, they have splendid history in both east and west culture, and they become the important symbols of human being civilization. The ancient pyramids, Tai Mahsl Tomb, and Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor of China are all famous funeral buildings in the world. The latter-day Lenin's Mausoleum and Dr. Sun Yat-sen's Mausoleum are also widely respected funeral buildings because of their wonderful design. Modern funeral buildings like Igualada Cemetery designed by Enric Miralles, Cemetery of San Cataldo designed by Aldo Rossi, and Kaze-no-Oka Crematorium designed by Fumihiko Maki are all highly respected.
However, funeral buildings have not been paid enough attention to in our country. On one side, this is because of various history elements. The more important reason is taboo of ages and incapable of facing the specific phase of life, namely, death. That led to greatly avoiding of using death theme in modern Chinese architectures. Today, although human society developed so much, the attitude that people face to death changed little. However, the ability that people express death reduced. In a young and agile society, death can not hide anywhere. Instead, it becomes taboo, and art and technique that express death are censured much. Nowadays, when architecture innovation progresses rapidly, modern funeral buildings seem to be forgotten and haven’t been paid deserved attention to. This situation results in funeral buildings can not keep up with the progress of funeral and interment. Meanwhile, un-ecological funeral buildings bring on severe environment problems, that is opposite with global tide of sustainable development. So, the funeral building is an important research aspect of bionomics and is an important problem of sustainable development. In foreign counties, research on ecological funeral buildings began in recent decades.
No other architectures emphasize relationship with natural environment so much than funeral buildings. From view of no matter architecture itself, human primal mentality or external and internal environment, funeral buildings are all have close relationship with ecology. Especially, the inbeing of funeral building is the procedure that transforms dead body into ashes. This procedure is exactly an ecological transformation; it is a special natural returning existence and representation form.
For those reasons, in this paper we research on design and technique of funeral buildings from an ecological view. First, we begin with an introduction of ancient Chinese funeral idea, state Chinese traditional inchoate spontaneous ecological idea and experience of funeral buildings. Also we talk about ecological evolvement of funeral buildings in western countries. Then we summarize the ecological characters and value of funeral buildings, and propose ecological future development direction of our country funeral buildings. Aiming at harm that funeral buildings brought on, we further discuss on ecological landscape of funeral buildings, and analyze funeral building design that emphasize ecological landscape. Then we bring forward idea, principle, design method and technical strategy of funeral building ecological landscape design. Based on ecological quality analysis of natural environment interface and architecture environment interface of funeral buildings, we expound the ecological trend of funeral buildings interface material and technique. And trough integrated research on interface form and construction technique, equipment technique, intelligent technique and bionic technique, we discuss integration of funeral buildings interface ecological design and technique. At last we analyze the ecological elements of indoor environment, and discuss sound, light and temperature impact on indoor environment which funeral buildings bring due to their specific functions. We describe how to adjust the ecological character of indoor environment, and set forth the method of establish indoor ambience of funeral buildings. We also design funeral buildings indoor environment ecologically based on ecological technical strategies. Eventually, we can promote ecological quality of funeral buildings’indoor environment.
In summary, this paper discuss on ecological design of funeral buildings. Trough application of environment ethnics, combining with design principle of Chinese traditional geomantic theory, culture anthropology, and landscape ecology, we try to research on ecological design of funeral buildings’outside environment, indoor environment, and interfaces, to found ecological design idea and theoretical framework of funeral buildings. It has important theoretical and practical significance on resolving problems in modern funeral buildings development, improving city environment, shortening the ecological trend gap between our country and foreign countries, constructing ecological city, achieving harmonious development of human, nature and society, realizing sustainable development strategy eventually. Meanwhile, in many works, death is always a potential subject to enlighten inspiration. We hope this paper can stimulate discussions in this often neglected architecture domain.
引文
1王夫子.殡葬文化学——死亡文化的全方位解读.北京:中国社会出版社, 1998: 35~43, 84~126
2 Aldo Rossi. The Blue of the sky: Madena Cemetery, Architectural Desin December 1982:
3海德格尔.存在与时间.陈嘉映,王庆节译.生活·读者·新知三联书店, 1999: 273~306
4泰勒.连树声译.原始文化:神话?哲学?宗教?语言?艺术和习俗发展之研究.上海文艺出版社, 1992: 847
5王贵祥.东西方的建筑空间:传统中国与中世纪西方建筑的文化阐释.百花文艺出版社, 2006: 4
6张浩.思维发生学——从动物思维到人的思维.中国社会科学出版社, 1994: 284
7郭于华.死的困扰与生的执著——中国民间丧葬仪礼与传统生死观.人民大学出版社, 1992: 127
8 Giancarlo De Carlo, Carlo Nepi. Massimo Carmass Progetti Per una citta Pisa 1975/1985: 35
9李玉华.佛教对中国殡葬文化的影响.民政论坛. 2001, (3): 45
10孙宗文.中国建筑与哲学.江苏科学技术出版社. 2000: 337~345
11 Howard Colvin. Architecture and after~life, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1991
12芒福德( L. Mumford )著.倪文彦?宋俊岭译.城市发展史:起源?演变和前景.中国建筑工业出版社, 1989
13高蓓.有关建筑的忧生乐死.室内建筑与装修. 2003, (4)
14靳凤林.窥探生死线——中国死亡文化研究.中国民族大学出版社, 1999
15 http: //www. Haokanbu. Com/story/17171/?page=2
16郭存亮.白事博览.中国社会出版社, 1992
17刘敦桢.中国古代建筑史.中国建筑工业出版社, 1984: 159
18王正平.环境哲学.上海人民出版社, 2004, 69~75
19 http: //www. Grove street cemetery. Org
20 www. Headington. Org. uk/. . . /crematorium. Htm
21 [法]米歇尔·沃维尔,高凌翰译.死亡文化史.中国人民大学出版社. 2004:581
22亢亮,亢羽.风水与城市.百花文艺出版社, 1999: 68
23程建军.藏风得水风——风水与建筑.中国电影出版社, 2005, (2): 3~5
24王其亨主编.风水理论研究.天津大学出版社, 1992: 25~30
25 [清]蒋平阶,李锋整理.水龙经.海南出版社, 2004: 11~22
26王克英,朱铁臻主编.城市生态经济知识全书.经济科学出版社, 1998: 509
27 Early Burials in Weedsport NY Rural Cemetery, Weedsport, New York
28 Howard C. Raether, J. D. Editor. The Funeral Director’s Practice Management Handbook. Prince-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1989
29日本建筑学会编.建筑设计资料集/集会·市民服务篇.重庆大学建筑城规学院译.天津大学出版社, 2006: 72~75
30 [挪]克里斯蒂安·诺伯格—舒尔茨.李路珂,欧阳恬之译.中国建筑工业出版社, 2005: 7~13, 225-229
31董卫,王建国.可持续发展的城市与建筑设计.东南大学出版社, 1999: 16~46
32马世骏.生态规律在环境管理中的作用.环境科学学报, 1981(1): 95~99
33 W·McDonough, Braungart. The Next Industrial Revolution. Atlantic Monthly. 1998(10): 26~30
34孙儒泳,李博,诸葛阳,尚玉昌.普通生态学.高等教育出版社, 1998: 209~211
35罗·麦金托什.生态学概念和理论的发展.中国科学技术出版社, 1991: 4~9
36 [德]H·萨克塞,文韬,佩云译.生态哲学.东方出版社, 1991: 103
37金观涛.整体的哲学.四川人民出版社, 1987: 11
38马国馨.丹下健三.中国建筑工业出版社, 1999: 1~46
39汉语外来语词典,岑麟祥编,商务出版社, 1990, 143
40吴良镛,世纪之交的凝思:建筑学的未来,清华大学出版社, 1999: 5
41 [加]艾伦·卡尔松.陈李波译.自然与景观.湖南科学技术出版社,2006:23-27
42 I. L.麦克哈格著,芮经纬译.设计结合自然.中国建筑工业出版社, 1992: 39~ 43,50~58
43 Kan Yang. The Green skyscraper: The Basis for Designing Sustainable Intensive Buildings. Prestel, 1997: 89
44周浩明,张晓东.生态建筑.东南大学出版社, 2002. 3
45 Turner T. Landscape Planning. New York: Nichols Publishing, 1987
46陈爽,王进,詹志勇.生态景观与城市形态整合研究.地理科学进展, 2004. 5
47刘玉华,刘奎.浅议景观生态学在城市绿地系统规划中的应用.江苏林业科技, 2004: 5~10
48邬建国.景观生态学——格局、过程、尺度与等级.高等教育出版社.2000: 17~34
49 http: //www. Stats. Gov. cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/《人口研究》2001, (4)
50 http: //zh. Wikipedia. Org/
51 Santarsiero, A. D. Cutilli, et al. (2000). Environmental and Legislative Aspects Concerning Existing and New Cemetery Planning. Microchemical Journal 67(1-3): 141~145
52 Pearson, H. E. (1970). Human infection caused by organisms of the Bacillus species. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 53: 506~515
53 Santarsiero, A.L. Minelli, et al. . Hygienic Aspects Related to Burial. Microchemical Journal 67(1-3) , 2000: 135~139
54 Fisher, G. J. The Selection of Cemetery Sites in South Africa. Proceeding: 4th Symposium on, 1994: 89~92
55 Pivo, G. (1996). Toward Sustainable Urbanization on Mainstreet Cascadia. Cities 13(5): 339~354
56 [美]凯文·林奇,方益萍,何晓军译.城市意象.华夏出版社, 2001: 35~63
57 Teather, E. K. Time Out and Worlds Apart: Tradition and Modernity Meet in the Time-Space of the Gravesweeping Festivals of Hong Kong. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 2001, 22(2) : 156~172
58 Giddens, A. The Consequences of Modernity. Cambridge, Polity. 1990: 38~39
59欧阳致远.最后的消费——文明的自毁与补救.北京,人民出版社, 2000, P62
60文传浩,常学秀,周鸿.论我国城市生态园林公墓建设及其发展.城市环境与城市生态, 1998(11)
61左永仁.殡葬系统论.中国社会出版社, 2004: 163~184
62 [美]卡斯滕·哈里斯.申嘉,陈朝晖译.建筑的伦理功能.华夏出版社, 2001: 285~297
63齐康.纪念的凝思.北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 1996
64任德胜.加拿大——电脑墓园.中国民政. 1996(9): 41
65胡兆量.公墓园林化.规划师, 2003, 93~95
66李博.生态学.高等教育出版社, 2000: 26
67夏征农.辞海(普及本).上海辞书出版社, 1999: 637
68 B. Berglund, T. Lindiall, I. Samuelson, J. Sundell. Prescription for Healthy Building. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate. Stockholm. 1988. 5~14
69 [美]丹尼尔·贝尔,赵一凡译.资本主义文化矛盾.三联书店, 1989: 1~89
70 [美]乔治·巴萨拉,周光发译.技术发展简史.复旦大学出版社, 2000: 1~114
71西安建筑科技大学绿色建筑研究中心.绿色建筑.中国计划出版社, 1999: 1~304
72 D. A. MaIntyre. Indoor Climate. Applied Science Publishers, 1980: 81~113
73 Ossama A Abdou, Harold G Lorsch. The impact of the building indoor environment on occupant productivity-effects of indoor air quality, ASHRAE Trans, 1994: 59
74 Jinming Shen, Jianmin Yan. Indoor air quality in the Shanghai air-tight office building. Proceedings of air conditioning in high-rise buildings, 1997: 146~157
75 [美]弗·卡普拉冯禹等译.转折点:科学?社会?兴起中的新文化.中国人民大学出版社, 1989: 12
76 Marc Baeani. Space for Death and Human Being. Architecture and Unbanism 1997, 04
77 http: //www. picasaweb. Google. Com/. . . /Ha7Z0juRQRGXXJJUWhZooA
78 http: //www. Yuanlinger. Com
79王晓川.欧洲环境景观设计.机械工业出版社, 2007: 116
80埃德温·希思科特著.朱劲松,林莹译.纪念性建筑.大连理工大学出版社, 2003: 10~30, 75-180
81卞云龙.昆明龙宝山?玉案山公墓荒山生态恢复及生态建设研究.云南大学生态学专业硕士学位论文, 2000: 31~35
82 Fisher, G. J. Selection Criteria for the Placing of Cemetery Sites. Pretoria, South Africa, Geo-logical Survey of South Africa, 1992: 120~126
83 Pearson, H. E. Human infection caused by organisms of the Bacillus species. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1970(53): 506-515.
84殡葬管理条例(1997年7月21日国务院令第225号)
85安树青.生态学词典.东北林业大学出版社, 1994: 244
86 (德)海德格尔,陈伯冲译.建?居?思.建筑师(47): 84
87文传浩,周鸿.论风水观对中国传统丧葬文化的影响.西部, 2002, 11
88 Forman R T T,Godron M.1986.Landscape Ecology. New York:John Wiley&Sons
89 http://www.hxjt-lysj.com/index.asp
90徐岚.景观网络的几个问题.肖笃宁主编.景观生态学——理论方法及应用.中国林业出版社,1991: 156~160
91伍业钢,李哈滨.1992.景观生态学的理论发展.刘建国.当代生态学博论.中国科学技术出版社,1992:30~39
92 John Lobell.靜謐與光明:路易.康的建築精神.联经出版社, 1997: 25~80
93褚瑞基.卡罗·史卡帕Carlo Scarpa空间中流动的诗性.田园城市文化事业有限公司, 2007: 169~194
94 Anatxu 7abalbeascoa. Igualda Cemetery, Enric Miralles and Carme Pinos. Phaidon Press Limited, 1996
95 http: //www. Chasmiller. Com/
96安藤忠雄.白林译.安藤忠雄论建筑.中国建筑工业出版社, 2003: 135~200
97桢文彦.风之丘葬祭场. GA(Japan)[J]. ADA, 1997(7)
98温家宝.高度重视加强领导加快建设节约型社会[T].国务院公报, 2005, (21): 5~8
99周鸿.绿漫生态墓园——生态墓园与景观设计随笔,城市环境设计, Urban Space Design, 2007(3), 109~111
100建筑学报. Architectural Journal. 2008(2): 78~83
101 http: //www. Lifegem. Com. Tw/, 2008, 9
102毕译.恩里克·米拉莱斯.中国三峡出版社, 2006: 89~96
103 [美]Pete Melby, Tom Cathcart编著.张颖,李勇译.可持续性景观设计技术.机械工业出版社, 2006. 5
104 Henri A. Gandolfo. Metairie Cemetery, An Historical Memoir. Stewart Enterprises, Inc. New Orleans, Louisiana, 1981:
105 [美]弗雷德里克·斯坦纳.周年兴,李晓凌等译.生命的景观——景观规划的生态学途径.中国建筑工业出版社, 2004. 4
106 [英]汤姆·特纳.王珏译.景观规划与环境影响设计.中国建筑工业出版社, 2006. 6
107 (联邦德国)E.希尔德等著,岳文其?叶恒健?林若慈译,建筑环境物理学——在建筑设计中的应用.中国建筑工业出版社, 1987:
108王贵岭,光焕竹,王长广.殡仪馆微生物空气污染分析.黑龙江环境通报,2000
109龚锦编译.人体尺度与室内空间天津:天津科学技术出版社, 1987
110史坦利·亚伯克隆比,赵梦琳译.室内设计哲学.建筑情报季刊杂志社, 1999: 15~60
111 [美]F.众沃林斯荃著,孙牧虹等译.健康社会学.社会科学文献出版社, 1992
112钟玲等译.天气(Weather, Discovery Channel),探索书系.辽宁教育出版社, 2000: 44~49
113包慕萍.东京蒲公英之家,日本.世界建筑, 2001(4): 40~45
114 Terrain Evaluation and Data Storage, Midrand. Geological Survey of South Africa
115中国殡葬协会.火化设备技术.中国社会出版社, 2000: 56~57
116周湘津编译.鲍姆舒伦韦格火葬场.世界建筑, 2001, 2: 56~58
117厚生省環境徫生局企画课编.火葬場の施设基準に関すゐ研究.日本環境徫生??ㄆ?刊行,昭和45年
118 L. L多勒著,吴伟中?叶恒健译.建筑环境声学,中国建筑工业出版社, 1981: 46~70
119 [日]饭岛伸子著,包智明译.环境社会学.社会科学文献出版社, 1999
120 Yeang K. The Skyscraper: Bioclimatically Considered. London: Academy Editions. 1996: P24
121 [美]纳尔逊·哈默,杨海燕译.室内园林.中国轻工业出版社, 2001: 35~42
122 Ken Yeang. The Green Skyscraper. Prestel Verlag: Munich. London. New York, 1999
123建筑思潮研究所编,葬斋场·纳骨堂,株式会社建筑资料研究社, 1994: 3
124 Richard A Etlin. Symbolic Space, Chicago, University of Chicago, 1994: 20~61
125 Robertivy. Memorials, Monuments and Meaning. Architectural Record. 2002, 07: 84
126张宏.形式的意义与意义的形式——纪念性建筑的象征性.新建筑, 1997. 2: 37~39
127赫曼·赫兹伯格.建筑学教程2:空间与建筑师.天津大学出版社, 2003:
128邓皓.生态高技术.新建筑, 2000(3): 18
129 Danat Adrian. United states holocaust memorial museum. London, phaidon press, 1995
130 [英]休·奥尔德西—威廉斯.当代仿生建筑.大连理工大学出版社, 2004:25~30
131李保峰.生态建筑的思与行——托马斯·赫尔佐格教授访谈.新建筑,2001, (5)
132 Grace, M.: BREEAM-A Practical Method for Assessing the Stustainability of Building for the New Millennium. Proceedings of International Conference Sustainable Building 2000, October, Maastricht the Netherlands, 2000: 676~678
133李克国,魏国印,张宝安.环境经济学.中国环境科学出版社, 2003: 35
134张千帆.法学研究的“新范式”:建立严密的新实用—实证主义法学体系.法学文稿. 2001(2): 19~32
135 Nils larsson. Improving the Performance of Buildings,中国绿色建筑/可持续发展建筑国际研讨会论文集.中国建筑工业出版社, 2001: 28
136 National Research Concil. Risk assessm ent in the federal government: m anaging the process. Washington DC: National Academic Press, l983: 2l9~249
137靳尔刚.国外殡葬法规汇编.中国社会出版社, 2003
138王鹏,谭刚.生态建筑中的自然通风.世界建筑. 2000 , 4
139 Colin St John Wilson. The Architecture of Enric Miralles and Carme Pinos. Sites/Lumen books. 1990
140 Le Corpusier Ideas And Forms. Phaidon Press Limited. 1986
141 [意]安东内拉·胡贝尔.焦怡雪译.地域·场地·建筑.中国建筑工业出版社, 2004: 5~56
142 Charles. W. Moore等.侯锦雄等译.庭园诗学:景观建筑的诗意手法.台北:田园城市文化事业公司, 1999: 21~46
143齐康.纪念的凝思.北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 1996
144李美能,卢灼等.广州市新殡仪馆的创作.建筑学报, 2001, 9: 23~25
145宋晔皓.生态建筑设计需要建立整体生态建筑观.建筑学报, 2001,11: 16~19
146索韦尔公墓加建,贝加莫,意大利.世界建筑, 2002. 3: 67~69
147阿来佐城市公墓扩建工程,阿来佐,意大利.世界建筑. 2003. 11: 40~45
148格拉多·皮埃尔公墓扩建工程,比萨,意大利.世界建筑. 2003. 11: 46~49
149埃斯特雷拉公墓和礼拜堂,埃斯特雷拉,莫拉,葡萄牙.世界建筑, 2006. 2: 81~85
2 Aldo Rossi. The Blue of the sky: Madena Cemetery, Architectural Desin December 1982:
3海德格尔.存在与时间.陈嘉映,王庆节译.生活·读者·新知三联书店, 1999: 273~306
4泰勒.连树声译.原始文化:神话?哲学?宗教?语言?艺术和习俗发展之研究.上海文艺出版社, 1992: 847
5王贵祥.东西方的建筑空间:传统中国与中世纪西方建筑的文化阐释.百花文艺出版社, 2006: 4
6张浩.思维发生学——从动物思维到人的思维.中国社会科学出版社, 1994: 284
7郭于华.死的困扰与生的执著——中国民间丧葬仪礼与传统生死观.人民大学出版社, 1992: 127
8 Giancarlo De Carlo, Carlo Nepi. Massimo Carmass Progetti Per una citta Pisa 1975/1985: 35
9李玉华.佛教对中国殡葬文化的影响.民政论坛. 2001, (3): 45
10孙宗文.中国建筑与哲学.江苏科学技术出版社. 2000: 337~345
11 Howard Colvin. Architecture and after~life, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1991
12芒福德( L. Mumford )著.倪文彦?宋俊岭译.城市发展史:起源?演变和前景.中国建筑工业出版社, 1989
13高蓓.有关建筑的忧生乐死.室内建筑与装修. 2003, (4)
14靳凤林.窥探生死线——中国死亡文化研究.中国民族大学出版社, 1999
15 http: //www. Haokanbu. Com/story/17171/?page=2
16郭存亮.白事博览.中国社会出版社, 1992
17刘敦桢.中国古代建筑史.中国建筑工业出版社, 1984: 159
18王正平.环境哲学.上海人民出版社, 2004, 69~75
19 http: //www. Grove street cemetery. Org
20 www. Headington. Org. uk/. . . /crematorium. Htm
21 [法]米歇尔·沃维尔,高凌翰译.死亡文化史.中国人民大学出版社. 2004:581
22亢亮,亢羽.风水与城市.百花文艺出版社, 1999: 68
23程建军.藏风得水风——风水与建筑.中国电影出版社, 2005, (2): 3~5
24王其亨主编.风水理论研究.天津大学出版社, 1992: 25~30
25 [清]蒋平阶,李锋整理.水龙经.海南出版社, 2004: 11~22
26王克英,朱铁臻主编.城市生态经济知识全书.经济科学出版社, 1998: 509
27 Early Burials in Weedsport NY Rural Cemetery, Weedsport, New York
28 Howard C. Raether, J. D. Editor. The Funeral Director’s Practice Management Handbook. Prince-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1989
29日本建筑学会编.建筑设计资料集/集会·市民服务篇.重庆大学建筑城规学院译.天津大学出版社, 2006: 72~75
30 [挪]克里斯蒂安·诺伯格—舒尔茨.李路珂,欧阳恬之译.中国建筑工业出版社, 2005: 7~13, 225-229
31董卫,王建国.可持续发展的城市与建筑设计.东南大学出版社, 1999: 16~46
32马世骏.生态规律在环境管理中的作用.环境科学学报, 1981(1): 95~99
33 W·McDonough, Braungart. The Next Industrial Revolution. Atlantic Monthly. 1998(10): 26~30
34孙儒泳,李博,诸葛阳,尚玉昌.普通生态学.高等教育出版社, 1998: 209~211
35罗·麦金托什.生态学概念和理论的发展.中国科学技术出版社, 1991: 4~9
36 [德]H·萨克塞,文韬,佩云译.生态哲学.东方出版社, 1991: 103
37金观涛.整体的哲学.四川人民出版社, 1987: 11
38马国馨.丹下健三.中国建筑工业出版社, 1999: 1~46
39汉语外来语词典,岑麟祥编,商务出版社, 1990, 143
40吴良镛,世纪之交的凝思:建筑学的未来,清华大学出版社, 1999: 5
41 [加]艾伦·卡尔松.陈李波译.自然与景观.湖南科学技术出版社,2006:23-27
42 I. L.麦克哈格著,芮经纬译.设计结合自然.中国建筑工业出版社, 1992: 39~ 43,50~58
43 Kan Yang. The Green skyscraper: The Basis for Designing Sustainable Intensive Buildings. Prestel, 1997: 89
44周浩明,张晓东.生态建筑.东南大学出版社, 2002. 3
45 Turner T. Landscape Planning. New York: Nichols Publishing, 1987
46陈爽,王进,詹志勇.生态景观与城市形态整合研究.地理科学进展, 2004. 5
47刘玉华,刘奎.浅议景观生态学在城市绿地系统规划中的应用.江苏林业科技, 2004: 5~10
48邬建国.景观生态学——格局、过程、尺度与等级.高等教育出版社.2000: 17~34
49 http: //www. Stats. Gov. cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/《人口研究》2001, (4)
50 http: //zh. Wikipedia. Org/
51 Santarsiero, A. D. Cutilli, et al. (2000). Environmental and Legislative Aspects Concerning Existing and New Cemetery Planning. Microchemical Journal 67(1-3): 141~145
52 Pearson, H. E. (1970). Human infection caused by organisms of the Bacillus species. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 53: 506~515
53 Santarsiero, A.L. Minelli, et al. . Hygienic Aspects Related to Burial. Microchemical Journal 67(1-3) , 2000: 135~139
54 Fisher, G. J. The Selection of Cemetery Sites in South Africa. Proceeding: 4th Symposium on, 1994: 89~92
55 Pivo, G. (1996). Toward Sustainable Urbanization on Mainstreet Cascadia. Cities 13(5): 339~354
56 [美]凯文·林奇,方益萍,何晓军译.城市意象.华夏出版社, 2001: 35~63
57 Teather, E. K. Time Out and Worlds Apart: Tradition and Modernity Meet in the Time-Space of the Gravesweeping Festivals of Hong Kong. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 2001, 22(2) : 156~172
58 Giddens, A. The Consequences of Modernity. Cambridge, Polity. 1990: 38~39
59欧阳致远.最后的消费——文明的自毁与补救.北京,人民出版社, 2000, P62
60文传浩,常学秀,周鸿.论我国城市生态园林公墓建设及其发展.城市环境与城市生态, 1998(11)
61左永仁.殡葬系统论.中国社会出版社, 2004: 163~184
62 [美]卡斯滕·哈里斯.申嘉,陈朝晖译.建筑的伦理功能.华夏出版社, 2001: 285~297
63齐康.纪念的凝思.北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 1996
64任德胜.加拿大——电脑墓园.中国民政. 1996(9): 41
65胡兆量.公墓园林化.规划师, 2003, 93~95
66李博.生态学.高等教育出版社, 2000: 26
67夏征农.辞海(普及本).上海辞书出版社, 1999: 637
68 B. Berglund, T. Lindiall, I. Samuelson, J. Sundell. Prescription for Healthy Building. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate. Stockholm. 1988. 5~14
69 [美]丹尼尔·贝尔,赵一凡译.资本主义文化矛盾.三联书店, 1989: 1~89
70 [美]乔治·巴萨拉,周光发译.技术发展简史.复旦大学出版社, 2000: 1~114
71西安建筑科技大学绿色建筑研究中心.绿色建筑.中国计划出版社, 1999: 1~304
72 D. A. MaIntyre. Indoor Climate. Applied Science Publishers, 1980: 81~113
73 Ossama A Abdou, Harold G Lorsch. The impact of the building indoor environment on occupant productivity-effects of indoor air quality, ASHRAE Trans, 1994: 59
74 Jinming Shen, Jianmin Yan. Indoor air quality in the Shanghai air-tight office building. Proceedings of air conditioning in high-rise buildings, 1997: 146~157
75 [美]弗·卡普拉冯禹等译.转折点:科学?社会?兴起中的新文化.中国人民大学出版社, 1989: 12
76 Marc Baeani. Space for Death and Human Being. Architecture and Unbanism 1997, 04
77 http: //www. picasaweb. Google. Com/. . . /Ha7Z0juRQRGXXJJUWhZooA
78 http: //www. Yuanlinger. Com
79王晓川.欧洲环境景观设计.机械工业出版社, 2007: 116
80埃德温·希思科特著.朱劲松,林莹译.纪念性建筑.大连理工大学出版社, 2003: 10~30, 75-180
81卞云龙.昆明龙宝山?玉案山公墓荒山生态恢复及生态建设研究.云南大学生态学专业硕士学位论文, 2000: 31~35
82 Fisher, G. J. Selection Criteria for the Placing of Cemetery Sites. Pretoria, South Africa, Geo-logical Survey of South Africa, 1992: 120~126
83 Pearson, H. E. Human infection caused by organisms of the Bacillus species. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1970(53): 506-515.
84殡葬管理条例(1997年7月21日国务院令第225号)
85安树青.生态学词典.东北林业大学出版社, 1994: 244
86 (德)海德格尔,陈伯冲译.建?居?思.建筑师(47): 84
87文传浩,周鸿.论风水观对中国传统丧葬文化的影响.西部, 2002, 11
88 Forman R T T,Godron M.1986.Landscape Ecology. New York:John Wiley&Sons
89 http://www.hxjt-lysj.com/index.asp
90徐岚.景观网络的几个问题.肖笃宁主编.景观生态学——理论方法及应用.中国林业出版社,1991: 156~160
91伍业钢,李哈滨.1992.景观生态学的理论发展.刘建国.当代生态学博论.中国科学技术出版社,1992:30~39
92 John Lobell.靜謐與光明:路易.康的建築精神.联经出版社, 1997: 25~80
93褚瑞基.卡罗·史卡帕Carlo Scarpa空间中流动的诗性.田园城市文化事业有限公司, 2007: 169~194
94 Anatxu 7abalbeascoa. Igualda Cemetery, Enric Miralles and Carme Pinos. Phaidon Press Limited, 1996
95 http: //www. Chasmiller. Com/
96安藤忠雄.白林译.安藤忠雄论建筑.中国建筑工业出版社, 2003: 135~200
97桢文彦.风之丘葬祭场. GA(Japan)[J]. ADA, 1997(7)
98温家宝.高度重视加强领导加快建设节约型社会[T].国务院公报, 2005, (21): 5~8
99周鸿.绿漫生态墓园——生态墓园与景观设计随笔,城市环境设计, Urban Space Design, 2007(3), 109~111
100建筑学报. Architectural Journal. 2008(2): 78~83
101 http: //www. Lifegem. Com. Tw/, 2008, 9
102毕译.恩里克·米拉莱斯.中国三峡出版社, 2006: 89~96
103 [美]Pete Melby, Tom Cathcart编著.张颖,李勇译.可持续性景观设计技术.机械工业出版社, 2006. 5
104 Henri A. Gandolfo. Metairie Cemetery, An Historical Memoir. Stewart Enterprises, Inc. New Orleans, Louisiana, 1981:
105 [美]弗雷德里克·斯坦纳.周年兴,李晓凌等译.生命的景观——景观规划的生态学途径.中国建筑工业出版社, 2004. 4
106 [英]汤姆·特纳.王珏译.景观规划与环境影响设计.中国建筑工业出版社, 2006. 6
107 (联邦德国)E.希尔德等著,岳文其?叶恒健?林若慈译,建筑环境物理学——在建筑设计中的应用.中国建筑工业出版社, 1987:
108王贵岭,光焕竹,王长广.殡仪馆微生物空气污染分析.黑龙江环境通报,2000
109龚锦编译.人体尺度与室内空间天津:天津科学技术出版社, 1987
110史坦利·亚伯克隆比,赵梦琳译.室内设计哲学.建筑情报季刊杂志社, 1999: 15~60
111 [美]F.众沃林斯荃著,孙牧虹等译.健康社会学.社会科学文献出版社, 1992
112钟玲等译.天气(Weather, Discovery Channel),探索书系.辽宁教育出版社, 2000: 44~49
113包慕萍.东京蒲公英之家,日本.世界建筑, 2001(4): 40~45
114 Terrain Evaluation and Data Storage, Midrand. Geological Survey of South Africa
115中国殡葬协会.火化设备技术.中国社会出版社, 2000: 56~57
116周湘津编译.鲍姆舒伦韦格火葬场.世界建筑, 2001, 2: 56~58
117厚生省環境徫生局企画课编.火葬場の施设基準に関すゐ研究.日本環境徫生??ㄆ?刊行,昭和45年
118 L. L多勒著,吴伟中?叶恒健译.建筑环境声学,中国建筑工业出版社, 1981: 46~70
119 [日]饭岛伸子著,包智明译.环境社会学.社会科学文献出版社, 1999
120 Yeang K. The Skyscraper: Bioclimatically Considered. London: Academy Editions. 1996: P24
121 [美]纳尔逊·哈默,杨海燕译.室内园林.中国轻工业出版社, 2001: 35~42
122 Ken Yeang. The Green Skyscraper. Prestel Verlag: Munich. London. New York, 1999
123建筑思潮研究所编,葬斋场·纳骨堂,株式会社建筑资料研究社, 1994: 3
124 Richard A Etlin. Symbolic Space, Chicago, University of Chicago, 1994: 20~61
125 Robertivy. Memorials, Monuments and Meaning. Architectural Record. 2002, 07: 84
126张宏.形式的意义与意义的形式——纪念性建筑的象征性.新建筑, 1997. 2: 37~39
127赫曼·赫兹伯格.建筑学教程2:空间与建筑师.天津大学出版社, 2003:
128邓皓.生态高技术.新建筑, 2000(3): 18
129 Danat Adrian. United states holocaust memorial museum. London, phaidon press, 1995
130 [英]休·奥尔德西—威廉斯.当代仿生建筑.大连理工大学出版社, 2004:25~30
131李保峰.生态建筑的思与行——托马斯·赫尔佐格教授访谈.新建筑,2001, (5)
132 Grace, M.: BREEAM-A Practical Method for Assessing the Stustainability of Building for the New Millennium. Proceedings of International Conference Sustainable Building 2000, October, Maastricht the Netherlands, 2000: 676~678
133李克国,魏国印,张宝安.环境经济学.中国环境科学出版社, 2003: 35
134张千帆.法学研究的“新范式”:建立严密的新实用—实证主义法学体系.法学文稿. 2001(2): 19~32
135 Nils larsson. Improving the Performance of Buildings,中国绿色建筑/可持续发展建筑国际研讨会论文集.中国建筑工业出版社, 2001: 28
136 National Research Concil. Risk assessm ent in the federal government: m anaging the process. Washington DC: National Academic Press, l983: 2l9~249
137靳尔刚.国外殡葬法规汇编.中国社会出版社, 2003
138王鹏,谭刚.生态建筑中的自然通风.世界建筑. 2000 , 4
139 Colin St John Wilson. The Architecture of Enric Miralles and Carme Pinos. Sites/Lumen books. 1990
140 Le Corpusier Ideas And Forms. Phaidon Press Limited. 1986
141 [意]安东内拉·胡贝尔.焦怡雪译.地域·场地·建筑.中国建筑工业出版社, 2004: 5~56
142 Charles. W. Moore等.侯锦雄等译.庭园诗学:景观建筑的诗意手法.台北:田园城市文化事业公司, 1999: 21~46
143齐康.纪念的凝思.北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 1996
144李美能,卢灼等.广州市新殡仪馆的创作.建筑学报, 2001, 9: 23~25
145宋晔皓.生态建筑设计需要建立整体生态建筑观.建筑学报, 2001,11: 16~19
146索韦尔公墓加建,贝加莫,意大利.世界建筑, 2002. 3: 67~69
147阿来佐城市公墓扩建工程,阿来佐,意大利.世界建筑. 2003. 11: 40~45
148格拉多·皮埃尔公墓扩建工程,比萨,意大利.世界建筑. 2003. 11: 46~49
149埃斯特雷拉公墓和礼拜堂,埃斯特雷拉,莫拉,葡萄牙.世界建筑, 2006. 2: 81~85