西北农村社区参与式管理下的地方政府行为分析
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摘要
西北农村是目前中国最贫困的地区,西北农民是中国最贫穷的社会群体。基于西北农村社区地域特征和治理现状,引进参与式社区管理机制是西北农村社区摆脱贫困、实现可持续发展的内在要求和必然选择。农村社区参与式管理是多方治理相结合的产物,既不完全是社区农户的自治行为,也不完全是政府的治理行为。前者提供社区可持续发展的动力,后者为这种动力提供外部保障,二者不可偏废。
社区的参与式管理不可能在真空中进行。纵观国内外众多的农村社区发展案例可以看出,凡成功者无一不是依靠农村内部驱动以及地方政府外力支持的合力下发展起来的,地方政府在参与式管理中的作用是不可或缺的。单一的项目难以从根本上解决大部分落后农村社区的发展问题,地方政府积极参与才能增强社区居民参与发展的潜能。
本文针对当前农村社区的实际情况以及社区治理对地方政府的要求,深入探讨地方政府同当地农村社区的相互关系和互动过程,对地方政府职能边界进行合理界定,以期在地方政府和农村社区的功能互补与功能分化之间寻求一种平衡机制,推动西北农村社区持续稳定的发展。在参与式管理视角下,深入探讨地方政府同当地农村社区的相互关系和互动过程,分析地方政府参与社区共管行为并对其职能作出合理界定,对于调整地方政府治理行为充分发挥其最大作用,加强地方政府的政权建设和推动农村社区发展具有一定的现实意义和理论价值。
Rural area in northwest of China is the poorest area,the peasants in the northwest is the poorest groups in society. Based on both of regional character and the managing situation in the northwest countryside , establishing the participation management mechanism of rural community in the northwest countryside is the instinct request also the best choice to get rid of poverty and realize the sustainable development. The participation of countryside community is the outcome of collaboration in community management,it is incompletely the community peasants' autonomous behavior, and is incompletely government's governance behavior, neither .The former provides the community the sustainable development the power, the latter provides exterior safeguard for this kind of power, either of them cannot be emphasized or be neglected.
Rural community participation management can not work without the support from local government. It is necessary for poor rural communities to provide economic support for them,but it is also important to enhance and stimulate local residents' consciousness of natural resource protection and to develop community institutions through some external projects.
In hope of searching for a equilibrium mechanism between local government and the rural communities and impelling northwest rural community to continue its sustaining and stable development,the article is focus on both of the actual situation and what the community management request the local government for,to discusses the relationship and the interaction between the rural community and local government.,to make a proper definition of government function. From participant governance perspective, the article discusses the interaction and relationship between the local government and rural community deeply, and analyses the community governant behavior of local government and defines the functions of local government,which are both of theoretical and practical significance not only to the construction and the development of the rural community but also to the alteration of the government behavior in community governance.
社区的参与式管理不可能在真空中进行。纵观国内外众多的农村社区发展案例可以看出,凡成功者无一不是依靠农村内部驱动以及地方政府外力支持的合力下发展起来的,地方政府在参与式管理中的作用是不可或缺的。单一的项目难以从根本上解决大部分落后农村社区的发展问题,地方政府积极参与才能增强社区居民参与发展的潜能。
本文针对当前农村社区的实际情况以及社区治理对地方政府的要求,深入探讨地方政府同当地农村社区的相互关系和互动过程,对地方政府职能边界进行合理界定,以期在地方政府和农村社区的功能互补与功能分化之间寻求一种平衡机制,推动西北农村社区持续稳定的发展。在参与式管理视角下,深入探讨地方政府同当地农村社区的相互关系和互动过程,分析地方政府参与社区共管行为并对其职能作出合理界定,对于调整地方政府治理行为充分发挥其最大作用,加强地方政府的政权建设和推动农村社区发展具有一定的现实意义和理论价值。
Rural area in northwest of China is the poorest area,the peasants in the northwest is the poorest groups in society. Based on both of regional character and the managing situation in the northwest countryside , establishing the participation management mechanism of rural community in the northwest countryside is the instinct request also the best choice to get rid of poverty and realize the sustainable development. The participation of countryside community is the outcome of collaboration in community management,it is incompletely the community peasants' autonomous behavior, and is incompletely government's governance behavior, neither .The former provides the community the sustainable development the power, the latter provides exterior safeguard for this kind of power, either of them cannot be emphasized or be neglected.
Rural community participation management can not work without the support from local government. It is necessary for poor rural communities to provide economic support for them,but it is also important to enhance and stimulate local residents' consciousness of natural resource protection and to develop community institutions through some external projects.
In hope of searching for a equilibrium mechanism between local government and the rural communities and impelling northwest rural community to continue its sustaining and stable development,the article is focus on both of the actual situation and what the community management request the local government for,to discusses the relationship and the interaction between the rural community and local government.,to make a proper definition of government function. From participant governance perspective, the article discusses the interaction and relationship between the local government and rural community deeply, and analyses the community governant behavior of local government and defines the functions of local government,which are both of theoretical and practical significance not only to the construction and the development of the rural community but also to the alteration of the government behavior in community governance.
引文
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[2]Burkey.S.People First:A Guide to Self—Reliant Participatory Rural Development[M].London:Zed,1993.
[3]Robert Chambers.Challenging the professions:Frontiers for Rural Development,Intermediate Technology Publications[M].1993.
[4](美)施坚雅.中国农村的市场和社会结构[M].中国社会科学出版社,1998.
[5]陈漭,许斌.社会自治与政府职能的转变[M].中国社会出版社,2005.
[6]张俊芳.中国城市社区的组织与管理[M].东南大学出版社,2004.
[7]叶南客.都市社会的微观再造—中外城市社区比较新论[M].东南大学出版社,2003.
[8]韩俊.当前农村最需要关注的七大问题[J].嘹望新闻周刊,2006(6).
[9]张勤.推动农村公共服务建设是服务型政府的重要职能[J].中国行政管理,2006(7).
[10]丁元竹.“十一五”开局关键在落实[J].嘹望新闻周刊,2006(1).
[11]黄海霞,汤耀国.政府改革“十一五”领跑[J].晾望新闻周刊,2006(1).
[12]陈振明.公共管理学(第二版)[M].中国人民大学出版社,2003.
[13]格里·斯托克.作为理论的治理:五个论点[J].国际社会科学,1999(1).
[14]程又中 陈伟东.国家与农民:公共产品供给角色与功能定位[J].新华文摘,2006(12).
[15]赵辰昕.乡政府管理[M].中国广播电视出版社,1998.
[16]陈天祥.中国地方政府制度创新研究——政府、产权、一市场三维互动的透视[M].高等教育出版社,2002.
[17]程同顺.当代中国农村政治发展研究[M].天津人民出版社,2000.
[18]钱振明.苏南乡镇政权建设研究[M].人民出版社,1999.
[19]韦惠兰,段小霞.自然保护模式转型的经济学分析[J].绿色经济,1994.
[20]杜受祜.参与式管理与农民权利保护[J].林业与社会,2004,12(1).
[21]张宏,杨新军,李邵刚.社区共管:自然保护区资源管理模式的新突破—以太白山大湾村为例[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2004,14(3).
[22]苏杨.中国西部自然保护区与周边社区协调发展的研究[J].农村生态环境,2004,20(1)
[23]李永杰.周边社区扶持项目与自然保护区多种经营结合模式的探讨—以云南南滚河国家级自然保护区为例[J].林业调查规划,2002,27(增刊).
[24]诸葛仁,陈挺舫.武夷山自然保护区资源管理中社区参与机制的探讨[J].农村生态环境,2000,16(1).
[25]和世钧,杨宇明,田昆.云南文山自然保护区开展社区共管的研究[J].西南林学院学报,2003,23(4).
[26]吴小敏,徐海根,蒋明康,等.试论自然保护区与社区协调发展[J].农村生态环境,2002,18(2).
[27]叶敬忠.农民发展创新中的社会网络[J].农业经济问题,2004(9):37-43.
[28]刘豪兴.农村社会学[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004.
[29]周浩然,李荣启.文化国力论[M].沈阳:辽宁人民出版社,2000.
[30]徐浩.农民经济的历史变迁:中英乡村社会区域发展比较[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2002.
[31]荣敬本等.从压力型体制向民主合作体制的转变:县乡两级政治体制改革[M].北京:中央编译出版社,1998.