银杏孢粉学分类及营养生理特性研究
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摘要
银杏(Ginkgo biloba)是世界珍贵的孑遗植物,具有重要的研究与开发利用价值。本试验以我国主要银杏产区100年以上的实生雄株花粉为试验材料,通过孢粉学方法对其进行研究分类,并结合地质学与考古学推测我国银杏可能存在的起源中心,为探索我国银杏起源中心提供了孢粉学依据;通过对休眠期银杏树体中营养成分的测定分析,探讨了银杏在休眠期营养成分的变化规律,对合理施肥及生产实践提供理论依据;通过32P同位素示踪技术,研究了苗期银杏对磷素的吸收和分布状况,对苗期银杏磷肥的合理施用和苗木的培育提供一定的科学依据。结果表明:
1、通过扫描电镜观察,发现银杏花粉粒表面具有特异性的结构,如小孔和突起;根据花粉外壁纹理的稀疏差异,将花粉分为三种类型:Ⅰ、粗糙型,Ⅱ、光滑型,Ⅲ、中间型;通过对花粉个体形态的测定,发现银杏花粉个体形态差异显著,这是其种质资源多样性的表现,在一定程度上反映了不同的雄株基因型上存在的差异。
2、通过对银杏花粉的能谱分析,发现花粉中C>O>P>Mg,且各地所采集花粉中这4种元素含量差异显著。
3、结合银杏花粉中个体形态观测和能谱分析结果,进行聚类分析。将聚类结果与地质学与考古学结合推断出我国银杏可能存在的起源中心:Ⅰ、西南起源中心,Ⅱ、华东起源中心,Ⅲ、华北起源中心。
4、通过对休眠期银杏枝条中营养成分的测定分析,发现银杏枝条中可溶性糖含量呈现先升后降的变化趋势,并且雌株的这种变化趋势比雄株明显,雌株枝条中可溶性糖含量高于雄株,1年生枝条>2、3年生枝条;枝条中淀粉含量呈现先升后降再升的变化趋势,雄株高于雌株,这点与可溶性糖相反,1、2、3年生枝条中淀粉含量差异不显著;雄株枝条中蛋白质含量呈现先升后降的变化趋势,雌株枝条休眠前期较稳定,后期呈下降趋势,雄株枝条中蛋白质含量高于雌株, 3年生枝条>2年生枝条>1年生枝条。
5、通过对叶片衰老期银杏雄株叶片中营养成分的测定分析,发现叶片中可溶性糖含量呈现先升再降的变化趋势,1年生长枝上的叶片>2年生短枝上的叶片;叶片中淀粉含量呈现下降的变化趋势,1年生长枝上的叶片>2年生短枝上的叶片;叶片中蛋白质含量呈现下降趋势。
6、利用32P研究银杏对磷素营养的吸收与分布测定结果发现,从第1d至第7d,苗期银杏对磷素的吸收随着培养时间的增加而增加,吸收率由2.63%增加至4.56%;从第7d至第14d,苗期银杏对磷素吸收下降较明显,由4.56%降低至3.23%。磷元素在各部位的分配比例为茎>侧根>主根>叶。
Ginkgo biloba .L, a rare relict plant in the word, has an important value of research and exploitation. In this paper, origin center of Ginkgo was studied through palynology method, combining with research results of geology and archeology using seedling plant pollen of Ginkgo as experimental material, which tree age more than 100 years old in main production area of China. The research result provides palynology evidence for origin center of Ginkgo. Variation of nourishment composition in dormancy period of Ginkgo was probed by determination. And this result provided a theory for reasonable fertilization. P absorbing and distribution in Ginkgo was researched by 32P tracer technique, which result providing some scientific proof for fertilization and breeding in Ginkgo seedling period. The main results were showed as follow.
1. There are specific pore and bump construction observed by SEM on the face of pollen grain. According to difference of pollen exine, pollen was classified 3 types, rough, smooth and middle. Individual form of Ginkgo pollen has significant differences by measure. It is performance of diversity of Ginkgo germplasm resources, and this diversity reflects genetype difference in different male plant in some degree.
2. The result of energy spectrum analysis showed that C>O>P>Mg in pollen, and the content of the 4 elements collected from different place have obviously different each other.
3. The cluster analysis was conducted to the results of shape observation and energy spectrum analysis. It can concluded, combining the results of cluster analysis with geology and archeology, that there were 3 possible origin center about Ginkgo,ⅠSoutheast origin center,ⅡEast origin center,Ⅲnorth origin center.
4. The result of nutrition mensuration in dormancy stage branches showed as follow: change trend of soluble sugar content in Ginkgo branch was rises first and fall later, and this trend was obviously in female plant than male. Soluble sugar content was higher in female plant than male, and highest in 1-year-old branch then 2 and then 3-year-old. Starch content varied trend was up-down-up. Opposite to soluble sugar content, it was higher in male plant. But there was no obvious difference between 1, 2 and 3 year-old branch. In male plant, protein content was up-down-up, but steady earlier and down later in female plant. Protein content was higher in male plant than female plant, highest in 3-year-old branch, lowest in 1-year-old branch.
5. In leaf senescence phase, the varied trend of soluble sugar was down-up-down in male plant, starch and protein was down along. In 1-year-old branch, soluble sugar and starch content was higher than in 2-year-old.
6. Absorbing and distribution of P in Ginkgo was researched by 32P isotope tracer. The results showed that: from first to the 7th day, 32P absorbing was increasing as long as cultivation, P absorbility rose to 4.56% from 2.63%. From the 7th day to the 14th day, it declined from 4.56% to 3.23%. The proportion of P distribution in every department was stem, lateral root, main root, leaf.
1、通过扫描电镜观察,发现银杏花粉粒表面具有特异性的结构,如小孔和突起;根据花粉外壁纹理的稀疏差异,将花粉分为三种类型:Ⅰ、粗糙型,Ⅱ、光滑型,Ⅲ、中间型;通过对花粉个体形态的测定,发现银杏花粉个体形态差异显著,这是其种质资源多样性的表现,在一定程度上反映了不同的雄株基因型上存在的差异。
2、通过对银杏花粉的能谱分析,发现花粉中C>O>P>Mg,且各地所采集花粉中这4种元素含量差异显著。
3、结合银杏花粉中个体形态观测和能谱分析结果,进行聚类分析。将聚类结果与地质学与考古学结合推断出我国银杏可能存在的起源中心:Ⅰ、西南起源中心,Ⅱ、华东起源中心,Ⅲ、华北起源中心。
4、通过对休眠期银杏枝条中营养成分的测定分析,发现银杏枝条中可溶性糖含量呈现先升后降的变化趋势,并且雌株的这种变化趋势比雄株明显,雌株枝条中可溶性糖含量高于雄株,1年生枝条>2、3年生枝条;枝条中淀粉含量呈现先升后降再升的变化趋势,雄株高于雌株,这点与可溶性糖相反,1、2、3年生枝条中淀粉含量差异不显著;雄株枝条中蛋白质含量呈现先升后降的变化趋势,雌株枝条休眠前期较稳定,后期呈下降趋势,雄株枝条中蛋白质含量高于雌株, 3年生枝条>2年生枝条>1年生枝条。
5、通过对叶片衰老期银杏雄株叶片中营养成分的测定分析,发现叶片中可溶性糖含量呈现先升再降的变化趋势,1年生长枝上的叶片>2年生短枝上的叶片;叶片中淀粉含量呈现下降的变化趋势,1年生长枝上的叶片>2年生短枝上的叶片;叶片中蛋白质含量呈现下降趋势。
6、利用32P研究银杏对磷素营养的吸收与分布测定结果发现,从第1d至第7d,苗期银杏对磷素的吸收随着培养时间的增加而增加,吸收率由2.63%增加至4.56%;从第7d至第14d,苗期银杏对磷素吸收下降较明显,由4.56%降低至3.23%。磷元素在各部位的分配比例为茎>侧根>主根>叶。
Ginkgo biloba .L, a rare relict plant in the word, has an important value of research and exploitation. In this paper, origin center of Ginkgo was studied through palynology method, combining with research results of geology and archeology using seedling plant pollen of Ginkgo as experimental material, which tree age more than 100 years old in main production area of China. The research result provides palynology evidence for origin center of Ginkgo. Variation of nourishment composition in dormancy period of Ginkgo was probed by determination. And this result provided a theory for reasonable fertilization. P absorbing and distribution in Ginkgo was researched by 32P tracer technique, which result providing some scientific proof for fertilization and breeding in Ginkgo seedling period. The main results were showed as follow.
1. There are specific pore and bump construction observed by SEM on the face of pollen grain. According to difference of pollen exine, pollen was classified 3 types, rough, smooth and middle. Individual form of Ginkgo pollen has significant differences by measure. It is performance of diversity of Ginkgo germplasm resources, and this diversity reflects genetype difference in different male plant in some degree.
2. The result of energy spectrum analysis showed that C>O>P>Mg in pollen, and the content of the 4 elements collected from different place have obviously different each other.
3. The cluster analysis was conducted to the results of shape observation and energy spectrum analysis. It can concluded, combining the results of cluster analysis with geology and archeology, that there were 3 possible origin center about Ginkgo,ⅠSoutheast origin center,ⅡEast origin center,Ⅲnorth origin center.
4. The result of nutrition mensuration in dormancy stage branches showed as follow: change trend of soluble sugar content in Ginkgo branch was rises first and fall later, and this trend was obviously in female plant than male. Soluble sugar content was higher in female plant than male, and highest in 1-year-old branch then 2 and then 3-year-old. Starch content varied trend was up-down-up. Opposite to soluble sugar content, it was higher in male plant. But there was no obvious difference between 1, 2 and 3 year-old branch. In male plant, protein content was up-down-up, but steady earlier and down later in female plant. Protein content was higher in male plant than female plant, highest in 3-year-old branch, lowest in 1-year-old branch.
5. In leaf senescence phase, the varied trend of soluble sugar was down-up-down in male plant, starch and protein was down along. In 1-year-old branch, soluble sugar and starch content was higher than in 2-year-old.
6. Absorbing and distribution of P in Ginkgo was researched by 32P isotope tracer. The results showed that: from first to the 7th day, 32P absorbing was increasing as long as cultivation, P absorbility rose to 4.56% from 2.63%. From the 7th day to the 14th day, it declined from 4.56% to 3.23%. The proportion of P distribution in every department was stem, lateral root, main root, leaf.
引文
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