大同本土年轻人对普通话及大同话的态度
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摘要
20世纪60年代,全世界研究语言态度的社会语言学家指出,人们对于自己及其他语言、方言,都有明确的看法。语言态度反映了人们在群组间交流时使用标准语的情况。本研究将在山西省大同市进行。大同本土人同时使用普通话和大同方言。山西大同地处北京,太原和呼和浩特三地的地理三角的中心。其独特的地理位置必定会影响本土人的语言使用及态度。而且,大同自从2008年起向旅游城市的方向发展。未来普通话在该地使用将越来月广泛。因此,大同本土人对普通话及大同方言的态度也将会渐渐随之产生变化。尤其是年轻人。对于各类事物,他们都有其各自的想法。
该研究旨在调查大同本土年轻人对普通话及大同方言的态度,以解释年轻人语言态度和其价值观、信仰等的关系以及如何选择具体语言或方言。对当前年轻人的语言态度的研究,关系到今后整座城市的语言发展。从更广泛的角度讲,语言态度的研究将对语言或方言的社会功能的理解和语言规划的必要性都作出贡献,同时也为外语教学提供一些新的观点。
根据对前人语言态度研究的综述,该研究采取定量和定性并用的方法。具体方法有问卷调查,配对变语法和采访。问卷调查表明调查对象对普通话及大同方言的有意识、显性评价。对其中一些极端的问卷将继续使用配对变语法和采访进一步做调查,以期获得其潜意识中对普通话和大同方言的隐性看法。
经过研究,得出四个结论：第一,在低位与等同维度上,研究结果与前人结果保持一致。所有调查对象都认为普通话好听,但是会让听者产生距离感,而且让人感觉说普通话的讲话者比说大同方言的讲话者地位高。而大同方言则具有等同感,缩短了讲话者与听者的距离。第二,在性别方面,研究结果支持前人在该方面的研究。讲普通话的女性多于男性。时至今日,女性的社会地位仍未完全与男性平等。而讲普通话能够表现出一个人的高品质。因而,女性尽可能多的讲普通话以提高她们的地位。另外,该研究中涉及的其他方面,即年龄,身份,教育程度和童年经历,预想中这些方面会影响人们对普通话及大同方言的态度。事实上,它们在调查对象的看法中并没有起到实质性、绝对性的作用。大多数调查对象,他们的语言态度受到一方面影响的同时,也受到其他一方面或者几方面的影响。即使一些调查对象被同一方面影响,他们之间也会存在各自不同的情况,导致他们对语言态度持不同的看法。最后,从个人及整座城市发展的角度看,普通话对个人交流有很大帮助,因为大同正在向旅游城市发展,将会接待越来越多的外地游客。而大同方言,则是唯一为大同本土人所有,是大同本土文化的遗产。因此,普通话应该进一步发展、学习,而大同话应该当做地域文化的一部分保留下去。
Researchers concentrating on language attitude in sociolinguistics all over the world pointed out in the early 1960s that people have a clear attitude towards their own language and other languages or dialects. The attitude reflects how people learn and use a standard language in intergroup communication. The research will be conducted in Datong, Shanxi, where natives use Mandarin and Datong dialect. It stands in the center of the triangle of Beijing, Taiyuan and Hohhot in geography. The special location must influence natives'language use and attitude. And Datong has been developing to a tourism city since 2008. Mandarin will be used more and more in the future. As a result, Datong natives'attitudes towards Mandarin and local dialect will be changed step by step, especially native youngsters, who have their own ideas about everything.
The research aims to explore Datong native youngsters'attitudes towards Mandarin and Datong dialect, so as to explain the relationship between youngsters' language attitudes and their value, belief, emotion, behavior style and how to make language or dialect selections. The study of youngsters'current language attitude concerns the language development of the whole city in future. To a broader sense, it will contribute to the understanding of social function of language or dialect and necessity of language planning, as well as provide a few novel ideas for foreign language teaching.
Based on a review of previous studies on language attitude, the research will carry out a quantitative and qualitative study. And the specific research methods are survey questionnaire, MGT and interview. Questionnaire will suggest subjects'conscious, overt evaluation of Mandarin and Datong dialect. And a few extreme questionnaires will be investigated further through MGT and interview. Both of the methods will indicate their unconscious, covert attitude towards Mandarin and the dialect.
Detailed studies lead to four findings. First of all, The result of the research is consistent with that of the scholars in the dimensions of status and solidarity. All the subjects have agreed on that Mandarin is sweet. But it gives listeners a feeling of distance and enables one speaking it to be a higher status than another speaking Datong dialect. While Datong dialect suggests the solidarity of speakers to listeners. It can shorten a distance between people. Secondly, on the respect of sex, the result of the research also supports the theory of the scholars on an influence of sex on the language attitude. Women speaking Mandarin are much more than men. Women have not had a completely equal social status with men yet by now. Mandarin makes one show his/her high quality. Therefore, women make every effort to speak standard Mandarin to enhance their status. Next, the rest of respects involved in the research i.e. age, identity, education and childhood, which are considered to influence on the language attitude towards Mandarin and Datong dialect, as a matter of fact, do not function essentially and absolutely to their opinions on Mandarin and the dialect. Most of subjects, whose language attitudes are affected by one respect, may be influenced by another one, or more. And even if subjects are influenced by the same respect, there still exists some different situations among them. They must hold different opinions on the language attitude. Finally, from the perspective of the development of individuals and Datong city, Mandarin is supposed to be spread further, or learned, while Datong dialect should be sustain as one part of locality culture. Mandarin is of great help to communicate for individuals, for Datong has been developing to a tourism city, and will receive more and more tourists from other places. While Datong dialect, only owned by Datong natives, is heritage of local culture. The developments of Mandarin and Datong dialect are not contradicted.
该研究旨在调查大同本土年轻人对普通话及大同方言的态度,以解释年轻人语言态度和其价值观、信仰等的关系以及如何选择具体语言或方言。对当前年轻人的语言态度的研究,关系到今后整座城市的语言发展。从更广泛的角度讲,语言态度的研究将对语言或方言的社会功能的理解和语言规划的必要性都作出贡献,同时也为外语教学提供一些新的观点。
根据对前人语言态度研究的综述,该研究采取定量和定性并用的方法。具体方法有问卷调查,配对变语法和采访。问卷调查表明调查对象对普通话及大同方言的有意识、显性评价。对其中一些极端的问卷将继续使用配对变语法和采访进一步做调查,以期获得其潜意识中对普通话和大同方言的隐性看法。
经过研究,得出四个结论：第一,在低位与等同维度上,研究结果与前人结果保持一致。所有调查对象都认为普通话好听,但是会让听者产生距离感,而且让人感觉说普通话的讲话者比说大同方言的讲话者地位高。而大同方言则具有等同感,缩短了讲话者与听者的距离。第二,在性别方面,研究结果支持前人在该方面的研究。讲普通话的女性多于男性。时至今日,女性的社会地位仍未完全与男性平等。而讲普通话能够表现出一个人的高品质。因而,女性尽可能多的讲普通话以提高她们的地位。另外,该研究中涉及的其他方面,即年龄,身份,教育程度和童年经历,预想中这些方面会影响人们对普通话及大同方言的态度。事实上,它们在调查对象的看法中并没有起到实质性、绝对性的作用。大多数调查对象,他们的语言态度受到一方面影响的同时,也受到其他一方面或者几方面的影响。即使一些调查对象被同一方面影响,他们之间也会存在各自不同的情况,导致他们对语言态度持不同的看法。最后,从个人及整座城市发展的角度看,普通话对个人交流有很大帮助,因为大同正在向旅游城市发展,将会接待越来越多的外地游客。而大同方言,则是唯一为大同本土人所有,是大同本土文化的遗产。因此,普通话应该进一步发展、学习,而大同话应该当做地域文化的一部分保留下去。
Researchers concentrating on language attitude in sociolinguistics all over the world pointed out in the early 1960s that people have a clear attitude towards their own language and other languages or dialects. The attitude reflects how people learn and use a standard language in intergroup communication. The research will be conducted in Datong, Shanxi, where natives use Mandarin and Datong dialect. It stands in the center of the triangle of Beijing, Taiyuan and Hohhot in geography. The special location must influence natives'language use and attitude. And Datong has been developing to a tourism city since 2008. Mandarin will be used more and more in the future. As a result, Datong natives'attitudes towards Mandarin and local dialect will be changed step by step, especially native youngsters, who have their own ideas about everything.
The research aims to explore Datong native youngsters'attitudes towards Mandarin and Datong dialect, so as to explain the relationship between youngsters' language attitudes and their value, belief, emotion, behavior style and how to make language or dialect selections. The study of youngsters'current language attitude concerns the language development of the whole city in future. To a broader sense, it will contribute to the understanding of social function of language or dialect and necessity of language planning, as well as provide a few novel ideas for foreign language teaching.
Based on a review of previous studies on language attitude, the research will carry out a quantitative and qualitative study. And the specific research methods are survey questionnaire, MGT and interview. Questionnaire will suggest subjects'conscious, overt evaluation of Mandarin and Datong dialect. And a few extreme questionnaires will be investigated further through MGT and interview. Both of the methods will indicate their unconscious, covert attitude towards Mandarin and the dialect.
Detailed studies lead to four findings. First of all, The result of the research is consistent with that of the scholars in the dimensions of status and solidarity. All the subjects have agreed on that Mandarin is sweet. But it gives listeners a feeling of distance and enables one speaking it to be a higher status than another speaking Datong dialect. While Datong dialect suggests the solidarity of speakers to listeners. It can shorten a distance between people. Secondly, on the respect of sex, the result of the research also supports the theory of the scholars on an influence of sex on the language attitude. Women speaking Mandarin are much more than men. Women have not had a completely equal social status with men yet by now. Mandarin makes one show his/her high quality. Therefore, women make every effort to speak standard Mandarin to enhance their status. Next, the rest of respects involved in the research i.e. age, identity, education and childhood, which are considered to influence on the language attitude towards Mandarin and Datong dialect, as a matter of fact, do not function essentially and absolutely to their opinions on Mandarin and the dialect. Most of subjects, whose language attitudes are affected by one respect, may be influenced by another one, or more. And even if subjects are influenced by the same respect, there still exists some different situations among them. They must hold different opinions on the language attitude. Finally, from the perspective of the development of individuals and Datong city, Mandarin is supposed to be spread further, or learned, while Datong dialect should be sustain as one part of locality culture. Mandarin is of great help to communicate for individuals, for Datong has been developing to a tourism city, and will receive more and more tourists from other places. While Datong dialect, only owned by Datong natives, is heritage of local culture. The developments of Mandarin and Datong dialect are not contradicted.
引文
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Barbara A. Fennell, A History of English—A Sociolinguistic Approach, Beijing:Peking University Press,2005.
Bernard, Spolsky, Sociolinguistics. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2002.
Gilliam, Brown. et al. Language and Understanding. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2000.
J. K. Chambers, & Peter Trudgill, Dialectology, Beijing & London:Peking University Press & Cambridge University Press,2002.
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2007.
Peter, Trudgill, Sex, Covert Prestige and Linguistic Change in the Urban English of Norwich(陈松岑译).祝畹瑾,《社会语言学译文集》。北京：北京大学出版社,1985：150-169。
R. A. Hudson, Sociolinguistics. Beijing & London:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press & Cambridge University Press,2002.
Ronald, Wardhaugh, An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Beijing & Hoboken:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press & Blackwell Publishers Ltd.,2008.
Sandra Lee McKay & Nancy H. Hornberger. Sociolinguistics and Language Teaching. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Press,2001.
Wallace, E. Lambert, A Social Psychology of Bilingualism(陈松岑译).祝畹瑾,《社会语言学译文集》。北京：北京大学出版社,1985：264-287。
曹佳,大学生对英语、汉语态度的调查研究。硕士论文,吉林大学,2007。
曹琴,东莞市工业区外来人口语言态度研究。硕士论文,暨南大学,2006。
陈君楣,菲律宾华校学生中、英、菲语言态度、语言学习动机的比较研究。硕士论文,福建师范大学,2006。
程刚,广西语言态度研究。硕士论文,广西大学,2003。
戴庆厦,《社会语言学概论》。北京：商务印书馆,2007。
高一虹、苏新春、周雷,回归前香港、北京、广州大学生的语言态度。《外语教学与研究》第2期,1998：21-28。
郭凤鸣,汉族地区民族中学学生的双语态度调查研究。《民族教育研究》第3期,2007：105-108。
劲松,《社会语言学研究》。北京：民族出版社,2009。
黎慧,母语为长沙方言的青少年对长沙方言和普通话的语言态度及使用情况调查。硕士论文,湖南师范大学,2008。
李腊花,论武汉年轻人对武汉方言、普通话和英语的态度。硕士论文,武汉理工大学,2005。
李伟,新疆维吾尔族初中生语言态度、语言焦虑的研究。硕士论文,西北师范大学,2009。
林德燕,惠州本土年轻人对惠州方言的态度研究。硕士论文,湘潭大学,2007。
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