新闻英语中的模糊限制语及其编译的动态语境研究
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摘要
本文主要研究新闻英语中模糊限制语的使用情况及其编译策略。札德提出的模糊集有力地驳斥了传统的二值逻辑，打破了模糊现象研究多年的沉寂。模糊学引入到语言学中，便逐渐诞生了模糊语言学。语言学家拉科夫提出的模糊限制语作为模糊语言学家族的重要成员，一直为学者所青睐。然而，对模糊限制语的翻译研究则几乎没有。随着全球化进程的速度加快和国际交流日益频繁，新闻英语的翻译期待新的、更加快捷的方法。本文在对新闻英语中模糊限制语分析的基础上，引入动态语境理论对新闻英语中模糊限制语的编译进行研究。
本文在回顾模糊限制语研究之基础上，提出了较为宽松的模糊限制语的概念。文章对新闻英语中模糊限制语的分析是从定量和定性两个方面展开的。在崇尚准确和客观的新闻报道中，使用模糊语被许多人视为最大的忌讳。事实胜于雄辩。本文通过援引大量的英语新闻语料，有力地证明了模糊限制语在新闻英语中占相当的比例这一事实。鉴于本文不拟纯粹从语言学角度探讨模糊限制语，而是把模糊理论作为全文立论的基石，因此定量分析部分并未继续分析各种模糊限制语在各种新闻报道中的出现频率，而是通过实例对新闻英语中存在模糊限制语的必然性和合理性进行了定性分析。
本文的最终落脚点是对新闻英语中模糊限制语的编译策略进行研究。编译是新闻英语翻译实践中采用的主要办法，本文引入动态语境理论对新闻英语中模糊限制语的编译进行了探讨。语境从一开始就是动态的，只是其动态的特征最初未被认识到而已。本文在前人的研究基础上，提出了适用于指导新闻翻译的动态语境模型。结论是在对新闻英语中的模糊限制语进行编译时，以动态语境为理论指导是可行的。
总之，本文通过对新闻英语中模糊限制语的分析及其翻译策略的探讨，旨在对新闻英语翻译的理论与实践进行有益的尝试。诚然，这是个尚待不断研究的领域，作者最后呼吁更多的人参与到这一领域的研究中来。
This thesis is devoted to studies on hedge demonstrations in journalistic English and their reader-friendly translation strategies. The theory of Fuzzy Set put forward by Zadeh inflicted a hard blow on the classical two-valued logic theory and awoke the long-deserted studies on fuzziness. The introduction of fuzziness to linguistics unfolded a new picture, hence the birth of a new discipline, fuzzy linguistics. Hedges coined by the linguist, Lakoff, as one member of fuzzy linguistics, have always been a scholarly concern in the past decades. Very little ink, however, has been spilled over hedge translation studies. As the globalization process is progressing and international communication is increasing, journalistic English translation, more than ever, deserves to be studied. Under such backgrounds, this thesis analyzes hedge demonstrations in journalistic English, and further explores their reader-friendly translation strategies.
This thesis defines hedges in a somewhat open fashion. The analysis of hedge demonstrations is conducted from the quantitative and qualitative approaches respectively. Preciseness is so influential in journalistic writing that fuzziness has long been seen as something to be avoided. Facts speak louder than words. Quoted from a multitude of authoritative sources of journalistic English, this thesis convincingly shows that hedges take up a high percentage in journalistic English. Since this thesis is not a pure linguistic study, the quantitative analysis does not dive deeper into the demonstrations of different types of hedges. Rather, a qualitative analysis is conducted, suggesting that the appropriate employment of hedges in journalistic English is in accordance with the characteristics of journalistic writing. Therefore, hedges are integral components in journalistic English.
However, this thesis is not confined to hedge analysis. Rather, the main thrust is to explore reader-friendly translation of hedges in journalistic English from the perspective of dynamic context theory. Reader-friendly translation is commonly used in journalistic translation. Context is dynamic in nature, which was not recognized at the beginning. Based on the relative literature review, this thesis produces a new model of dynamic context for journalistic translation. It is concluded that the theory of dynamic context is applicable in reader-friendly translation of hedges in journalistic English.
This thesis wraps up with an appeal for more researches in this field, hoping to make some contributions both to hedge studies and to translation theory and practice.
本文在回顾模糊限制语研究之基础上，提出了较为宽松的模糊限制语的概念。文章对新闻英语中模糊限制语的分析是从定量和定性两个方面展开的。在崇尚准确和客观的新闻报道中，使用模糊语被许多人视为最大的忌讳。事实胜于雄辩。本文通过援引大量的英语新闻语料，有力地证明了模糊限制语在新闻英语中占相当的比例这一事实。鉴于本文不拟纯粹从语言学角度探讨模糊限制语，而是把模糊理论作为全文立论的基石，因此定量分析部分并未继续分析各种模糊限制语在各种新闻报道中的出现频率，而是通过实例对新闻英语中存在模糊限制语的必然性和合理性进行了定性分析。
本文的最终落脚点是对新闻英语中模糊限制语的编译策略进行研究。编译是新闻英语翻译实践中采用的主要办法，本文引入动态语境理论对新闻英语中模糊限制语的编译进行了探讨。语境从一开始就是动态的，只是其动态的特征最初未被认识到而已。本文在前人的研究基础上，提出了适用于指导新闻翻译的动态语境模型。结论是在对新闻英语中的模糊限制语进行编译时，以动态语境为理论指导是可行的。
总之，本文通过对新闻英语中模糊限制语的分析及其翻译策略的探讨，旨在对新闻英语翻译的理论与实践进行有益的尝试。诚然，这是个尚待不断研究的领域，作者最后呼吁更多的人参与到这一领域的研究中来。
This thesis is devoted to studies on hedge demonstrations in journalistic English and their reader-friendly translation strategies. The theory of Fuzzy Set put forward by Zadeh inflicted a hard blow on the classical two-valued logic theory and awoke the long-deserted studies on fuzziness. The introduction of fuzziness to linguistics unfolded a new picture, hence the birth of a new discipline, fuzzy linguistics. Hedges coined by the linguist, Lakoff, as one member of fuzzy linguistics, have always been a scholarly concern in the past decades. Very little ink, however, has been spilled over hedge translation studies. As the globalization process is progressing and international communication is increasing, journalistic English translation, more than ever, deserves to be studied. Under such backgrounds, this thesis analyzes hedge demonstrations in journalistic English, and further explores their reader-friendly translation strategies.
This thesis defines hedges in a somewhat open fashion. The analysis of hedge demonstrations is conducted from the quantitative and qualitative approaches respectively. Preciseness is so influential in journalistic writing that fuzziness has long been seen as something to be avoided. Facts speak louder than words. Quoted from a multitude of authoritative sources of journalistic English, this thesis convincingly shows that hedges take up a high percentage in journalistic English. Since this thesis is not a pure linguistic study, the quantitative analysis does not dive deeper into the demonstrations of different types of hedges. Rather, a qualitative analysis is conducted, suggesting that the appropriate employment of hedges in journalistic English is in accordance with the characteristics of journalistic writing. Therefore, hedges are integral components in journalistic English.
However, this thesis is not confined to hedge analysis. Rather, the main thrust is to explore reader-friendly translation of hedges in journalistic English from the perspective of dynamic context theory. Reader-friendly translation is commonly used in journalistic translation. Context is dynamic in nature, which was not recognized at the beginning. Based on the relative literature review, this thesis produces a new model of dynamic context for journalistic translation. It is concluded that the theory of dynamic context is applicable in reader-friendly translation of hedges in journalistic English.
This thesis wraps up with an appeal for more researches in this field, hoping to make some contributions both to hedge studies and to translation theory and practice.
引文
[1] Bassnett, S. and Lefevere, A. Constructing Cultures: Essay on Literary Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
[2] Bertrand Russell. Vagueness. The Australian Journal of Psychology and Philosophy, 1923(1): 84-92.
[3] Brown, G. & Yule, G.. Discourse Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
[4] Burns, L. C. Vagueness: An Investigation into Natural Languages and the Sorties Paradox. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991.
[5] Catford, J. C. A Linguistic Theory of Translation: An Essay in Applied Linguistics. London: Oxford University Press, 1965.
[6] Crompton, P. Hedging in academic writing: Some theoretical problems. English for Specific Purposes, 1997. 16(4): 217-287.
[7] Frank Austermuhl. Electronic Tools For Translators. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2006.
[8] George, H. A News Writing. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1984.
[9] George, M. & Carroll, S. Language and Situation: Language varieties and their social contexts. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978.
[10] Gumperz, J. J. & Cook-Gumperz, J. Context in children's speech. In Gumperz, J. J. & Cook-Gumperz (eds.), Papers on Language and Context Berkeley: CA, 1976.
[11] Halliday, M. A. K. Language as Social Semiotic: The social interpretation of language and meaning. London: Edward Arnold, 1978.
[12] Hann, P. de. The optimum corps sample?. In G. Leitner (ed.), New Directions in English Language Corora. Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin and New York, 1992, 3-19.
[13] Hasan, R. What's Going on: A Dynamic View of Contexts. In Seventh LACUS Forum. Columbia, S. C.: Hornbeam Press, 1981.
[14] Hatim, B. & Madson, I. Discourse and the Translator. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
[15] Herbert, S. News Reporters and News Sources. Iowa: Iowa State University press, 1978.
[16] Hou Tao. English Semantics and Pragmatics. Taiyuan: Shanxi People's Publishing House, 2006.
[17] Hymes, D. On communicative competence. In Pride, J. B. & Holmes, J. (eds). Sociolinguistics. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972.
[18] Jakobson, R. Closing statement: Linguistics and poetics. In Sebeok, T. A. (ed.) Style in Language. Mass.: MIT Press, 1960.
[19] Jeremy Mundy. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications. London: Routledge, 2001.
[20] Joanna Channell. Vague Language. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2000.
[21] Lakoff, G. Hedges: a study in meaning criteria and the logic of fuzzy concept. Chicago Linguistic Society Papers. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society, 1972, 183-228.
[22] Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1980.
[23] Leech, G. N. Language and Tact. Pragmatics and Beyond Series. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1980.
[24] Levinson, S. C. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
[25] Luger. Heinz-Helmut. Pressesprache. Germanistische Arbeitshefte 28. Tubingen: Niemeyer. 1993
[26] Lu Junyan. Studies on the Hedges in Language Communication. Unpublished MA thesis. Foreign Languages College, Southwest Normal University, 2002.
[27] Lu Xiaojun. Translation of Fuzziness in News Writing. Unpublished MA thesis. The College of English Language and Literature, Shanghai International Studies University, 2004.
[28] Lyons, J. Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 977.
[29] Mlinowski, B. The problem of meaning in primitive languages. In C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards (Eds.), Supplement I to the Meaning of Meaning. London: Kegan Paul, 1923.
[30] Newmark, P. Approaches to Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
[31] Nida, Eugene A. & Charles R. Taber. The Theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1969.
[32] O' Donnel M. Context in dynamic modeling. In M. Ghadessy (ed.), Text and Context in Functional Linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1999.
[33] Partridge, E. Usage and Abusage. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1947.
[34] Peirce, C. S. Vagueness. In Baldwin, M. (ed.) Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology Ⅱ. London: Macmillan, 1902.
[35] Peter Newmark. A Textbook of Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
[36] Peter Newmark. No Global Communication Without Translation. In Gunilla Anderman and Margaret Rogers (eds.) Translation Today: Trends and Perspectives. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2006, 55-67.
[37] Prince, E. F., Frader, R. J. & Bosk, C. On hedging in physician-physician discourse. In J. di Prieto, R. J. (ed.) Linguistics and the Professions. Norwood, NU: Alex Publishing Corporation, 1982, 83-97.
[38] Richard, K. The Newspapers Handbook. London and New York Routledge, 1998.
[39] Salager-Meyer, F. Hedges and textual communicative function in medical English written discourse. English for Specific Purpose, 1994, 13(2): 149-170.
[40] Sperber, D. & Wilson, D. Relevance: Communication and Cognition. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001.
[41] Tuchmann. Gaye. Making News: A Study in the Construction of Reality. New York: The Free Press, 1998.
[42] Ullmann, S. Semantics. Oxford: Blackwell, 1962.
[43] van Dick, T. A. Text and Context: Explorations in the Semantics and Pragmatics of Discourse. London: Longman, 1977.
[44] Zadeh, L. A. Fuzzy sets. Information and Control. 1965(8): 338-353.
[45] Zadeh, L. A. A fuzzy-set theoretic interpretation of linguistic hedges. Journal of Cybecetics, 1972, 3 (2): 4-34.
[46] Zhang L. Y. The Influences of Dynamic Context on the Final Formation of the Translated Version. Unpublished MA thesis, Sichuan Foreign Languages College, 2005.
[47] 陈林华、李福印．交际中的模糊限制语．外国语，1994(5)：55-59．
[48] 陈治安、冉永平．模糊限制语及其语用分析．四川外语学院学报，1995(1)：18-24．
[49] 陈治安、文旭、刘家荣．模糊语言学概论．重庆：西南师范大学出版社，1997．
[50] 黄忠廉．翻译变体研究．北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2000．
[51] 李长栓．非文学翻译理论与实践．北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2004．
[52] 刘宓庆．文体与翻译．北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，1998．
[53] 刘其中．新闻英语翻译教程．北京：中国人民大学出版社，2004．
[54] 冉永平．语用意义的动态研究．外国语，1998(6)：71-75．
[55] 孙连仲、高炜．模糊语言学．西安：陕西人民出版社，1990．
[56] 屠国元、廖晶．英汉文化语境中的翻译研究．合肥：安徽文艺出版社，2004．
[57] 王逢鑫．英语模糊语法．北京：外文出版社，2002．
[58] 王涛．编译标准初探．上海科技翻译，2000(4)：15-16．
[59] 王佐良．翻译：思考与试笔．北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1989．
[60] 伍铁平．模糊语言初探．外国语，1979(4)：39-44．
[61] 伍铁平．模糊语言再探．外国语，1980(5)：46-52．
[62] 伍铁平．模糊语言学．上海：上海外语教育出版社，1999．
[63] 许明武．新闻英语与翻译．北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2003．
[64] 张健．新闻英语文体与范文评析．上海：上海外语教育出版社，2004．
[65] 张乔．模糊语义学．北京：中国社会科学出版社，1998．
[66] 朱永生．语境动态研究．北京：北京大学出版社，2005．
[2] Bertrand Russell. Vagueness. The Australian Journal of Psychology and Philosophy, 1923(1): 84-92.
[3] Brown, G. & Yule, G.. Discourse Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
[4] Burns, L. C. Vagueness: An Investigation into Natural Languages and the Sorties Paradox. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991.
[5] Catford, J. C. A Linguistic Theory of Translation: An Essay in Applied Linguistics. London: Oxford University Press, 1965.
[6] Crompton, P. Hedging in academic writing: Some theoretical problems. English for Specific Purposes, 1997. 16(4): 217-287.
[7] Frank Austermuhl. Electronic Tools For Translators. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2006.
[8] George, H. A News Writing. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1984.
[9] George, M. & Carroll, S. Language and Situation: Language varieties and their social contexts. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978.
[10] Gumperz, J. J. & Cook-Gumperz, J. Context in children's speech. In Gumperz, J. J. & Cook-Gumperz (eds.), Papers on Language and Context Berkeley: CA, 1976.
[11] Halliday, M. A. K. Language as Social Semiotic: The social interpretation of language and meaning. London: Edward Arnold, 1978.
[12] Hann, P. de. The optimum corps sample?. In G. Leitner (ed.), New Directions in English Language Corora. Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin and New York, 1992, 3-19.
[13] Hasan, R. What's Going on: A Dynamic View of Contexts. In Seventh LACUS Forum. Columbia, S. C.: Hornbeam Press, 1981.
[14] Hatim, B. & Madson, I. Discourse and the Translator. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
[15] Herbert, S. News Reporters and News Sources. Iowa: Iowa State University press, 1978.
[16] Hou Tao. English Semantics and Pragmatics. Taiyuan: Shanxi People's Publishing House, 2006.
[17] Hymes, D. On communicative competence. In Pride, J. B. & Holmes, J. (eds). Sociolinguistics. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972.
[18] Jakobson, R. Closing statement: Linguistics and poetics. In Sebeok, T. A. (ed.) Style in Language. Mass.: MIT Press, 1960.
[19] Jeremy Mundy. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications. London: Routledge, 2001.
[20] Joanna Channell. Vague Language. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2000.
[21] Lakoff, G. Hedges: a study in meaning criteria and the logic of fuzzy concept. Chicago Linguistic Society Papers. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society, 1972, 183-228.
[22] Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1980.
[23] Leech, G. N. Language and Tact. Pragmatics and Beyond Series. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1980.
[24] Levinson, S. C. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
[25] Luger. Heinz-Helmut. Pressesprache. Germanistische Arbeitshefte 28. Tubingen: Niemeyer. 1993
[26] Lu Junyan. Studies on the Hedges in Language Communication. Unpublished MA thesis. Foreign Languages College, Southwest Normal University, 2002.
[27] Lu Xiaojun. Translation of Fuzziness in News Writing. Unpublished MA thesis. The College of English Language and Literature, Shanghai International Studies University, 2004.
[28] Lyons, J. Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 977.
[29] Mlinowski, B. The problem of meaning in primitive languages. In C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards (Eds.), Supplement I to the Meaning of Meaning. London: Kegan Paul, 1923.
[30] Newmark, P. Approaches to Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
[31] Nida, Eugene A. & Charles R. Taber. The Theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1969.
[32] O' Donnel M. Context in dynamic modeling. In M. Ghadessy (ed.), Text and Context in Functional Linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1999.
[33] Partridge, E. Usage and Abusage. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1947.
[34] Peirce, C. S. Vagueness. In Baldwin, M. (ed.) Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology Ⅱ. London: Macmillan, 1902.
[35] Peter Newmark. A Textbook of Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
[36] Peter Newmark. No Global Communication Without Translation. In Gunilla Anderman and Margaret Rogers (eds.) Translation Today: Trends and Perspectives. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2006, 55-67.
[37] Prince, E. F., Frader, R. J. & Bosk, C. On hedging in physician-physician discourse. In J. di Prieto, R. J. (ed.) Linguistics and the Professions. Norwood, NU: Alex Publishing Corporation, 1982, 83-97.
[38] Richard, K. The Newspapers Handbook. London and New York Routledge, 1998.
[39] Salager-Meyer, F. Hedges and textual communicative function in medical English written discourse. English for Specific Purpose, 1994, 13(2): 149-170.
[40] Sperber, D. & Wilson, D. Relevance: Communication and Cognition. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001.
[41] Tuchmann. Gaye. Making News: A Study in the Construction of Reality. New York: The Free Press, 1998.
[42] Ullmann, S. Semantics. Oxford: Blackwell, 1962.
[43] van Dick, T. A. Text and Context: Explorations in the Semantics and Pragmatics of Discourse. London: Longman, 1977.
[44] Zadeh, L. A. Fuzzy sets. Information and Control. 1965(8): 338-353.
[45] Zadeh, L. A. A fuzzy-set theoretic interpretation of linguistic hedges. Journal of Cybecetics, 1972, 3 (2): 4-34.
[46] Zhang L. Y. The Influences of Dynamic Context on the Final Formation of the Translated Version. Unpublished MA thesis, Sichuan Foreign Languages College, 2005.
[47] 陈林华、李福印．交际中的模糊限制语．外国语，1994(5)：55-59．
[48] 陈治安、冉永平．模糊限制语及其语用分析．四川外语学院学报，1995(1)：18-24．
[49] 陈治安、文旭、刘家荣．模糊语言学概论．重庆：西南师范大学出版社，1997．
[50] 黄忠廉．翻译变体研究．北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2000．
[51] 李长栓．非文学翻译理论与实践．北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2004．
[52] 刘宓庆．文体与翻译．北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，1998．
[53] 刘其中．新闻英语翻译教程．北京：中国人民大学出版社，2004．
[54] 冉永平．语用意义的动态研究．外国语，1998(6)：71-75．
[55] 孙连仲、高炜．模糊语言学．西安：陕西人民出版社，1990．
[56] 屠国元、廖晶．英汉文化语境中的翻译研究．合肥：安徽文艺出版社，2004．
[57] 王逢鑫．英语模糊语法．北京：外文出版社，2002．
[58] 王涛．编译标准初探．上海科技翻译，2000(4)：15-16．
[59] 王佐良．翻译：思考与试笔．北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1989．
[60] 伍铁平．模糊语言初探．外国语，1979(4)：39-44．
[61] 伍铁平．模糊语言再探．外国语，1980(5)：46-52．
[62] 伍铁平．模糊语言学．上海：上海外语教育出版社，1999．
[63] 许明武．新闻英语与翻译．北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2003．
[64] 张健．新闻英语文体与范文评析．上海：上海外语教育出版社，2004．
[65] 张乔．模糊语义学．北京：中国社会科学出版社，1998．
[66] 朱永生．语境动态研究．北京：北京大学出版社，2005．