近地轻型数码航空摄影测量系统研究
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摘要
航空摄影测量已进入到数字摄影测量阶段，并且已经成为获取空间和属性数据的重要手段。但是，在现行主流航空摄影测量流程中作为连接影像采集和影像处理的介质—像片却是模拟的胶片影像。模拟影像带来的一系列问题和数码相机飞速发展，促进了航空摄影测量向全数字航空摄影测量发展。采用数码航空摄影技术，进行无模拟数据的全数字摄影测量将有望在影像精度、作业效率、作业流程、作业标准和规范等方面取得突破性的进展。其中，数码航空相机和近地轻型数码航空摄影测量系统是发展全数字摄影测量的核心。
本文首先阐述了SWDC数码航空相机设计方案、主要技术指标及其改进的关键技术，通过与国外数码航空相机的对比，得出SWDC在视场角、基高比、高程精度、体积重量比等关键指标上都优于国外数码航空相机的结论。以SWDC为基础的近地轻型数码航空摄影测量系统采用了自主研发的飞行管理控制系统，覆盖了航线设计、空中导航、旋向控制、曝光驱动、飞行记录等整套流程，提出的智能定点曝光技术满足空中精确作业的要求。SWDC系列数码航空相机及近地轻型数码航空摄影测量系统作业结果表明其能够满足1∶500到1∶10000比例尺成图航空摄影的要求，其高程精度显著高于国外数码航空相机的作业结果，克服了国外相机只能进行平面制图和制作DOM的弊病，能生产4D产品。本文最后利用PPP技术进行数码航空摄影测量和稀疏控制点布设方案的作业试验，其结果表明PPP能够达到与差分GPS相当精度的空三结果，同时证明了16种常见的稀疏控制点布设方案能够满足各种大中比例尺成图的要求，为近地轻型数码航空摄影测量系统作业时控制点的布设提供了指导。本文分为六章：
第一章：绪论，本章首先对摄影测量现状和急需解决的问题进行深入探讨，并就数码航空相机发展现状和研究具有自主知识产权的数码航空相机对推进我国数码航空相机及近地轻型数码航空摄影测量系统的深入和广泛应用的意义展开详细的论述。在此基础上，提出了本文的研究内容、研究思路，并确定了论文的基本框架。
第二章SWDC系列相机设计与技术实现：本章在具体分析了数码航空相机技术现状和作业技术难题的基础上，提出数码航空相机在体积重量比、摄影旁向视场角、像元角、基高比、内部重叠度、影像像幅形状等多个方面需要进行改进和提高。针对以上问题，在吸收各种航空相机成败经验的基础上，提出了SWDC设计方案和对多项技术指标改进的技术方案。本章主要从SWDC设计原理和技术实现、SWDC各项技术指标实现、SWDC组成结构与工作原理、SWDC数码航空相机校正和SWDC硬件稳定性等方面展开论述。
第三章SWDC飞行控制技术：飞行控制管理子系统是近地轻型数码航空摄影测量系统的核心组成部分，将直接影响数码航空相机及近地轻型数码航空摄影测量系统作业成败、作业效率和作业精度。本章详细的论述了SWDC数码航空相机飞行控制的整套技术方案和流程，主要包括航线设计、中心控制计算机、旋向控制、中心控制平台与智能曝光技术、空中作业精确控制等内容。
第四章SWDC数字影象前处理：数字航空相机获取数字影像与传统光学相机在影像构成、投影方式等方面存在巨大的差异，为使数码航空相机采集的数码航空影像能够为现行的数字摄影测量工作站所用，必须进行数字影像前处理。本章从数字影像处理系统发展概况、SWDC影像匀光匀色、SWDC虚拟影像生成和全数字摄影测量工作站的技术展望等多个方面张开了论述，详细地阐述了SWDC影像匀光匀色和SWDC虚拟影像生成的基本原理与技术流程，并对未来全数字摄影测量工作站技术方案展开了论述。
第五章数码航空摄影测量系统作业与精度分析：数码航空相机及近地轻型数码航空摄影测量系统所有的设计方案和技术流程都必须通过野外作业来检验，其作业稳定性、作业效率和作业精度将直接决定SWDC系列数码航空相机研制是否成功。本章详细论述了SWDC-1、SWDC-2、SWDC-4基于各个飞行平台进行大中比例尺成图的航空摄影测量作业(1∶500，1∶1000，1∶2000，1∶5000，1∶10000)过程及结果，对其精度进行对比分析，验证了SWDC方案设计和技术流程的可行性。实验结果表明数码航空相机及近地轻型数码航空摄影测量系统对比国外系统在多个技术指标上取得了突破，具有更大的适应性，完全满足我国大中比例尺成图作业的各种精度要求。
第六章PPP在数码航空摄影中的应用与控制点布设：本章简要说明PPP技术原理和在数码航空摄影测量中的应用方法，通过对比分析PPP技术和载波相位差分GPS技术在四川宜宾和八达岭实验结果，指出PPP技术完全可以进行独立的数码航空摄影测量的事后解算。通过对八种稀疏控制点布设方案的精度分析，得出可以在不同摄影区域采取不同的稀疏控制点布设，提高数码航空摄影测量效率的结论。
第七章结论与展望：本章对数码航空相机及近地轻型数码航空摄影测量系统研究结果进行了总结，阐述了SWDC数码航空相机及近地轻型数码航空摄影测量系统技术进步和存在的问题，并总结了SWDC数码航空相机及近地轻型数码航空摄影测量系统的创新点，最后就后续研究工作提出了相关看法。
Aerial photography surveying has become an important method of acquiring spatial and attribute data, and photogrammetry has entered the stage of digital photogrammetry. However, as a bridge between the image acquisition and image processing, photograph is analog and film image. Through digital aerial photography technology without analog data, revolutionary progress in real digital photography will be achieved in image accuracy, operational efficiency, operational procedures, standards and norms and other operations. Digital aerial camera and near light digital aerial photography surveying system is the core of the development of digital photogrammetry.
In this paper, the SWDC digital aerial camera design, technical specifications and their key technologies were firstly described. Contrasting foreign digital aerial cameras, the conclusion was taken that SWDC was superior in the field of elevation accuracy, ration between volume and weight, the angle
of field-of-view, the field corner pixel cents and the Ration between baseline and height. Based on SWDC light digital aerial photography surveying system near ground are controlled by the Autonomous Flight Management Control System, which covered the route design, air navigation, spin to control exposure driven, the entire process of flight records. With intelligent position exposure, the functional requirements of the precision air operations were meet. The result with SWDC series digital aerial camera and light digital aerial photography surveying system near ground meet the requirements of aerial photography with from scale 1: 500 to 1:10000 map. Their elevation accuracy is significantly higher than the result with foreign digital aerial cameras. Finally, the application of PPP technology in digital aerial photographic surveying and sparse ground control point technology are test. The results showed The accuracy of PPP is similar to the accuracy of differential GPS
16 types of sparsely ground control point planted
various programs also was proved to meet the requirements of large and medium-scale map, which guided how to plant sparsely ground control point for the digital aerial photography surveying. This paper is divided into six chapters on the various aspects described above.
Chapter I : Introduction, In this chapter, first the status and urgent issues of photographic surveying have been explored in greater depth. In addition, the digital aerial camera process and aviation research and developing the digital aerial camera and light digital aerial photography surveying system near ground with China's own intellectual property rights are important for the in-depth and extensive application in detail. Based on the contents described above, research contents and ideas are expounded and the basic framework of this thesis is established in this chapter.
Chapter II, SWDC Camera Series Design and technology Realization: In this chapter, the analysis in-depth of specific technical status and
operational obstacles of the digital aerial camera are conducted. Furthermore, Ration between volume and weight, the angle of field-of-view, the field corner pixel cents, the Ration between baseline and height, the internal overlap rate and images shape are need improving. To solve the above problem, on the basis of the experiences of all kinds of aerial camera, SWDC design and a number of methods to improve technical are brought up. SWDC design principles and technology realization , the technical to improve digital aerial camera technical indicators SWDC structure* working principle, SWDC digital aerial camera calibration and stability of SWDC hardware are focused in the chapter
Chapter III SWDC flight management and control technology: The flight management and control subsystem is important and core to success to aerial works by digital aerial camera and data followed processing, which keeps direct impact the success or failure of digital aerial photography, including Operational efficiency and precision of operations by the digital aerial camera and light digital aerial
photography surveying system near ground. The digital aerial camera technology programs and the entire process of flight control SWDC are discussed in detail in this chapter, including main route design, computer control center, to control the spin, the center control platform and intelligent exposure technology, precise control of air operations and etc.
Chapter IV, SWDC digital images preprocessing: there is a huge difference in image composition, Projection and other areas between digital aerial camera and digital optical analog camera in the traditional. To make the image which is acquired by SWDC digital aerial camera handled by traditional existing digital photogrammetry workstation, these image must be preprocessed. The digital image processing systems status, uniform color images, virtual imaging generation and the digital photogrammetric workstation technology foresight are described in detail in the chapter. The basic tenets and technology program of the optical absorption uniform color images and SWDC virtual
imaging generating are expounded and we foresee how real digital photogrammetry workstation develops. Chapter V digital aerial photography surveying systems operation and precision analysis : all the design and technical process about air digital cameras and light digital aerial photography surveying system near ground must be test through field operations, the stability efficiency and precision of operations will directly determine success of SWDC. By SWDC-1, SWDC-2 or SWDC-4 with many sorts of flying platform large and medium-scale mapping of field operations (1:500,1 : 1000,1:2000,1:5000,1:10000) are carried out, and the result and their precision are comparatively analyzed. So SWDC program design and technical process are verified the feasibility. The experimental results show that many technical indicators of digital aerial camera and light digital aerial photography surveying system near ground are made a breakthrough compared to the foreign systems. With greater adaptability, the digital aerial camera and light digital aerial photography surveying
system near ground fully meet nation large and medium-scale mapping operations precision.
Chapter VI : PPP in the digital aerial photography and control points of emplacement: PPP the principles and techniques of digital aerial photographic
surveying methods are expounded in the chapter。 The result carrier phase in Yibin in Sichuan and Badaling are contrasted, which suggested that the PPP can conduct an independent measurement of digital aerial photography after calculating. Eight control points emplaced on the sparse precision analysis, Regional photography which can be different in different emplaced sparse control points, increase the efficiency of digital aerial photographic surveying Chapter VII : Conclusions and Outlook:The research result about digital aerial camera and light digital aerial photography surveying system near ground is conclude in this chapter. The technical progress and existing technical problem about SWDC digital aerial camera and light digital aerial photography surveying system near ground are indicated. Furthermore the innovation in this paper is brought
up. Finally, we give the work of the relevant follow-up views.
本文首先阐述了SWDC数码航空相机设计方案、主要技术指标及其改进的关键技术，通过与国外数码航空相机的对比，得出SWDC在视场角、基高比、高程精度、体积重量比等关键指标上都优于国外数码航空相机的结论。以SWDC为基础的近地轻型数码航空摄影测量系统采用了自主研发的飞行管理控制系统，覆盖了航线设计、空中导航、旋向控制、曝光驱动、飞行记录等整套流程，提出的智能定点曝光技术满足空中精确作业的要求。SWDC系列数码航空相机及近地轻型数码航空摄影测量系统作业结果表明其能够满足1∶500到1∶10000比例尺成图航空摄影的要求，其高程精度显著高于国外数码航空相机的作业结果，克服了国外相机只能进行平面制图和制作DOM的弊病，能生产4D产品。本文最后利用PPP技术进行数码航空摄影测量和稀疏控制点布设方案的作业试验，其结果表明PPP能够达到与差分GPS相当精度的空三结果，同时证明了16种常见的稀疏控制点布设方案能够满足各种大中比例尺成图的要求，为近地轻型数码航空摄影测量系统作业时控制点的布设提供了指导。本文分为六章：
第一章：绪论，本章首先对摄影测量现状和急需解决的问题进行深入探讨，并就数码航空相机发展现状和研究具有自主知识产权的数码航空相机对推进我国数码航空相机及近地轻型数码航空摄影测量系统的深入和广泛应用的意义展开详细的论述。在此基础上，提出了本文的研究内容、研究思路，并确定了论文的基本框架。
第二章SWDC系列相机设计与技术实现：本章在具体分析了数码航空相机技术现状和作业技术难题的基础上，提出数码航空相机在体积重量比、摄影旁向视场角、像元角、基高比、内部重叠度、影像像幅形状等多个方面需要进行改进和提高。针对以上问题，在吸收各种航空相机成败经验的基础上，提出了SWDC设计方案和对多项技术指标改进的技术方案。本章主要从SWDC设计原理和技术实现、SWDC各项技术指标实现、SWDC组成结构与工作原理、SWDC数码航空相机校正和SWDC硬件稳定性等方面展开论述。
第三章SWDC飞行控制技术：飞行控制管理子系统是近地轻型数码航空摄影测量系统的核心组成部分，将直接影响数码航空相机及近地轻型数码航空摄影测量系统作业成败、作业效率和作业精度。本章详细的论述了SWDC数码航空相机飞行控制的整套技术方案和流程，主要包括航线设计、中心控制计算机、旋向控制、中心控制平台与智能曝光技术、空中作业精确控制等内容。
第四章SWDC数字影象前处理：数字航空相机获取数字影像与传统光学相机在影像构成、投影方式等方面存在巨大的差异，为使数码航空相机采集的数码航空影像能够为现行的数字摄影测量工作站所用，必须进行数字影像前处理。本章从数字影像处理系统发展概况、SWDC影像匀光匀色、SWDC虚拟影像生成和全数字摄影测量工作站的技术展望等多个方面张开了论述，详细地阐述了SWDC影像匀光匀色和SWDC虚拟影像生成的基本原理与技术流程，并对未来全数字摄影测量工作站技术方案展开了论述。
第五章数码航空摄影测量系统作业与精度分析：数码航空相机及近地轻型数码航空摄影测量系统所有的设计方案和技术流程都必须通过野外作业来检验，其作业稳定性、作业效率和作业精度将直接决定SWDC系列数码航空相机研制是否成功。本章详细论述了SWDC-1、SWDC-2、SWDC-4基于各个飞行平台进行大中比例尺成图的航空摄影测量作业(1∶500，1∶1000，1∶2000，1∶5000，1∶10000)过程及结果，对其精度进行对比分析，验证了SWDC方案设计和技术流程的可行性。实验结果表明数码航空相机及近地轻型数码航空摄影测量系统对比国外系统在多个技术指标上取得了突破，具有更大的适应性，完全满足我国大中比例尺成图作业的各种精度要求。
第六章PPP在数码航空摄影中的应用与控制点布设：本章简要说明PPP技术原理和在数码航空摄影测量中的应用方法，通过对比分析PPP技术和载波相位差分GPS技术在四川宜宾和八达岭实验结果，指出PPP技术完全可以进行独立的数码航空摄影测量的事后解算。通过对八种稀疏控制点布设方案的精度分析，得出可以在不同摄影区域采取不同的稀疏控制点布设，提高数码航空摄影测量效率的结论。
第七章结论与展望：本章对数码航空相机及近地轻型数码航空摄影测量系统研究结果进行了总结，阐述了SWDC数码航空相机及近地轻型数码航空摄影测量系统技术进步和存在的问题，并总结了SWDC数码航空相机及近地轻型数码航空摄影测量系统的创新点，最后就后续研究工作提出了相关看法。
Aerial photography surveying has become an important method of acquiring spatial and attribute data, and photogrammetry has entered the stage of digital photogrammetry. However, as a bridge between the image acquisition and image processing, photograph is analog and film image. Through digital aerial photography technology without analog data, revolutionary progress in real digital photography will be achieved in image accuracy, operational efficiency, operational procedures, standards and norms and other operations. Digital aerial camera and near light digital aerial photography surveying system is the core of the development of digital photogrammetry.
In this paper, the SWDC digital aerial camera design, technical specifications and their key technologies were firstly described. Contrasting foreign digital aerial cameras, the conclusion was taken that SWDC was superior in the field of elevation accuracy, ration between volume and weight, the angle
of field-of-view, the field corner pixel cents and the Ration between baseline and height. Based on SWDC light digital aerial photography surveying system near ground are controlled by the Autonomous Flight Management Control System, which covered the route design, air navigation, spin to control exposure driven, the entire process of flight records. With intelligent position exposure, the functional requirements of the precision air operations were meet. The result with SWDC series digital aerial camera and light digital aerial photography surveying system near ground meet the requirements of aerial photography with from scale 1: 500 to 1:10000 map. Their elevation accuracy is significantly higher than the result with foreign digital aerial cameras. Finally, the application of PPP technology in digital aerial photographic surveying and sparse ground control point technology are test. The results showed The accuracy of PPP is similar to the accuracy of differential GPS
16 types of sparsely ground control point planted
various programs also was proved to meet the requirements of large and medium-scale map, which guided how to plant sparsely ground control point for the digital aerial photography surveying. This paper is divided into six chapters on the various aspects described above.
Chapter I : Introduction, In this chapter, first the status and urgent issues of photographic surveying have been explored in greater depth. In addition, the digital aerial camera process and aviation research and developing the digital aerial camera and light digital aerial photography surveying system near ground with China's own intellectual property rights are important for the in-depth and extensive application in detail. Based on the contents described above, research contents and ideas are expounded and the basic framework of this thesis is established in this chapter.
Chapter II, SWDC Camera Series Design and technology Realization: In this chapter, the analysis in-depth of specific technical status and
operational obstacles of the digital aerial camera are conducted. Furthermore, Ration between volume and weight, the angle of field-of-view, the field corner pixel cents, the Ration between baseline and height, the internal overlap rate and images shape are need improving. To solve the above problem, on the basis of the experiences of all kinds of aerial camera, SWDC design and a number of methods to improve technical are brought up. SWDC design principles and technology realization , the technical to improve digital aerial camera technical indicators SWDC structure* working principle, SWDC digital aerial camera calibration and stability of SWDC hardware are focused in the chapter
Chapter III SWDC flight management and control technology: The flight management and control subsystem is important and core to success to aerial works by digital aerial camera and data followed processing, which keeps direct impact the success or failure of digital aerial photography, including Operational efficiency and precision of operations by the digital aerial camera and light digital aerial
photography surveying system near ground. The digital aerial camera technology programs and the entire process of flight control SWDC are discussed in detail in this chapter, including main route design, computer control center, to control the spin, the center control platform and intelligent exposure technology, precise control of air operations and etc.
Chapter IV, SWDC digital images preprocessing: there is a huge difference in image composition, Projection and other areas between digital aerial camera and digital optical analog camera in the traditional. To make the image which is acquired by SWDC digital aerial camera handled by traditional existing digital photogrammetry workstation, these image must be preprocessed. The digital image processing systems status, uniform color images, virtual imaging generation and the digital photogrammetric workstation technology foresight are described in detail in the chapter. The basic tenets and technology program of the optical absorption uniform color images and SWDC virtual
imaging generating are expounded and we foresee how real digital photogrammetry workstation develops. Chapter V digital aerial photography surveying systems operation and precision analysis : all the design and technical process about air digital cameras and light digital aerial photography surveying system near ground must be test through field operations, the stability efficiency and precision of operations will directly determine success of SWDC. By SWDC-1, SWDC-2 or SWDC-4 with many sorts of flying platform large and medium-scale mapping of field operations (1:500,1 : 1000,1:2000,1:5000,1:10000) are carried out, and the result and their precision are comparatively analyzed. So SWDC program design and technical process are verified the feasibility. The experimental results show that many technical indicators of digital aerial camera and light digital aerial photography surveying system near ground are made a breakthrough compared to the foreign systems. With greater adaptability, the digital aerial camera and light digital aerial photography surveying
system near ground fully meet nation large and medium-scale mapping operations precision.
Chapter VI : PPP in the digital aerial photography and control points of emplacement: PPP the principles and techniques of digital aerial photographic
surveying methods are expounded in the chapter。 The result carrier phase in Yibin in Sichuan and Badaling are contrasted, which suggested that the PPP can conduct an independent measurement of digital aerial photography after calculating. Eight control points emplaced on the sparse precision analysis, Regional photography which can be different in different emplaced sparse control points, increase the efficiency of digital aerial photographic surveying Chapter VII : Conclusions and Outlook:The research result about digital aerial camera and light digital aerial photography surveying system near ground is conclude in this chapter. The technical progress and existing technical problem about SWDC digital aerial camera and light digital aerial photography surveying system near ground are indicated. Furthermore the innovation in this paper is brought
up. Finally, we give the work of the relevant follow-up views.
引文
[1] 林宗坚等．数码相机畸变差研究．武汉大学学报·科学信息版 2005．2：
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[3] Helmut HEIER, Dr. Michael KIEFNER and Dr. Wolfgang ZEITLER. Calibration of the Digital Modular Camera. FIG ⅩⅫ International Congress Washington, D.C. USA. 2002:1-11
[4] F.A. van den Heuvel. A Line-photogrammetric mathematical model for the reconstruction of polyhedral objects, in Videometrics Ⅵ, Sabry F. El-Hakim (ed.), Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 3641, ISBN 0-8194-3112-5,1999: 60-71
[5] 单杰．立体视觉的摄影测量理论．武汉测绘科技大学学报．1998．2(4)：377～381
[6] 张祖勋．数字摄影测量发展与展望．地理信息世界．2004．2(3)：1～5
[7] 马莉，王国辉，李卫国．普通数码相机镜头畸变改正系数的测定及精度分析．铁道航测．2001(2)：1～3
[8] 冯文灏，数码相机实施摄影测量的几个问题，测绘信息与工程，2002．23(3)：3～5
[9] 程效军，胡敏捷．数字相机的检校．铁路航测．2001(4)：12～14
[10] Helmut HEIER, Dr. Michael KIEFNER and Dr. Wolfgang ZEITLER. Calibration of the Digital Modular Camera. FIG ⅩⅫ International Congress Washington, D.C. USA. 2002:1～11
[11] 冯文灏，共线条件方程式教学中的几个问题，测绘信息与工程，2003．8
[12] 冯文灏．关于近景摄影机检校的几个问题．测绘通报，2000(10)：1～3
[13] 李天子．硕士论文，基于JXDC44数码相机的近景工程摄影测量研究
[14] 刘军，张永生等．ADS40机载数字传感器的摄影测量处理与应用，测绘学院学报．2002．19(3)：186～187
[15] http://www.3s8.cn/cehuiceliang/jishu/200611/503.html
[16] 韩凉，罗永新．DMC数字航片在苏州测绘项目中的应用．测绘与空间地理信息．29(2)：90～92
[17] QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON THE DELIVERY, INSTALLATION, TRAINING AND SUPPORT FOR A LARGE FORMAT DIGITAL AERIAL CAMERA SYSTEM ULTRACAM-3. UCD
[18] Ackermann F. Digital image correlation: performance and potential application in photogrammetry. The Photogrammetric Record, 1984
[19] 苏小霞、李因成等．数字航摄仪航空摄影测量效率分析．城市勘测2006 1(3)：19～23
[20] 韩凉，罗永新．DMC数字航片在苏州测绘项目中的应用．测绘与空间地理信息．2006 29(2)：90～3
[21] 袁桂生，智爱玲．数字航摄相机(DMC)在测绘项目中应用的探讨．现代测绘．2005 28(4)：30～32．
[22] Friess P. Areotriangulation with GPS-Methods, Exception. Proceedings of the 41rd Photogrammetirc Week, Stuttgart 1991
[23] Ackermann F. Practical Experience with GPS-supported Aerial Triangulation. Photogrammetric Record, 1994,14(84)
[24] 裴书琦 航空摄影设计中的质量控制 地矿测绘 2001 1：24～27
[25] 袁桂生，顾宝永，黄健．数字航空影像的质量控制和检查 江苏省测绘学会‘2003学术年会专辑：102～104
[26] 李双林，彭清山．关于城市航空摄影的现状及其质量控制中的若干问题 测绘通报 2001 增：9～12
[27] 谭国臣，刘晓东，赵春三．感光测定在航空摄影图像处理中的应用 Technical Knowledge 2005 6(4)
[28] 陈宇玺等．基于小波变换与图像不变矩的遥感图像匹配研究[J]．电波科学学报，2004，19(4)：444～447
[29] 章毓晋．图像工程(上册)-图像处理和分析[M]，北京：清华大学出版社，1998．
[30] 江晓波等．基于遥感与GIS的土地利用动态变化研究[J]．长江流域资源与环境，2003，12(2)：130～134
[31] Mandelbrot, B.B. How long is the coast of Britain. Statistical self-similarity and fractional dimension, Science, 1967 156 (3775) : 636～638
[32] Lam, N. S-N. Description and measurement of Landsat TM images using fractals, Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 1989, 55(5):601～610
[33] 徐青，潭光国，等．遥感数据的分形测量[J]．遥感学报，1998，2(3)：186～182
[34] De Cola, L. fractal analysis of a classified Landsat scene. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 1989, 55(5):601～610
[38] Jaggi, S. Quattroch, D. A. Lam, N. S-N. Implementation and operation of three fractal measurement algorithms for analysis of remote-sensing data, Computers & Geoscience, 1993,19(6):745～767
[39] 张华国，黄韦良等．关于IKONOS卫星遥感图像的分形特征研究，测绘通报，2005，5：15～18
[40] 朱骥，林子瑜等．数字图像单个像元分形维数的特征与计算方法，光电工程，2005，32(2)：23～29
[41] Wang Z.Z. Principle of Photogrammetry(with Remote Sensing). Press of WTUSM and Publishing House of Surveying and Mapping, Wuhan 1990
[42] 李德仁，郑肇葆．解析摄影测量学．测绘出版社，北京 1992
[43] 刘智敏，，林文介．GPS非差相位精密单点定位技术的发展．桂林工学院学报，2004，24(3)：340～344
[44] Zumberge J. F, Heflin M. B, etal. Precisepoin positioning for the efficient and robust analysis of GPS data from large networks[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1997, 102(B3):5005-5017
[45] Zumberge J.F, Watkins M.M, Web F.H. Characteristics and application of precise GPS clock solution every 30 seconds[J]. Navigation, 1998, 44(4):449-456
[46] 刘经南，叶世榕．GPS非差相位精密单点定位技术探讨．武汉大学学报[J]，2002，27(3)，235～240
[47] 张小红，刘经南，Rene F．基于精密单点定位技术的航空测量应用实践．武汉大学学报[J]，2006，31(1)，19～23
[48] Gao Yang, Shen Xiaobing. Improving Ambiguity Convergence in Carrier Phase-based Precise Point Positioning[C]. ION GPS 2001, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, 2001
[49] 袁修孝．GPS辅助空中三角测量及其质量控制：[博士论文]1999
[50] 张祖勋，张剑清，张力．数字摄影测量发展的机遇与挑战．武汉测绘科技大学学报，2000，25(1)：23～27
[51] 王永平，李英成，薛艳丽等．ADS40推扫式数字航摄仪试验研究．测绘科学[J]，2007，32(1)：119～121
[52] 刘凤德，邱懿，刘先林．航摄机检定主点坐标的使用问题[J]．遥感信息，2005，12(1)：132～135
[53] 刘军，张永生，范永弘．ADS40机载数字传感器的摄影测量处理与应用[J]．测绘学院学报，2002，14(9)：102～106
[2] 保文星，虞鹤松，林卫公．基于普通相机的影像匹配技术．测绘工程．2003．12(2)：30～33
[3] Helmut HEIER, Dr. Michael KIEFNER and Dr. Wolfgang ZEITLER. Calibration of the Digital Modular Camera. FIG ⅩⅫ International Congress Washington, D.C. USA. 2002:1-11
[4] F.A. van den Heuvel. A Line-photogrammetric mathematical model for the reconstruction of polyhedral objects, in Videometrics Ⅵ, Sabry F. El-Hakim (ed.), Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 3641, ISBN 0-8194-3112-5,1999: 60-71
[5] 单杰．立体视觉的摄影测量理论．武汉测绘科技大学学报．1998．2(4)：377～381
[6] 张祖勋．数字摄影测量发展与展望．地理信息世界．2004．2(3)：1～5
[7] 马莉，王国辉，李卫国．普通数码相机镜头畸变改正系数的测定及精度分析．铁道航测．2001(2)：1～3
[8] 冯文灏，数码相机实施摄影测量的几个问题，测绘信息与工程，2002．23(3)：3～5
[9] 程效军，胡敏捷．数字相机的检校．铁路航测．2001(4)：12～14
[10] Helmut HEIER, Dr. Michael KIEFNER and Dr. Wolfgang ZEITLER. Calibration of the Digital Modular Camera. FIG ⅩⅫ International Congress Washington, D.C. USA. 2002:1～11
[11] 冯文灏，共线条件方程式教学中的几个问题，测绘信息与工程，2003．8
[12] 冯文灏．关于近景摄影机检校的几个问题．测绘通报，2000(10)：1～3
[13] 李天子．硕士论文，基于JXDC44数码相机的近景工程摄影测量研究
[14] 刘军，张永生等．ADS40机载数字传感器的摄影测量处理与应用，测绘学院学报．2002．19(3)：186～187
[15] http://www.3s8.cn/cehuiceliang/jishu/200611/503.html
[16] 韩凉，罗永新．DMC数字航片在苏州测绘项目中的应用．测绘与空间地理信息．29(2)：90～92
[17] QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON THE DELIVERY, INSTALLATION, TRAINING AND SUPPORT FOR A LARGE FORMAT DIGITAL AERIAL CAMERA SYSTEM ULTRACAM-3. UCD
[18] Ackermann F. Digital image correlation: performance and potential application in photogrammetry. The Photogrammetric Record, 1984
[19] 苏小霞、李因成等．数字航摄仪航空摄影测量效率分析．城市勘测2006 1(3)：19～23
[20] 韩凉，罗永新．DMC数字航片在苏州测绘项目中的应用．测绘与空间地理信息．2006 29(2)：90～3
[21] 袁桂生，智爱玲．数字航摄相机(DMC)在测绘项目中应用的探讨．现代测绘．2005 28(4)：30～32．
[22] Friess P. Areotriangulation with GPS-Methods, Exception. Proceedings of the 41rd Photogrammetirc Week, Stuttgart 1991
[23] Ackermann F. Practical Experience with GPS-supported Aerial Triangulation. Photogrammetric Record, 1994,14(84)
[24] 裴书琦 航空摄影设计中的质量控制 地矿测绘 2001 1：24～27
[25] 袁桂生，顾宝永，黄健．数字航空影像的质量控制和检查 江苏省测绘学会‘2003学术年会专辑：102～104
[26] 李双林，彭清山．关于城市航空摄影的现状及其质量控制中的若干问题 测绘通报 2001 增：9～12
[27] 谭国臣，刘晓东，赵春三．感光测定在航空摄影图像处理中的应用 Technical Knowledge 2005 6(4)
[28] 陈宇玺等．基于小波变换与图像不变矩的遥感图像匹配研究[J]．电波科学学报，2004，19(4)：444～447
[29] 章毓晋．图像工程(上册)-图像处理和分析[M]，北京：清华大学出版社，1998．
[30] 江晓波等．基于遥感与GIS的土地利用动态变化研究[J]．长江流域资源与环境，2003，12(2)：130～134
[31] Mandelbrot, B.B. How long is the coast of Britain. Statistical self-similarity and fractional dimension, Science, 1967 156 (3775) : 636～638
[32] Lam, N. S-N. Description and measurement of Landsat TM images using fractals, Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 1989, 55(5):601～610
[33] 徐青，潭光国，等．遥感数据的分形测量[J]．遥感学报，1998，2(3)：186～182
[34] De Cola, L. fractal analysis of a classified Landsat scene. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 1989, 55(5):601～610
[38] Jaggi, S. Quattroch, D. A. Lam, N. S-N. Implementation and operation of three fractal measurement algorithms for analysis of remote-sensing data, Computers & Geoscience, 1993,19(6):745～767
[39] 张华国，黄韦良等．关于IKONOS卫星遥感图像的分形特征研究，测绘通报，2005，5：15～18
[40] 朱骥，林子瑜等．数字图像单个像元分形维数的特征与计算方法，光电工程，2005，32(2)：23～29
[41] Wang Z.Z. Principle of Photogrammetry(with Remote Sensing). Press of WTUSM and Publishing House of Surveying and Mapping, Wuhan 1990
[42] 李德仁，郑肇葆．解析摄影测量学．测绘出版社，北京 1992
[43] 刘智敏，，林文介．GPS非差相位精密单点定位技术的发展．桂林工学院学报，2004，24(3)：340～344
[44] Zumberge J. F, Heflin M. B, etal. Precisepoin positioning for the efficient and robust analysis of GPS data from large networks[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1997, 102(B3):5005-5017
[45] Zumberge J.F, Watkins M.M, Web F.H. Characteristics and application of precise GPS clock solution every 30 seconds[J]. Navigation, 1998, 44(4):449-456
[46] 刘经南，叶世榕．GPS非差相位精密单点定位技术探讨．武汉大学学报[J]，2002，27(3)，235～240
[47] 张小红，刘经南，Rene F．基于精密单点定位技术的航空测量应用实践．武汉大学学报[J]，2006，31(1)，19～23
[48] Gao Yang, Shen Xiaobing. Improving Ambiguity Convergence in Carrier Phase-based Precise Point Positioning[C]. ION GPS 2001, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, 2001
[49] 袁修孝．GPS辅助空中三角测量及其质量控制：[博士论文]1999
[50] 张祖勋，张剑清，张力．数字摄影测量发展的机遇与挑战．武汉测绘科技大学学报，2000，25(1)：23～27
[51] 王永平，李英成，薛艳丽等．ADS40推扫式数字航摄仪试验研究．测绘科学[J]，2007，32(1)：119～121
[52] 刘凤德，邱懿，刘先林．航摄机检定主点坐标的使用问题[J]．遥感信息，2005，12(1)：132～135
[53] 刘军，张永生，范永弘．ADS40机载数字传感器的摄影测量处理与应用[J]．测绘学院学报，2002，14(9)：102～106