城市通风及其影响城市热岛效应与空气质量研究
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摘要
城市化进程导致城市人口和建筑密度越来越大,城市通风状况越来越差,恶化热岛效应和空气污染水平,加速流行性疾病在城市范围内的传播。改善城市通风状况是解决上述城市环境和健康问题的有效方式。本文从城市通风及气象因素角度研究城市热岛强度和大气可吸入颗粒物(PM10)浓度的影响因素及改善措施,对于制定改善城市热岛效应和降低空气污染水平策略具有重要参考价值。
本文首先建立城市通风模型,包括城市空间、城市通风概念及城市通风系数的计算。混合层高度是城市通风模型的重要构成参数,但是数据难以获得,因此本研究用HYSPLIT模型计算长沙大气混合层高度,从气象网站http://www.underground.com下载气象参数值,分析2005-2009年长沙市混合层高度特性及其与近地面气象参数关系,用多元线性回归法建立混合层高度预测模型；然后以长沙火车站与周边四个农村监测点气温差值为热岛强度,分析2008年长沙市城市热岛强度及其与城市通风的关系；最后分析2008年长沙火车站PM10浓度的变化特性及其城市通风的关系。
本文研究结果表明：(1)混合层高度呈现明显季节性差异,且存在明显天变化规律。白天混合层高度显著大于晚上,白天值大且变化剧烈,晚上值小且较为稳定。白天混合层高度主要受太阳辐射和相对湿度影响,晚上混合层高度主要受风速影响。本研究建立的预测模型能准确预测出不同时空的混合层高度。(2)白天长沙市中心与郊区的温度没有显著差别,而晚上则差别较大,长沙城市热岛强度值在晚上平均2.5-C左右,且存在明显的天变化规律。混合层高度和风速是影响城市热岛强度的主要气象参数,热岛强度随混合层高度和风速增加而降低。(3)PMlo浓度日变化呈现双峰曲线状,第一个峰值出现在9：00左右,第二个峰值出现在19：00附近。春夏秋冬四季PM1o质量浓度分别为112.6±49.4、81.6±32.0、91.5±41.6和137.7±71.8μg/m3,分别超国家日平均标准的天数为20.9%、3.3%、6.6%和33.3%。混合层高度和风速是影响PM10浓度的主要气象因素,PM10浓度与混合层高度以及风速在四季均呈现显著反向相关性。
鉴于我国大部分城市热岛效应及空气污染水平的严峻形势,本研究认为应该采取措施提高城市混合层高度和近地面风速,从而提高城市通风状况,以达到有效改善城市热岛效应和空气质量的目标。
Urbanization is leading to higher density of population and buildings in cities, which deteriorates urban ventilation, heat island effect and air quality and increases the risk of infecting epidemic in the cities. Improving urban ventilation is an effective method to solve above urban environment and health problems. This study analyzed the influencing factors and improving measures of urban heat island intensity (UHI) and inhalable particulate matters (PM10) from the urban ventilation and meteorological parameters perspective, which was helpful for making effective control strategies of above urban environmental problems.
The urban ventilation model, including urban space, the concept of urban ventilation and urban ventilation coefficient, was proposed. Mixing layer height (MLH) was the most important parameter of urban ventilation, but it is difficult to obtain. So the MLH of Changsha was computed by HYSPLIT model, and surface meteorological parameters were downloaded from famous meteorological web http://www.underground.com. The characteristics of MLH in Changsha during 2005 to 2009 and its relations to surface meteorological parameters were analyzed in this study, and prediction models of MLH were established and tested. Secondly, the characteristics of UHI and PM10 concentration in Changsha during 2008 were studied. Finally, the relations between UHI and meteorological parameters, including MLH, were investigated. And so were the relations between PM10 concentration and meteorological parameters. The effects of urban ventilation coefficients in improving urban heat island intensity and PM10 concentration were discussed.
The result of this study was that (1) The MLH in Changsha displayed seasonal difference and daily variation rule. The MLH was significantly higher during daytime than during nighttime. Its variation was acute during daytime, however was steady during nighttime. The MLH was mainly affected by solar radiation and relative humidity during daytime, however only by wind speed during nighttime. The prediction model 2 and model 3 could accurately predict the MLH in different times and places. (2) The difference between urban area temperature and suburban area temperature was slight during daytime, but it was very apparent during nighttime. The average UHI in Changsha during nighttime was 2.5℃, and the UHI displayed daily variation characteristics. MLH and wind speed were meteorological factors that significantly affected the UHI. When the MLH and wind speed were higher, the UHI was lower. (3) The daily variation of PM10 concentration was a double-peak curve. The first peak was present in about 9:00, and the other was in about 19:00. However, the morning peak held for a short time. The PM10 concentration was 112.6±49.4,81.6±32.0,91.5±41.6 and 137.7±71.8μg/m3 during spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively. The days whose PM10 concentration was higher than national daily concentration standard were 20.9%,3.3%,6.6%and 33.3%of the total days during spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively. MLH and wind speed were the main meteorological factors that affected the PM1o concentration, and they were both negatively relative to the PM1o concentration in every season.
Because the urban heat island effect and air pollution are serious in most Chinese cities, strategies should be taken to enhance mixing layer height and surface wind speed. Urban ventilation coefficient could be improved by elevating MLH and wind speed, which could effectively cut down urban heat island effect and air pollution.
本文首先建立城市通风模型,包括城市空间、城市通风概念及城市通风系数的计算。混合层高度是城市通风模型的重要构成参数,但是数据难以获得,因此本研究用HYSPLIT模型计算长沙大气混合层高度,从气象网站http://www.underground.com下载气象参数值,分析2005-2009年长沙市混合层高度特性及其与近地面气象参数关系,用多元线性回归法建立混合层高度预测模型；然后以长沙火车站与周边四个农村监测点气温差值为热岛强度,分析2008年长沙市城市热岛强度及其与城市通风的关系；最后分析2008年长沙火车站PM10浓度的变化特性及其城市通风的关系。
本文研究结果表明：(1)混合层高度呈现明显季节性差异,且存在明显天变化规律。白天混合层高度显著大于晚上,白天值大且变化剧烈,晚上值小且较为稳定。白天混合层高度主要受太阳辐射和相对湿度影响,晚上混合层高度主要受风速影响。本研究建立的预测模型能准确预测出不同时空的混合层高度。(2)白天长沙市中心与郊区的温度没有显著差别,而晚上则差别较大,长沙城市热岛强度值在晚上平均2.5-C左右,且存在明显的天变化规律。混合层高度和风速是影响城市热岛强度的主要气象参数,热岛强度随混合层高度和风速增加而降低。(3)PMlo浓度日变化呈现双峰曲线状,第一个峰值出现在9：00左右,第二个峰值出现在19：00附近。春夏秋冬四季PM1o质量浓度分别为112.6±49.4、81.6±32.0、91.5±41.6和137.7±71.8μg/m3,分别超国家日平均标准的天数为20.9%、3.3%、6.6%和33.3%。混合层高度和风速是影响PM10浓度的主要气象因素,PM10浓度与混合层高度以及风速在四季均呈现显著反向相关性。
鉴于我国大部分城市热岛效应及空气污染水平的严峻形势,本研究认为应该采取措施提高城市混合层高度和近地面风速,从而提高城市通风状况,以达到有效改善城市热岛效应和空气质量的目标。
Urbanization is leading to higher density of population and buildings in cities, which deteriorates urban ventilation, heat island effect and air quality and increases the risk of infecting epidemic in the cities. Improving urban ventilation is an effective method to solve above urban environment and health problems. This study analyzed the influencing factors and improving measures of urban heat island intensity (UHI) and inhalable particulate matters (PM10) from the urban ventilation and meteorological parameters perspective, which was helpful for making effective control strategies of above urban environmental problems.
The urban ventilation model, including urban space, the concept of urban ventilation and urban ventilation coefficient, was proposed. Mixing layer height (MLH) was the most important parameter of urban ventilation, but it is difficult to obtain. So the MLH of Changsha was computed by HYSPLIT model, and surface meteorological parameters were downloaded from famous meteorological web http://www.underground.com. The characteristics of MLH in Changsha during 2005 to 2009 and its relations to surface meteorological parameters were analyzed in this study, and prediction models of MLH were established and tested. Secondly, the characteristics of UHI and PM10 concentration in Changsha during 2008 were studied. Finally, the relations between UHI and meteorological parameters, including MLH, were investigated. And so were the relations between PM10 concentration and meteorological parameters. The effects of urban ventilation coefficients in improving urban heat island intensity and PM10 concentration were discussed.
The result of this study was that (1) The MLH in Changsha displayed seasonal difference and daily variation rule. The MLH was significantly higher during daytime than during nighttime. Its variation was acute during daytime, however was steady during nighttime. The MLH was mainly affected by solar radiation and relative humidity during daytime, however only by wind speed during nighttime. The prediction model 2 and model 3 could accurately predict the MLH in different times and places. (2) The difference between urban area temperature and suburban area temperature was slight during daytime, but it was very apparent during nighttime. The average UHI in Changsha during nighttime was 2.5℃, and the UHI displayed daily variation characteristics. MLH and wind speed were meteorological factors that significantly affected the UHI. When the MLH and wind speed were higher, the UHI was lower. (3) The daily variation of PM10 concentration was a double-peak curve. The first peak was present in about 9:00, and the other was in about 19:00. However, the morning peak held for a short time. The PM10 concentration was 112.6±49.4,81.6±32.0,91.5±41.6 and 137.7±71.8μg/m3 during spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively. The days whose PM10 concentration was higher than national daily concentration standard were 20.9%,3.3%,6.6%and 33.3%of the total days during spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively. MLH and wind speed were the main meteorological factors that affected the PM1o concentration, and they were both negatively relative to the PM1o concentration in every season.
Because the urban heat island effect and air pollution are serious in most Chinese cities, strategies should be taken to enhance mixing layer height and surface wind speed. Urban ventilation coefficient could be improved by elevating MLH and wind speed, which could effectively cut down urban heat island effect and air pollution.
引文
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