方孔微通道板极紫外波段成像性能研究
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摘要
为了满足未来空间探测计划需求，在极紫外波段的光学系统中，需要一种大视场、高分辨率、能够收集大量辐射并将其准直或聚焦的光学器件。基于全反射理论的方孔微通道板（microchannelplate,MCP）光学成像系统具有大视场、高分辩率、结构紧凑、重量轻、成本低等优点，因此，这种新型X射线光学元件在越来越多的领域中得到了应用和发展。
本文首先从X射线全反射理论出发，讨论了平面方孔MCP和曲面方孔MCP的成像原理，以及散射表面对其成像质量的影响。
然后基于Tracepro软件建立方孔MCP实体模型，利用Monte-Carlo光线追迹方法对具有不同结构缺陷的MCP模型进行了成像模拟，分别讨论了Taper型、Twist型和Nonsquare型结构缺陷对其成像质量的影响。然后以溴钨灯作为实验光源，对现有的四块平面方孔MCP在可见光波段进行了成像实验，并将实验结果与利用Monte-Carlo方法模拟的结果进行比对，二者基本吻合，验证了模拟结果的正确性。然后利用凹面反射光栅单色仪加激光等离子体光源组成一套极紫外波段单色系统，并在30.40nm波长位置上对平面方孔MCP进行了成像实验。从实验结果可以看出，中央光斑峰值强度有近四倍的增益，验证了方孔MCP光学系统的会聚特性。
最后，根据曲面方孔MCP的成像特点，分别设计了超广角X射线望远镜和基于透射光栅加MCP的成像光谱仪。对曲面方孔MCP的应用做了初步的研究工作。
In order to continuously meet the requirements of future space exploration programs, a new optical element which has a large field of view, a high resolution, can collect large amounts of radiations and collimate or focus them is needed for the X-ray optical systems. Based on the theory of total reflection, the square-hole micro-channel plate (MCP) optical imaging system has a large field of view, high resolution, compact conformation, light in weight, low cost and other advantages. Therefore, the new X-ray optical element has been applied and developed in more and more areas.
In this paper, starting from the X-ray total reflection theory, the imaging principles of the flat square-hole MCP and the curved square-hole MCP are discussed, and the influence of the surface scattering on the image quality is also discussed.
Then the solid model of the flat square-hole MCP is setup with the software TRACEPRO, and imaging simulations are carried out for MCPs with different structural defects with Monte-Carlo ray tracing method. The Taper-type, Twist-type and Nonsquare-type structure defects are investigated. Using a bromine tungsten-arc lamp as light source, the imaging experiments are done for the four available flat square-hole MCPs in the visible band. The experimental results are compared with the simulation results the use of Monte-Carlo to compare the composition, and they are basically the same, further verifying the correctness of the simulation results. Then using the extreme ultraviolet monochrome system composed of a concave grating monochromator and a laser-produced plasma source, imaging experiments are done for the flat square-hole MCP at30.40nm. The experimental results show that the peak intensity of the central spot has a gain nearly four times and this verifies the focusing properties of the MCP optical system.
Finally, the applications of curved square-hole MCP are investigated. According to the imaging properties of the curved square-hole MCP, a super wide angle X-ray telescope and an imaging spectrometer based on transmission gating and MCP are designed. Basic researches have been done for the applications of the curved square-hole MCP.
本文首先从X射线全反射理论出发，讨论了平面方孔MCP和曲面方孔MCP的成像原理，以及散射表面对其成像质量的影响。
然后基于Tracepro软件建立方孔MCP实体模型，利用Monte-Carlo光线追迹方法对具有不同结构缺陷的MCP模型进行了成像模拟，分别讨论了Taper型、Twist型和Nonsquare型结构缺陷对其成像质量的影响。然后以溴钨灯作为实验光源，对现有的四块平面方孔MCP在可见光波段进行了成像实验，并将实验结果与利用Monte-Carlo方法模拟的结果进行比对，二者基本吻合，验证了模拟结果的正确性。然后利用凹面反射光栅单色仪加激光等离子体光源组成一套极紫外波段单色系统，并在30.40nm波长位置上对平面方孔MCP进行了成像实验。从实验结果可以看出，中央光斑峰值强度有近四倍的增益，验证了方孔MCP光学系统的会聚特性。
最后，根据曲面方孔MCP的成像特点，分别设计了超广角X射线望远镜和基于透射光栅加MCP的成像光谱仪。对曲面方孔MCP的应用做了初步的研究工作。
In order to continuously meet the requirements of future space exploration programs, a new optical element which has a large field of view, a high resolution, can collect large amounts of radiations and collimate or focus them is needed for the X-ray optical systems. Based on the theory of total reflection, the square-hole micro-channel plate (MCP) optical imaging system has a large field of view, high resolution, compact conformation, light in weight, low cost and other advantages. Therefore, the new X-ray optical element has been applied and developed in more and more areas.
In this paper, starting from the X-ray total reflection theory, the imaging principles of the flat square-hole MCP and the curved square-hole MCP are discussed, and the influence of the surface scattering on the image quality is also discussed.
Then the solid model of the flat square-hole MCP is setup with the software TRACEPRO, and imaging simulations are carried out for MCPs with different structural defects with Monte-Carlo ray tracing method. The Taper-type, Twist-type and Nonsquare-type structure defects are investigated. Using a bromine tungsten-arc lamp as light source, the imaging experiments are done for the four available flat square-hole MCPs in the visible band. The experimental results are compared with the simulation results the use of Monte-Carlo to compare the composition, and they are basically the same, further verifying the correctness of the simulation results. Then using the extreme ultraviolet monochrome system composed of a concave grating monochromator and a laser-produced plasma source, imaging experiments are done for the flat square-hole MCP at30.40nm. The experimental results show that the peak intensity of the central spot has a gain nearly four times and this verifies the focusing properties of the MCP optical system.
Finally, the applications of curved square-hole MCP are investigated. According to the imaging properties of the curved square-hole MCP, a super wide angle X-ray telescope and an imaging spectrometer based on transmission gating and MCP are designed. Basic researches have been done for the applications of the curved square-hole MCP.
引文
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