基于知识的企业家异质性人力资本形成机制研究
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摘要
随着经济转型和市场竞争的激烈化,企业家成为推动经济发展的主要力量之一。企业家的异质性人力资本对企业的作用就是企业绩效的提升、企业的可持续发展,这是企业家异质性人力资本不同于普通人力资源的特征。因此,企业家自身的发展也成为了时代的需求,而如何成为一个企业家更成为了重点和焦点。企业家要具备哪些特征、如何才能具备这些特征也是创业领域正在寻求答案的问题之一。对这个问题的透彻理解和深入分析能够提供理解很多相关社会问题的依据,也能够为相关的学术研究提供借鉴。
随着信息的复杂化和多样化,知识和学习成为个人具备竞争优势、企业具备核心竞争力的必须桥梁。因此,从各种渠道学习知识成为企业家形成和持续发展的必要条件。但是,什么样的知识能够促进企业家的形成从而影响企业家创业,什么样的知识不能够对企业家的形成起到相应的作用,知识到底通过什么条件影响企业家的形成,这些都是需要分析探讨的问题。
因此,本研究针对上述的种种提问进行了以下几个方面的实证研究：(1)企业家异质性人力资本的界定和维度；(2)影响企业家异质性人力资本的知识类别；(3)创业认知在知识和企业家异质性人力资本之间的中介作用,具体包括知识与创业认知之间的关系和创业认知与企业家异质性人力资本之间的关系；(4)风险倾向对创业认知在知识和企业家异质性人力资本形成过程中的调节作用。
论文以结合文献和理论分析,使用问卷调查方式获取研究数据。用小样本预检验测试了问卷的效度和信度,之后在大样本分析中,进行了探索性因子分析和验证性因子分析,进一步调整了因子的测项。实证结果表明,企业家的异质性人力资本体现在以下几个维度：自治、创新、风险承担、前瞻。企业家的知识包括了与企业家创业相关的学术知识、社会网络类知识、创业从业经验类知识和管理实践类知识。具体而言,企业家社会网络知识又细分为核心网络知识和辅助网络知识；管理实践知识又可分为管理自我知识、管理他人和任务的知识。
通过运用结构方程模型检验,创业认知在知识和企业家异质性人力资本的自治维度之问没有任何中介效应,而创业认知在知识和创新、风险承担、前瞻维度之间均存在中介效应,有的是部分中介有的是完全中介作用。创业认知的完全中介效应存在于以下方面：核心网络类知识和风险承担、前瞻之间的中介效应,创业从业经验类知识和创新、风险承担、前瞻之间的中介效应,管理自我类知识和创新之间的中介效应。创业认知的部分中介效应存在于以下方面：管理自我类知识和风险承担、前瞻之间的中介效应。
风险倾向在创业认知和异质性人力资本的自治维度、创新维度、前瞻维度之间有显著的调节效应,而在风险承担这个维度上不存在调节效应。之后,本研究将样本分为高风险倾向和低风险倾向两组,分别对两组进行创业认知与自治、创新、前瞻维度之间的回归关系进行分析。结果表明,风险倾向较高的企业家的创业认知和人力资本的自治、创新、前瞻各维度间存在显著的正向影响；而风险倾向较低的企业家的创业认知和人力资本的自治、创新、前瞻各维度间的关系不显著。
最后,论文对研究结论进行了总结,指出了论文对与理论和实践的启示,并对论文研究的局限性和后续研究进行了展望。
With economic restructuring and the intensification of market competition, entrepreneurs become one of the major forces to promote economic development. The role of entrepreneurial heterogeneous human capital on the business is to improve corporate performance and corporate sustainable development, which is the difference between entrepreneurial heterogeneous human capital and general human resources. Therefore, the entrepreneur's development has become the needs of the times, but how to become an entrepreneur even became the most important topic. Therefore, what features should entrepreneurs have, how to have these characteristics is also one of the issues the field is looking for answers.A thorough understanding of this issue and in-depth analysis can provide to understand the basis of many related social problems, but also be able to give advices to relevant academic research.
As the complexity and diversity of information, knowledge and learning become the bridge which facilitates individual competitive advantage, core competitiveness of companies. Therefore, it is the necessary conditions for the entrepreneurs'formation and sustainable development of learning from a variety of sources. But what kind of knowledge can contribute to the formation of entrepreneurs, thus affecting entrepreneurship, what kind of knowledge can not be played on the formation of entrepreneurs, by what conditions the role of the corresponding knowledge affect the formation of entrepreneurs in the end.All these problems need to be analyzed and discussed.
Therefore, the purpose of this study carried out empirical research to all these questions including the following aspects:(1)definition and dimensions of the entrepreneurial heterogeneous human capital;(2) knowledge categories that affect the entrepreneurial heterogeneous human capital; (3)the mediating role of entrepreneurial cognition between knowledge and entrepreneurial heterogeneous human capital, specifically including the relationship between knowledge and entrepreneurial heterogeneous human capital, and the relationship between entrepreneurial cognition and entrepreneurial heterogeneous human capital; (4) whether entrepreneurial cognition is moderated by the different risk preferences of entrepreneurs.
This study does theoretical analysis, and uses questionnaire survey method to obtain research data. The validity and reliability is tested with a small sample of pre-test questionnaire. In large sample analysis, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis are carried out; further measuring items to the factors are adjusted. The results show that there are four dimensions in entrepreneurial heterogeneous human capital:autonomy, innovation, risk-taking, proactiveness. Entrepreneurs'knowledge includs academic knowledge, social network knowledge, entrepreneurial and industrial experience knowledge, and management practices knowledge. Entrepreneur social network knowledge is subdivided into core networks knowledge and supporting networks knowledge; management practice knowledge management can be divided into self-management knowledge, and knowledge of managing others and tasks.
Through employing the PLS-based Structure Equation Model,entrepreneurial cognition doesn't play mediating role between entrepreneur's knowledge and autonomy dimension of entrepreneurial heterogeneous human capital. However, entrepreneurial cognition plays mediating role between entrepreneur's knowledge and innovation, risk-taking and proactiveness dimension of entrepreneurial heterogeneous human capital.In detail, entrepreneurial cognition plays completely mediating role between core-network knowledge and risk-taking and proactiveness dimension of entrepreneurial heterogeneous human capital.Entrepreneurial cognition plays completely mediating role between entrepreneurial-experience knowledge and innovation, risk-taking and proactiveness dimension of entrepreneurial heterogeneous human capital.Entrepreneurial cognition plays completely mediating role between self-management knowledge and innovation dimension of entrepreneurial heterogeneous human capital.Entrepreneurial cognition plays partially mediating role between self-management knowledge and risk-taking and proactiveness dimension of entrepreneurial heterogeneous human capital.
Risk propensity plays moderating role between entrepreneurial cognition and autonomy, innovation and proactiveness dimension of entrepreneurial heterogeneous human capital.However, there is no moderating effect in the dimension of risk-taking. In order to verify this, we divide the sample into high and low level based on the risk propensity and conduct the regression analysis between entrepreneurial cognition and autonomy, innovation and proactiveness dimension of entrepreneurial heterogeneous human capital.About the high level, we find entrepreneurial cognition has significantly positive effect on autonomy, innovation and proactiveness dimension of entrepreneurial heterogeneous human capital.However, the other part is on the contrary.
Finally, this study summarizes the conclusions, and points out the implication to theory and practice. The limitations of research and follow-up studies are proposed.
随着信息的复杂化和多样化,知识和学习成为个人具备竞争优势、企业具备核心竞争力的必须桥梁。因此,从各种渠道学习知识成为企业家形成和持续发展的必要条件。但是,什么样的知识能够促进企业家的形成从而影响企业家创业,什么样的知识不能够对企业家的形成起到相应的作用,知识到底通过什么条件影响企业家的形成,这些都是需要分析探讨的问题。
因此,本研究针对上述的种种提问进行了以下几个方面的实证研究：(1)企业家异质性人力资本的界定和维度；(2)影响企业家异质性人力资本的知识类别；(3)创业认知在知识和企业家异质性人力资本之间的中介作用,具体包括知识与创业认知之间的关系和创业认知与企业家异质性人力资本之间的关系；(4)风险倾向对创业认知在知识和企业家异质性人力资本形成过程中的调节作用。
论文以结合文献和理论分析,使用问卷调查方式获取研究数据。用小样本预检验测试了问卷的效度和信度,之后在大样本分析中,进行了探索性因子分析和验证性因子分析,进一步调整了因子的测项。实证结果表明,企业家的异质性人力资本体现在以下几个维度：自治、创新、风险承担、前瞻。企业家的知识包括了与企业家创业相关的学术知识、社会网络类知识、创业从业经验类知识和管理实践类知识。具体而言,企业家社会网络知识又细分为核心网络知识和辅助网络知识；管理实践知识又可分为管理自我知识、管理他人和任务的知识。
通过运用结构方程模型检验,创业认知在知识和企业家异质性人力资本的自治维度之问没有任何中介效应,而创业认知在知识和创新、风险承担、前瞻维度之间均存在中介效应,有的是部分中介有的是完全中介作用。创业认知的完全中介效应存在于以下方面：核心网络类知识和风险承担、前瞻之间的中介效应,创业从业经验类知识和创新、风险承担、前瞻之间的中介效应,管理自我类知识和创新之间的中介效应。创业认知的部分中介效应存在于以下方面：管理自我类知识和风险承担、前瞻之间的中介效应。
风险倾向在创业认知和异质性人力资本的自治维度、创新维度、前瞻维度之间有显著的调节效应,而在风险承担这个维度上不存在调节效应。之后,本研究将样本分为高风险倾向和低风险倾向两组,分别对两组进行创业认知与自治、创新、前瞻维度之间的回归关系进行分析。结果表明,风险倾向较高的企业家的创业认知和人力资本的自治、创新、前瞻各维度间存在显著的正向影响；而风险倾向较低的企业家的创业认知和人力资本的自治、创新、前瞻各维度间的关系不显著。
最后,论文对研究结论进行了总结,指出了论文对与理论和实践的启示,并对论文研究的局限性和后续研究进行了展望。
With economic restructuring and the intensification of market competition, entrepreneurs become one of the major forces to promote economic development. The role of entrepreneurial heterogeneous human capital on the business is to improve corporate performance and corporate sustainable development, which is the difference between entrepreneurial heterogeneous human capital and general human resources. Therefore, the entrepreneur's development has become the needs of the times, but how to become an entrepreneur even became the most important topic. Therefore, what features should entrepreneurs have, how to have these characteristics is also one of the issues the field is looking for answers.A thorough understanding of this issue and in-depth analysis can provide to understand the basis of many related social problems, but also be able to give advices to relevant academic research.
As the complexity and diversity of information, knowledge and learning become the bridge which facilitates individual competitive advantage, core competitiveness of companies. Therefore, it is the necessary conditions for the entrepreneurs'formation and sustainable development of learning from a variety of sources. But what kind of knowledge can contribute to the formation of entrepreneurs, thus affecting entrepreneurship, what kind of knowledge can not be played on the formation of entrepreneurs, by what conditions the role of the corresponding knowledge affect the formation of entrepreneurs in the end.All these problems need to be analyzed and discussed.
Therefore, the purpose of this study carried out empirical research to all these questions including the following aspects:(1)definition and dimensions of the entrepreneurial heterogeneous human capital;(2) knowledge categories that affect the entrepreneurial heterogeneous human capital; (3)the mediating role of entrepreneurial cognition between knowledge and entrepreneurial heterogeneous human capital, specifically including the relationship between knowledge and entrepreneurial heterogeneous human capital, and the relationship between entrepreneurial cognition and entrepreneurial heterogeneous human capital; (4) whether entrepreneurial cognition is moderated by the different risk preferences of entrepreneurs.
This study does theoretical analysis, and uses questionnaire survey method to obtain research data. The validity and reliability is tested with a small sample of pre-test questionnaire. In large sample analysis, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis are carried out; further measuring items to the factors are adjusted. The results show that there are four dimensions in entrepreneurial heterogeneous human capital:autonomy, innovation, risk-taking, proactiveness. Entrepreneurs'knowledge includs academic knowledge, social network knowledge, entrepreneurial and industrial experience knowledge, and management practices knowledge. Entrepreneur social network knowledge is subdivided into core networks knowledge and supporting networks knowledge; management practice knowledge management can be divided into self-management knowledge, and knowledge of managing others and tasks.
Through employing the PLS-based Structure Equation Model,entrepreneurial cognition doesn't play mediating role between entrepreneur's knowledge and autonomy dimension of entrepreneurial heterogeneous human capital. However, entrepreneurial cognition plays mediating role between entrepreneur's knowledge and innovation, risk-taking and proactiveness dimension of entrepreneurial heterogeneous human capital.In detail, entrepreneurial cognition plays completely mediating role between core-network knowledge and risk-taking and proactiveness dimension of entrepreneurial heterogeneous human capital.Entrepreneurial cognition plays completely mediating role between entrepreneurial-experience knowledge and innovation, risk-taking and proactiveness dimension of entrepreneurial heterogeneous human capital.Entrepreneurial cognition plays completely mediating role between self-management knowledge and innovation dimension of entrepreneurial heterogeneous human capital.Entrepreneurial cognition plays partially mediating role between self-management knowledge and risk-taking and proactiveness dimension of entrepreneurial heterogeneous human capital.
Risk propensity plays moderating role between entrepreneurial cognition and autonomy, innovation and proactiveness dimension of entrepreneurial heterogeneous human capital.However, there is no moderating effect in the dimension of risk-taking. In order to verify this, we divide the sample into high and low level based on the risk propensity and conduct the regression analysis between entrepreneurial cognition and autonomy, innovation and proactiveness dimension of entrepreneurial heterogeneous human capital.About the high level, we find entrepreneurial cognition has significantly positive effect on autonomy, innovation and proactiveness dimension of entrepreneurial heterogeneous human capital.However, the other part is on the contrary.
Finally, this study summarizes the conclusions, and points out the implication to theory and practice. The limitations of research and follow-up studies are proposed.
引文
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