中国北方古代人群Y染色体遗传多样性研究
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摘要
中国北方是东亚地区连接北亚、中亚乃至欧洲文明的枢纽地带，它幅员辽阔，自然生态环境多种多样，适合于农耕、游牧、渔猎等多种经济生活方式共存，自古以来就是人类生活的沃土，众多古代族群曾在这里繁衍生息并留下了宝贵的物质文化遗产。该地区的古代先民还先后多次武力夺取政权，大范围的战乱曾在历史上引发北民南移，加速了中国南、北方人群的基因融合。部分古代民族甚至远征欧洲，使其后裔遍布各地，对整个欧亚大陆的人群交流起到促进作用。这些事件使北方人群在人类的迁徙史中占据重要地位。因此，这一地区古代人群的遗传学研究对于追溯华夏民族的原始遗传构成，推测欧亚大陆人群迁徙、融合的具体模式具有重要意义。本研究通过对中国北方13个考古遗址—新疆小河墓地、哈密天山北路墓地、巴里坤黑沟梁墓地、宁夏彭阳墓地、青海西宁陶家寨墓地、山西绛县横北村墓地、河北蔚县三关墓地、庙子沟遗址、牛河梁遗址、哈拉海沟墓地、大甸子遗址、大山前遗址、井沟子墓地—出土的人类遗骸进行父系分子遗传学研究，总结出各古代人群Y染色体单倍型类群的分布规律和特点，并结合相关古代、现代人群的分子遗传学数据，揭示中国北方不同区域古代人群的父系遗传多样性，探讨不同时期古代人群遗传构成的动态变化过程，为阐明北方族群起源、流向及人群间融合分化等问题提供分子遗传学证据。所得结果如下：
第一、对东北辽西地区5个考古遗址出土的78例男性古代人类遗骸中获得44例样本的Y-DNA结果，分别归属于C、N和O三种单倍型类群。其中单倍型类群N在辽西地区古代人群中长期、广泛的存在，并且占有较大的比例，在距今5500-3000年前，是该地区古代人群父系遗传构成中最主要的成分；根据单倍型类群O在辽西地区古代人群中出现的频率及其所在人群的文化属性与生活方式，并结合相关古代人群的Y-SNP研究结果，我们推测单倍型类群O可能是由中原地区北上，移居到辽西地区的古代农业人群所携带的单倍型类群。而单倍型类群C的出现则可能与南下的北亚的游牧民族有关。以上数据表明辽西地区土著人群的父系遗传结构在保持连续性的同时，融入了古代中原及北亚人群的父系基因成分。
第二、从64例西北地区男性古代人类遗骸中成功获得46例样本的Y-DNA结果，归属于N、O、Q和R四个单倍型类群。西北地区古代人群的父系遗传构成具有明显的地域特异性，例如最西端的小河人群以西部谱系中的R1a1为主体单倍型类群；毗邻内蒙古地区的彭阳人群中所有个体均可归属于单倍型类群Q，是北亚人群中高频存在的单倍型类群；而临近中原地区的陶家寨人群的父系Y-DNA以东亚单倍型类群O为主，与现代汉族人群相似。综合分析西北地区古代人群的父系遗传结构可知，西北地区各古代人群的父系遗传构成存在显著不同，根据所得遗传学数据推测之所以产生这些不同，主要是由于不同人群有着不同的父系起源，每个人群所接受的祖先人群的基因贡献是不同的，并且从父系方面来看，人群间的交流较少，从而使其自身独特的基因成分得以保留。
第三、成功从48例华北地区的男性古代人类遗骸中获得29例样本的Y-DNA结果，归属于N、O和Q三种单倍型类群。其中单倍型类群O所占的比重最大，多样性最高，并在华北古代中原地区的两个考古遗址中均有发现；单倍型类群Q高频存在可能是由于山西曾是古代游牧民族“狄人”主要的活动区域；单倍型类群N出现表明中原与辽西地区可能存在人群间的基因交流。综合分析各地区古代人群的Y-DNA研究结果可知，西北与东北地区古代人群中所包含的大多数东亚特异单倍型类群均能在中原地区古代人群中发现，即中原古代人群的父系遗传多样性较高。而中原地区，自商周时期起就是华夏族及其后裔汉族的聚居地，因此华北中原地区古代人群遗传结构的特点从一侧面佐证了汉族的祖先——华夏族的来源是多样的而非单一的，在其形成过程中融合了不同来源的古代人群的基因成分。
基于以上分析结果可知，中国北方古代人群的父系遗传结构在不同地域具有不同的分布模式：东北辽西地区，在土著人群的父系遗传构成保持连续性的同时，可以看到有外来的基因成分存在于这一地区的人群中，这些外来的基因成分可能来自中原及北亚等地区。并且，在距今3000-2500年左右，外来的基因成分有增加的趋势。西北地区，不同地域范围内的各古代人群间父系遗传构成存在明显的差别。从本研究5个西北古代人群的Y染色体遗传数据来看，产生这些差别的原因可能是由于不同人群有着不同的父系来源，并且不同人群间基因交流较少，从而使得自身固有遗传结构得以保持；华北地区，位于古代中原地区的古代人群的父系遗传结构与现代汉族最为接近，表明其可能是现代汉族主要的父系基因贡献者。
Because of its location as a transportation point, Northern China was a keypoint for culture communication between Central Asia, North Asia and and East Asia.Northern China located in the east end of the northern nomads belt along the GreatWall of China, which was the obvious boundary between Central Plains and frontierfortress. The region played an important role when human beings undergo barbarismto civilization and in the development of Chinese civilization and also in the contactbetween agricultural cultivation and nomadic economy, is one original region ofChinese civilization. Along with the change of environment and climate, thealternation of archaeological cultures, economic lifestyle and composition of theresidents varied before5500-1500years ago. In this study，ancient people from13archaeological sites were analyzed in patrilineal lineage. We have attempted to findout the source and flow of the residents in Northern Chinese. It’s not only helpful tounderstand the relationship of the prehistory residents in this region, but alsoimportant for a thorough study of the complex archeological cultural exchange of theChina and the evolutionary history of the whole Eurasia.
Firstly,44reproducible Y-DNA results obtained from78ancient West-Liao Riverpeople, and they were attributed to3haplogroups such as C, N and O. The mostfrequency haplogroup in ancient West-Liao River people is haplogroup N. Thehaologroup N, appeared early, distributed extensively, is the chief constituent of thepaternal gene pool in this region. According to archaeological culture research andrelated Y-DNA results, haplogroup O maybe belong to the immigrants whomigration from the central plain. The result of the geography distribution showedthat most of people who carried haplogroup C are Northern Asians or ancient nomads. All the data show that the ancient West-Liao River people keep their geneticcontinuity science Neolithic to Bronze Age, at the same time, we can find adventivecomponents arised in this region, indicating that neighouring populations hadassimilate into West-Liao River people.
Secondly,46reproducible Y-DAN results were obtained from64ancientNorthwest Chinese, and they were attributed to4haplogroups such as N, O, Q and R.The different populations in Northwest China have distinct paternal genetic structure.Based on the Y-DNA data, we inferred that the most likely reason is that everypopulation had different male origin. And little genetic communicate between humangroups on the paternal side.
Thirdly,29reproducible Y-DNA results were obtained from46ancient centralplain people, and they were attributed to3haplogroups such as N, O and Q. Theancient central plain people are most close to the Han Chinese in terms of thecompositions of haplogroups O among the ancient populations in this study,indicating the close relationship between central plain people and Han Chinese. Theresults showed that the ancient central plain people contribution to the Han Chinesewas much higher than the other ancient northern populations. Over all, the ancientcentral plain populations were close to the Han Chinese in paternal lineage,indicating a stable paternal genetic structure in Han Chinese since3,000years ago.
第一、对东北辽西地区5个考古遗址出土的78例男性古代人类遗骸中获得44例样本的Y-DNA结果，分别归属于C、N和O三种单倍型类群。其中单倍型类群N在辽西地区古代人群中长期、广泛的存在，并且占有较大的比例，在距今5500-3000年前，是该地区古代人群父系遗传构成中最主要的成分；根据单倍型类群O在辽西地区古代人群中出现的频率及其所在人群的文化属性与生活方式，并结合相关古代人群的Y-SNP研究结果，我们推测单倍型类群O可能是由中原地区北上，移居到辽西地区的古代农业人群所携带的单倍型类群。而单倍型类群C的出现则可能与南下的北亚的游牧民族有关。以上数据表明辽西地区土著人群的父系遗传结构在保持连续性的同时，融入了古代中原及北亚人群的父系基因成分。
第二、从64例西北地区男性古代人类遗骸中成功获得46例样本的Y-DNA结果，归属于N、O、Q和R四个单倍型类群。西北地区古代人群的父系遗传构成具有明显的地域特异性，例如最西端的小河人群以西部谱系中的R1a1为主体单倍型类群；毗邻内蒙古地区的彭阳人群中所有个体均可归属于单倍型类群Q，是北亚人群中高频存在的单倍型类群；而临近中原地区的陶家寨人群的父系Y-DNA以东亚单倍型类群O为主，与现代汉族人群相似。综合分析西北地区古代人群的父系遗传结构可知，西北地区各古代人群的父系遗传构成存在显著不同，根据所得遗传学数据推测之所以产生这些不同，主要是由于不同人群有着不同的父系起源，每个人群所接受的祖先人群的基因贡献是不同的，并且从父系方面来看，人群间的交流较少，从而使其自身独特的基因成分得以保留。
第三、成功从48例华北地区的男性古代人类遗骸中获得29例样本的Y-DNA结果，归属于N、O和Q三种单倍型类群。其中单倍型类群O所占的比重最大，多样性最高，并在华北古代中原地区的两个考古遗址中均有发现；单倍型类群Q高频存在可能是由于山西曾是古代游牧民族“狄人”主要的活动区域；单倍型类群N出现表明中原与辽西地区可能存在人群间的基因交流。综合分析各地区古代人群的Y-DNA研究结果可知，西北与东北地区古代人群中所包含的大多数东亚特异单倍型类群均能在中原地区古代人群中发现，即中原古代人群的父系遗传多样性较高。而中原地区，自商周时期起就是华夏族及其后裔汉族的聚居地，因此华北中原地区古代人群遗传结构的特点从一侧面佐证了汉族的祖先——华夏族的来源是多样的而非单一的，在其形成过程中融合了不同来源的古代人群的基因成分。
基于以上分析结果可知，中国北方古代人群的父系遗传结构在不同地域具有不同的分布模式：东北辽西地区，在土著人群的父系遗传构成保持连续性的同时，可以看到有外来的基因成分存在于这一地区的人群中，这些外来的基因成分可能来自中原及北亚等地区。并且，在距今3000-2500年左右，外来的基因成分有增加的趋势。西北地区，不同地域范围内的各古代人群间父系遗传构成存在明显的差别。从本研究5个西北古代人群的Y染色体遗传数据来看，产生这些差别的原因可能是由于不同人群有着不同的父系来源，并且不同人群间基因交流较少，从而使得自身固有遗传结构得以保持；华北地区，位于古代中原地区的古代人群的父系遗传结构与现代汉族最为接近，表明其可能是现代汉族主要的父系基因贡献者。
Because of its location as a transportation point, Northern China was a keypoint for culture communication between Central Asia, North Asia and and East Asia.Northern China located in the east end of the northern nomads belt along the GreatWall of China, which was the obvious boundary between Central Plains and frontierfortress. The region played an important role when human beings undergo barbarismto civilization and in the development of Chinese civilization and also in the contactbetween agricultural cultivation and nomadic economy, is one original region ofChinese civilization. Along with the change of environment and climate, thealternation of archaeological cultures, economic lifestyle and composition of theresidents varied before5500-1500years ago. In this study，ancient people from13archaeological sites were analyzed in patrilineal lineage. We have attempted to findout the source and flow of the residents in Northern Chinese. It’s not only helpful tounderstand the relationship of the prehistory residents in this region, but alsoimportant for a thorough study of the complex archeological cultural exchange of theChina and the evolutionary history of the whole Eurasia.
Firstly,44reproducible Y-DNA results obtained from78ancient West-Liao Riverpeople, and they were attributed to3haplogroups such as C, N and O. The mostfrequency haplogroup in ancient West-Liao River people is haplogroup N. Thehaologroup N, appeared early, distributed extensively, is the chief constituent of thepaternal gene pool in this region. According to archaeological culture research andrelated Y-DNA results, haplogroup O maybe belong to the immigrants whomigration from the central plain. The result of the geography distribution showedthat most of people who carried haplogroup C are Northern Asians or ancient nomads. All the data show that the ancient West-Liao River people keep their geneticcontinuity science Neolithic to Bronze Age, at the same time, we can find adventivecomponents arised in this region, indicating that neighouring populations hadassimilate into West-Liao River people.
Secondly,46reproducible Y-DAN results were obtained from64ancientNorthwest Chinese, and they were attributed to4haplogroups such as N, O, Q and R.The different populations in Northwest China have distinct paternal genetic structure.Based on the Y-DNA data, we inferred that the most likely reason is that everypopulation had different male origin. And little genetic communicate between humangroups on the paternal side.
Thirdly,29reproducible Y-DNA results were obtained from46ancient centralplain people, and they were attributed to3haplogroups such as N, O and Q. Theancient central plain people are most close to the Han Chinese in terms of thecompositions of haplogroups O among the ancient populations in this study,indicating the close relationship between central plain people and Han Chinese. Theresults showed that the ancient central plain people contribution to the Han Chinesewas much higher than the other ancient northern populations. Over all, the ancientcentral plain populations were close to the Han Chinese in paternal lineage,indicating a stable paternal genetic structure in Han Chinese since3,000years ago.
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