广西南部平话汉族群体遗传结构的研究
摘要
平话汉族(Pinghua Han)为南方汉族典型的代表之一,是汉族的一个古老支系,人口总数在300-400万之间,主要分布在广西。文化人类学显示平话人的形成历史比客家人、粤语人群、闽语人群还早。为理清平话汉族的起源、迁徙及与周围族群的关系,本文从分子人类学角度出发,使用STR荧光扫描、TaqMan探针、微测序、SNaPshot等方法对中国广西壮族自治区南部包括南宁市江西镇、平果县、田东县三个地区的平话汉族人群共341份个体(包括181个男性),分别进行了Y染色体和mtDNA单倍群的分型,结果发现南部平话人群的Y染色体单倍群具有高频的南方原住民族单倍型O1a2、O2a*、O*、O3*。mtDNA的高频单倍型是M7b1、F1a、M*、B4a、N*,与其周边原住民族和南方少数民族亦很接近。根据平话人群以及汉族其他支系和东亚其他民族群体的Y染色体和mtDNA单倍群数据所绘制的无根系统树、主成分分析图及网络结构图分析,显示平话人在遗传结构上更靠近南方原住民族而与汉族距离甚远。结合北部平话已发表数据我们得出结论:南部平话人在遗传结构上并非汉族的后裔,他们来自南方少数民族。南、北平话汉族内部遗传结构亦存在较大差异;推测原来都是讲侗台语的不同人群,通过不同的过程转用汉语并传承汉族习俗后形成了今日的平话人群。
Pinghua Han is an old and one of the typical southern Han groups with a population of 3-4 million. Pinghua Hans mainly live in Guangxi province. Their history might be more earlier than Hakka、Cantonese and Min dialect groups according to cultural anthropology. In order to know more accurately the origin, the migration and the mixture with the surrounding groups of Southern Pinghua Hans, 341 healthy Pinghua individuals (including 181 males) were recruited from the south part of Guangxi province including Nanning, Pingguo and Tiandong and their Y chromosome-SNP and mitochondrial DNA haplogroups were typed with fluorescent STR scan, TaqMan probe, mini-sequencing and SNaPshot techniques. As a result, high frequencies of the Y chromosome haplogroup O1a2, O2a*, O* and O3*,which are the most frequent haplogroups in the southern aborigines, were found in the Sorthern Pinghua populations;on the mtDNA lineages, M7b1, F1a, M*, B4a, and N* were found more frequectly in Pinghua populations, exhibiting a pattern similar to the neighboring aboriginal groups, especially the Daic populations Clustering analyses (dendrograms, principal component analyses,AMOVA and networks) of the southern Pinghua populations, the other Han branches, and other ethnic groups in East Asia indicated that the northern Pinghua populations are much closer to the southern aborigines than to the other Han branches. Therefore, we argued that the sorthern Pinghua populations did not descend from Han Chinese, but from southern aborigines in China. Combining the published data of northern Pinghuas, we suggested that Pinghua Hans dot not descended from other Hans, but from the southern minorities genetically; Even in Pinghua Hans themselves, there is a marked difference between the northern and the southern; The Pinghua develops into a Han ethnic group who speak a mixed language (mainly from Daic and ancient northern Han Chinese) and take the customs of Hans in the long run.
Pinghua Han is an old and one of the typical southern Han groups with a population of 3-4 million. Pinghua Hans mainly live in Guangxi province. Their history might be more earlier than Hakka、Cantonese and Min dialect groups according to cultural anthropology. In order to know more accurately the origin, the migration and the mixture with the surrounding groups of Southern Pinghua Hans, 341 healthy Pinghua individuals (including 181 males) were recruited from the south part of Guangxi province including Nanning, Pingguo and Tiandong and their Y chromosome-SNP and mitochondrial DNA haplogroups were typed with fluorescent STR scan, TaqMan probe, mini-sequencing and SNaPshot techniques. As a result, high frequencies of the Y chromosome haplogroup O1a2, O2a*, O* and O3*,which are the most frequent haplogroups in the southern aborigines, were found in the Sorthern Pinghua populations;on the mtDNA lineages, M7b1, F1a, M*, B4a, and N* were found more frequectly in Pinghua populations, exhibiting a pattern similar to the neighboring aboriginal groups, especially the Daic populations Clustering analyses (dendrograms, principal component analyses,AMOVA and networks) of the southern Pinghua populations, the other Han branches, and other ethnic groups in East Asia indicated that the northern Pinghua populations are much closer to the southern aborigines than to the other Han branches. Therefore, we argued that the sorthern Pinghua populations did not descend from Han Chinese, but from southern aborigines in China. Combining the published data of northern Pinghuas, we suggested that Pinghua Hans dot not descended from other Hans, but from the southern minorities genetically; Even in Pinghua Hans themselves, there is a marked difference between the northern and the southern; The Pinghua develops into a Han ethnic group who speak a mixed language (mainly from Daic and ancient northern Han Chinese) and take the customs of Hans in the long run.
引文
[1] Underhill PA,Shen P,Lin AA,Jin L et al.Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations.Nat Genet,2000,26:358-361
[2] A nomenclature system for the tree of human Y-chromosomal binary haplogroups. Genome Res, 2002. 12(2): 339-48.
[3]Antonio Torroni,Alessandro Achilli,Vincent Macaulay.Harvesting the fruit of the human mtDNA tree.Trends in Genetics,2006,22(6)339-345
[4] Anita Brandstatter Thomas J,Parsons Walther Parson.Rapid screening of mtDNA coding region SNPs of the identification of west European Caucasian haplogroups.Internationao Journal of legal Medicine ,2003,117:291-298
[5]Hui Li,Xiaoyun Cai,Zhendong Qin.Mitochondrial DNA diversity and population differentiation in Southern East Asia.American Journal of Physical Anthropology,2007,1-8
[6]Yong-Gang Yao, Qing-Peng Kong, Hans-Jurgen Bandelt. Phylogeographic Differentiation of Mitochondrial DNA in Han Chinese. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2002,70:635–651
[7]李辉,金力重建东亚人类族谱科学人2008年8 35-39
[8]俞建昆,除嘉佑,钱亚屏,孙浩,应用30个常染色体STR位点研究中国6个民族群体的遗传关系。遗传学报,28(8)699-706
[9]Kayser M, Caglia A, Corach D, Fretwell N, Gehrig C, Graziosi G,Heidorn F, Herrmann S, et al Evaluation of Y-chromosomal STRs: a multicenter study. Int J Legal Med ,1997,110:125–133
[10]Sengupta Sanghamitra, Zhivotovsky Lev A., King R, Mehdi S. Q. Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributionsin India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists. The American Journal of Human Genetics,2006,78:202-221
[11]Shen PD,Tal Lavi, Toomas Kivisild, Vivian Chou, Deniz Sengun, Dov Gefe,Issac Shpirer et al Reconstruction of Patrilineages and Matrilineagesof Samaritans and Other Israeli Populations From Y-Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation,2004.
[11]Shi H, Dong YL, Wen B, Xiao CJ, Peter A. Underhill, Shen PD et al Y-Chromosome Evidence of Southern Origin of the East Asian–Specific Haplogroup O3-M12. Am. J. Hum. Genet.,2005, 77:408–419
[12]Shastry BS. SNP alleles in human disease and evolution. Hum Genet. 2002, 47:561-566
[13]Livak KJ, Flood SJA, Marmaro J, Giusti W, Deetz K. Oligonucleotides with fluorescent dyes at opposite ends provide a quenched probe system useful for detecting PCR product and nucleic acid hybridization. PCR Methods Appl 1995, 4:357-362
[14]Underhill PA,Shen P,Lin AA,Jin L et al.Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations.Nat Genet,2000,26:358-361
[15]Cavalli-Sforza LL, Menozzi P, Piazza A (1994) The history and geography of human genes. Princeton University Press, Princeton
[16]Excoffier L, Smouse PE, Quattro JM. (1992) Analysis of molecular variance inferred from metric distances among DNA haplotypes: application to human mitochondrial DNA restriction data. Genetics. 131:479-91.
[17]Schneider S, Kueffer J-M, Roessli D, Excoffier L (2000) Arlequin: Ver. 2.000 A software for population genetic analysis. Genetics and Biometry Laboratory, University of Geneva, Geneva
[18]根井正利,库马,著,吕宝忠等译,分子进化与系统发育(中译本)2002,北京:高等教育出版社. 232-254.
[19] Mountain, J.L. and L.L. Cavalli-Sforza, Multilocus genotypes, a tree of individuals, and human evolutionary history. Am J Hum Genet, 1997. 61(3):705-18.
[20] Kumar, S., K. Tamura, and M. Nei, MEGA3: Integrated software for Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis and sequence alignment. Brief Bioinform, 2004. 5(2): 150-63
[21] Saitou, N. and M. Nei, The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol Biol Evol, 1987. 4(4): 406-25.
[22]Su B, Xiao J, Underhill P, Deka R, Zhang W, Akey J, HuangW, Shen D, Lu D, Luo J, Chu J, Tan J, Shen P, Davis R,Cavalli-Sforza L, Chakraborty R, Xiong M, Du R, OefnerP, Chen Z, Jin L (1999) Y-chromosome evidence for a northwardmigration of modern humans into Eastern Asia duringthe last Ice Age. Am J Hum Genet 65:1718–1724
[23]Wen B,Li H,Lu DR, Song XF,Zhang F,He YG,et al.Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture. Nature,2004 ,431:302-305
[24]Rui-Jing Gan,Shang-Ling Pan,Laura F, Hui Li et al. The Genographic ConsortiumPinghua population as an exception of Han Chinese’s coherent genetic structure J Hum Genet (2008) 53:303–313
[25] Wen B,Li H,Gao S,Mao XY, Gao Y, Li F, Zhang F, He YG)Genetic Structure of Hmong-Mien Speaking Populations in East Asia as Revealed by mtDNA Lineages. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 2004,22:725-733
[26]Li H,Wen B, Chen SJ, Su B,Pramoonjago P, Liu Y, Pan S, Qin Z, Liu W, Cheng X, Yang N, Li X, Tran D, Qian J, Lu D, Hsu M, Deka R, Marzuki S, Tan CC, Jin L Paternal Relationships between Austronesian and Daic Populations. BMC Evol Biol, 2007, in press
[27] Li H,Genetic structure of Austro-Tai populations. Ph.D. dissertation of Human Biology, 2005, Fudan University, Shanghai
[28] Wen B, Xie XH, Gao S, Li H, Shi H, Song XF, Qian TZ, Xiao CJ, Jin JZ, Su B, Lu D, Chakraborty Ranajit, Jin L Analyses of Genetic Structure of Tibeto-Burman Populations Reveals Sex-Biased Admixture in Southern Tibeto-Burmans. Am J Hum Genet.2004,74: 856–865.
[29]李辉分子人类学所见历史上闽越族群的消失.广西民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版) 2007,29 (2 ):42-47
[30] Chen J, Li H, Qin ZD, Liu WH, LinW-X, Yin RX, Jin L, Pan SL Y-chromosome Genotyping and Genetic Structure of Zhuang Populations . Acta Genetica Sinica, December 2006, 33 (12):1060–1072
[31]Li H,Cai XY,Elizabeth R. Winograd-Cort,Wen B,Cheng X,Qin ZD, Liu .WH Mitochondrial DNA Diversity and PopulationDifferentiation in Southern East Asia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology,,2007,in press
[32]
[33]Cann RL,Stoneking M,Wilson AC.Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution.Nature 1987,325:31-36
[34]《瑶族通史》DNA分析结果报告.复旦大学现代人类学研究中心.
[35]吴刚,李梅.一种快速、高通量的基因分型新方法.临床检验杂志2003,21(6):333-334
[36] Jean A. Trejaut, Toomas Kivisild, Jun Hun Loo.Traces of Archaic Mitochondrial Lineages Persist in Austronesian-Speaking FormosanPopulations. Plos Biology, 2005 ,3 :1-11
[37] Hill C, Soares P, Mormina M, Macaulay V, Clarke D, Blumbach PB, Vizuete-Forster M,Forster P, Bulbeck D, Oppenheimer S, Richards M A mitochondrial stratigraphy for island southeast Asia. Am J Hum Genet. 2007 ,80(1):29-43
[38]徐杰舜,平话人的形成及人文特征.广西大学学报(哲学社会科学版)1999,5(21):102-108
[40]松本光太郎《汉族平话(蔗园)人考》,《广西民族学院学报》1997年第1期。
[42]杜若甫,我国的人类群体遗传学研究.生物学通报,1997.32(7): 9-12.
[43]达尔文著,周建人,叶笃庄,方宗熙译,《物种起源》.1991,北京:商务印书馆.
[1]Jin Li, Su Bing. Natives or Immigrations: Modern Human Origin in East Asia[J], Nature Genetics Reviews,1(2): 126~132,2000.
[2]Cann R L, Stoneking M, Wilson A C, Mitochondria DNA and Human evolution .Nature, 1987,325:31-36
[3]Vigilant L , Stoneking M, Harpending H,et al. African populations and the evolution of hunman mitochondrial DNA.Science,1997 253:1503-1507
[4]Chu J Y,Huang W,Kuang S Q,et al.Genetic relationship of population in china .Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,1998,95:11763-11768。
[5] Su B, Xiao J, Underhill P, Deka R, Zhang W, Akey J, Huang W, Shen D, Lu D,Luo J, Chu J, Tan J, Shen P, Davis R, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Chakraborty R, XiongM, Du R, Oefner P, Chen Z, Jin L. Y chromosome Evidence for a northwardmigration of modern humans in East Asia during the last Ice Age. AmericanJournal of Human Genetics 65: 1718-1724,1999
[6]柯越海,宿兵,李宏宇,等Y染色体的遗传学证据支持现代中国人起源于非洲。中国科学,2001,46(5):411-414
[7] Ke Y, Su B, Song X, Lu D, Chen L, Li H, Qi C, Marzuki S, Deka R, Oefner P,Underhill PA, Xiao C, Shriver MS, Lell, J, Wallace D, Wells RS, Seielstad M,Zhu D, Huang W, Chakraborty R, Chen Z, Jin L. African originof modernhumans in East Asia: A tale of 12,000 Y chromosomes. Science,292(23):1151-1153,2001
[8]李辉,走向远东的两个现代人种,国立国父纪念馆馆刊第14期164-180
[9]张俊武,龙桂芳.血红蛋白和血红蛋白病[M ].南宁:广西科学技术出版社, 2003: 151 - 157, 236 - 245.
[11]DEBORAH RUND*, TIRZA COHENt, DvoRA FILON*,Evolution of a genetic disease in an ethnic isolate: ,-Thalassemia in the Jews of Kurdistan Proc. Nad. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 88, pp. 310-314, January 1991
[12]Kimura A ,M atsunaga E, Tak ihara Y et al. Structural analysis of a B2thalassem ia gene found in Taiwan. J Bio l chem, 1983; 258:2748
[13]S. L. Thein,* P. Winichagoon, C. Hesketh,* S. Best,* S. Fucharoen, P. Wasi, and D. J. Weatherall* The Molecular Basis of P-Thalamia in Thailand: Application to Prenatal Diagnosis Am.Hum.Genet.47:369-375, 1990
[14]Chang JC , Kan YW.β-Thalassemia , a nonsense mutation in man. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA ,1980 ,76 :288622890.
[15]饶兆英,周红平,曾毓华等,江西地区β地中海贫血基因突变类型的分析,中国优生与遗传杂志10(3)2002:20-21
[16]张宇红,余伍忠,李厚钧等,丝绸之路沿线陕甘新地区β地中海贫血CD17(A→T)的分布特点,中华血液学杂志19(10)1998
[18]Li HJ,Yu WZ, Zhou CW,et al. Theβ-thalassem frameshift at codon8(-AA ) observed in four Chinese of the Uygur nationality[J].Hemoglobin, 1993, 17 (6) 537-541
[19]潘尚领,东亚及东南亚地区G6PD缺陷的地域分布以及疟疾的正选择作用COM. on C. A. 1:42-52, 2007
[2] A nomenclature system for the tree of human Y-chromosomal binary haplogroups. Genome Res, 2002. 12(2): 339-48.
[3]Antonio Torroni,Alessandro Achilli,Vincent Macaulay.Harvesting the fruit of the human mtDNA tree.Trends in Genetics,2006,22(6)339-345
[4] Anita Brandstatter Thomas J,Parsons Walther Parson.Rapid screening of mtDNA coding region SNPs of the identification of west European Caucasian haplogroups.Internationao Journal of legal Medicine ,2003,117:291-298
[5]Hui Li,Xiaoyun Cai,Zhendong Qin.Mitochondrial DNA diversity and population differentiation in Southern East Asia.American Journal of Physical Anthropology,2007,1-8
[6]Yong-Gang Yao, Qing-Peng Kong, Hans-Jurgen Bandelt. Phylogeographic Differentiation of Mitochondrial DNA in Han Chinese. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2002,70:635–651
[7]李辉,金力重建东亚人类族谱科学人2008年8 35-39
[8]俞建昆,除嘉佑,钱亚屏,孙浩,应用30个常染色体STR位点研究中国6个民族群体的遗传关系。遗传学报,28(8)699-706
[9]Kayser M, Caglia A, Corach D, Fretwell N, Gehrig C, Graziosi G,Heidorn F, Herrmann S, et al Evaluation of Y-chromosomal STRs: a multicenter study. Int J Legal Med ,1997,110:125–133
[10]Sengupta Sanghamitra, Zhivotovsky Lev A., King R, Mehdi S. Q. Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributionsin India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists. The American Journal of Human Genetics,2006,78:202-221
[11]Shen PD,Tal Lavi, Toomas Kivisild, Vivian Chou, Deniz Sengun, Dov Gefe,Issac Shpirer et al Reconstruction of Patrilineages and Matrilineagesof Samaritans and Other Israeli Populations From Y-Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation,2004.
[11]Shi H, Dong YL, Wen B, Xiao CJ, Peter A. Underhill, Shen PD et al Y-Chromosome Evidence of Southern Origin of the East Asian–Specific Haplogroup O3-M12. Am. J. Hum. Genet.,2005, 77:408–419
[12]Shastry BS. SNP alleles in human disease and evolution. Hum Genet. 2002, 47:561-566
[13]Livak KJ, Flood SJA, Marmaro J, Giusti W, Deetz K. Oligonucleotides with fluorescent dyes at opposite ends provide a quenched probe system useful for detecting PCR product and nucleic acid hybridization. PCR Methods Appl 1995, 4:357-362
[14]Underhill PA,Shen P,Lin AA,Jin L et al.Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations.Nat Genet,2000,26:358-361
[15]Cavalli-Sforza LL, Menozzi P, Piazza A (1994) The history and geography of human genes. Princeton University Press, Princeton
[16]Excoffier L, Smouse PE, Quattro JM. (1992) Analysis of molecular variance inferred from metric distances among DNA haplotypes: application to human mitochondrial DNA restriction data. Genetics. 131:479-91.
[17]Schneider S, Kueffer J-M, Roessli D, Excoffier L (2000) Arlequin: Ver. 2.000 A software for population genetic analysis. Genetics and Biometry Laboratory, University of Geneva, Geneva
[18]根井正利,库马,著,吕宝忠等译,分子进化与系统发育(中译本)2002,北京:高等教育出版社. 232-254.
[19] Mountain, J.L. and L.L. Cavalli-Sforza, Multilocus genotypes, a tree of individuals, and human evolutionary history. Am J Hum Genet, 1997. 61(3):705-18.
[20] Kumar, S., K. Tamura, and M. Nei, MEGA3: Integrated software for Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis and sequence alignment. Brief Bioinform, 2004. 5(2): 150-63
[21] Saitou, N. and M. Nei, The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol Biol Evol, 1987. 4(4): 406-25.
[22]Su B, Xiao J, Underhill P, Deka R, Zhang W, Akey J, HuangW, Shen D, Lu D, Luo J, Chu J, Tan J, Shen P, Davis R,Cavalli-Sforza L, Chakraborty R, Xiong M, Du R, OefnerP, Chen Z, Jin L (1999) Y-chromosome evidence for a northwardmigration of modern humans into Eastern Asia duringthe last Ice Age. Am J Hum Genet 65:1718–1724
[23]Wen B,Li H,Lu DR, Song XF,Zhang F,He YG,et al.Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture. Nature,2004 ,431:302-305
[24]Rui-Jing Gan,Shang-Ling Pan,Laura F, Hui Li et al. The Genographic ConsortiumPinghua population as an exception of Han Chinese’s coherent genetic structure J Hum Genet (2008) 53:303–313
[25] Wen B,Li H,Gao S,Mao XY, Gao Y, Li F, Zhang F, He YG)Genetic Structure of Hmong-Mien Speaking Populations in East Asia as Revealed by mtDNA Lineages. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 2004,22:725-733
[26]Li H,Wen B, Chen SJ, Su B,Pramoonjago P, Liu Y, Pan S, Qin Z, Liu W, Cheng X, Yang N, Li X, Tran D, Qian J, Lu D, Hsu M, Deka R, Marzuki S, Tan CC, Jin L Paternal Relationships between Austronesian and Daic Populations. BMC Evol Biol, 2007, in press
[27] Li H,Genetic structure of Austro-Tai populations. Ph.D. dissertation of Human Biology, 2005, Fudan University, Shanghai
[28] Wen B, Xie XH, Gao S, Li H, Shi H, Song XF, Qian TZ, Xiao CJ, Jin JZ, Su B, Lu D, Chakraborty Ranajit, Jin L Analyses of Genetic Structure of Tibeto-Burman Populations Reveals Sex-Biased Admixture in Southern Tibeto-Burmans. Am J Hum Genet.2004,74: 856–865.
[29]李辉分子人类学所见历史上闽越族群的消失.广西民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版) 2007,29 (2 ):42-47
[30] Chen J, Li H, Qin ZD, Liu WH, LinW-X, Yin RX, Jin L, Pan SL Y-chromosome Genotyping and Genetic Structure of Zhuang Populations . Acta Genetica Sinica, December 2006, 33 (12):1060–1072
[31]Li H,Cai XY,Elizabeth R. Winograd-Cort,Wen B,Cheng X,Qin ZD, Liu .WH Mitochondrial DNA Diversity and PopulationDifferentiation in Southern East Asia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology,,2007,in press
[32]
[33]Cann RL,Stoneking M,Wilson AC.Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution.Nature 1987,325:31-36
[34]《瑶族通史》DNA分析结果报告.复旦大学现代人类学研究中心.
[35]吴刚,李梅.一种快速、高通量的基因分型新方法.临床检验杂志2003,21(6):333-334
[36] Jean A. Trejaut, Toomas Kivisild, Jun Hun Loo.Traces of Archaic Mitochondrial Lineages Persist in Austronesian-Speaking FormosanPopulations. Plos Biology, 2005 ,3 :1-11
[37] Hill C, Soares P, Mormina M, Macaulay V, Clarke D, Blumbach PB, Vizuete-Forster M,Forster P, Bulbeck D, Oppenheimer S, Richards M A mitochondrial stratigraphy for island southeast Asia. Am J Hum Genet. 2007 ,80(1):29-43
[38]徐杰舜,平话人的形成及人文特征.广西大学学报(哲学社会科学版)1999,5(21):102-108
[40]松本光太郎《汉族平话(蔗园)人考》,《广西民族学院学报》1997年第1期。
[42]杜若甫,我国的人类群体遗传学研究.生物学通报,1997.32(7): 9-12.
[43]达尔文著,周建人,叶笃庄,方宗熙译,《物种起源》.1991,北京:商务印书馆.
[1]Jin Li, Su Bing. Natives or Immigrations: Modern Human Origin in East Asia[J], Nature Genetics Reviews,1(2): 126~132,2000.
[2]Cann R L, Stoneking M, Wilson A C, Mitochondria DNA and Human evolution .Nature, 1987,325:31-36
[3]Vigilant L , Stoneking M, Harpending H,et al. African populations and the evolution of hunman mitochondrial DNA.Science,1997 253:1503-1507
[4]Chu J Y,Huang W,Kuang S Q,et al.Genetic relationship of population in china .Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,1998,95:11763-11768。
[5] Su B, Xiao J, Underhill P, Deka R, Zhang W, Akey J, Huang W, Shen D, Lu D,Luo J, Chu J, Tan J, Shen P, Davis R, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Chakraborty R, XiongM, Du R, Oefner P, Chen Z, Jin L. Y chromosome Evidence for a northwardmigration of modern humans in East Asia during the last Ice Age. AmericanJournal of Human Genetics 65: 1718-1724,1999
[6]柯越海,宿兵,李宏宇,等Y染色体的遗传学证据支持现代中国人起源于非洲。中国科学,2001,46(5):411-414
[7] Ke Y, Su B, Song X, Lu D, Chen L, Li H, Qi C, Marzuki S, Deka R, Oefner P,Underhill PA, Xiao C, Shriver MS, Lell, J, Wallace D, Wells RS, Seielstad M,Zhu D, Huang W, Chakraborty R, Chen Z, Jin L. African originof modernhumans in East Asia: A tale of 12,000 Y chromosomes. Science,292(23):1151-1153,2001
[8]李辉,走向远东的两个现代人种,国立国父纪念馆馆刊第14期164-180
[9]张俊武,龙桂芳.血红蛋白和血红蛋白病[M ].南宁:广西科学技术出版社, 2003: 151 - 157, 236 - 245.
[11]DEBORAH RUND*, TIRZA COHENt, DvoRA FILON*,Evolution of a genetic disease in an ethnic isolate: ,-Thalassemia in the Jews of Kurdistan Proc. Nad. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 88, pp. 310-314, January 1991
[12]Kimura A ,M atsunaga E, Tak ihara Y et al. Structural analysis of a B2thalassem ia gene found in Taiwan. J Bio l chem, 1983; 258:2748
[13]S. L. Thein,* P. Winichagoon, C. Hesketh,* S. Best,* S. Fucharoen, P. Wasi, and D. J. Weatherall* The Molecular Basis of P-Thalamia in Thailand: Application to Prenatal Diagnosis Am.Hum.Genet.47:369-375, 1990
[14]Chang JC , Kan YW.β-Thalassemia , a nonsense mutation in man. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA ,1980 ,76 :288622890.
[15]饶兆英,周红平,曾毓华等,江西地区β地中海贫血基因突变类型的分析,中国优生与遗传杂志10(3)2002:20-21
[16]张宇红,余伍忠,李厚钧等,丝绸之路沿线陕甘新地区β地中海贫血CD17(A→T)的分布特点,中华血液学杂志19(10)1998
[18]Li HJ,Yu WZ, Zhou CW,et al. Theβ-thalassem frameshift at codon8(-AA ) observed in four Chinese of the Uygur nationality[J].Hemoglobin, 1993, 17 (6) 537-541
[19]潘尚领,东亚及东南亚地区G6PD缺陷的地域分布以及疟疾的正选择作用COM. on C. A. 1:42-52, 2007