电网故障下直驱永磁同步风电系统的持续运行与变流控制
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摘要
风电作为缓解全球燃油枯竭、气候变暖和环境恶化的一个主要能源形式而受到越来越多国家的重视。随着并网风电容量的不断提高,风力发电机组与电网之间的相互作用也越来越强。一方面,风电机组的运行性能直接影响到所并电网的稳定性和电能质量,另一方面,实际运行中电网故障可能导致风电机组的保护性切机,引起电网的扩大化故障,给电网的稳定运行带来严重的后果。因此从电网的安全角度考虑要求并网运行的风电机组应能满足接入电网的技术规范,要求风电机组能在电网故障下持续运行而不退出电网,即风电机组必须具备低电压穿越(LVRT)能力。本文针对直驱风电系统在不对称电网故障下的持续运行与变流控制进行了研究,全文安排如下：
第1章介绍了风力发电技术的研究现状与发展趋势；介绍了目前风力发电系统中的主要机型,概述了直驱风电系统低电压穿越技术的研究现状。
第2章阐述了风力发电的基本原理、风轮机的功率特性和风轮机功率的控制方法,探讨了风轮机最大风能捕获原理和最大功率输出的控制策略,介绍了3种最大功率点跟踪算法,为直驱风电系统在正常和电网故障情况下控制策略的最优选择提供有效的指导。
第3章在直驱风电系统传统控制策略的基础上,提出一种新的变流器控制策略,并在SIMULINK/MATLAB的环境下对两种控制策略进行了仿真和比较。由于新型控制策略中的功率环调节在网侧,其能量转换的效率较传统控制策略高,系统的响应速度加快,动态特性很好,稳态后各项参数的性能也很优越。同时,新型控制策略在没有采用任何保护措施的情况下,也可使系统具有一定的低电压穿越能力,为电网故障下直驱风电系统变流器的控制提供了一种最优的选择。但传统控制策略比新型控制策略在机侧与直流母线电压的稳定性上更具有优势。然后构建了直驱风电系统实验平台,对风电实验系统各部分装置的软、硬件进行设计,并通过实验对所提出的新型控制策略的性能进行验证。
第4章首先阐述了风电机组的并网要求与直驱风电机组的并网过程,介绍了电网的故障类型,提出了5种提高直驱风电系统低电压穿越能力的措施,接着阐述了抑制振荡的阻尼控制器的设计。最后结合电容保护电路、桨距角调节、直流母线电压调节和电网无功支持等控制策略,给出了实现直驱风电系统低电压穿越的控制结构和仿真模型,并进行了仿真。
第5章首先阐述了锁相环的功能和结构,介绍了直驱风电系统网侧变流器控制的电网同步化要求。接下来对现有的一些同步化方法进行了研究与比较,然后探索出适合于电网不对称故障下的网侧变流器同步化方法。本章对单同步软件锁相环、解耦的双同步坐标系软件锁相环和二阶通用积分器-正交信号发生器软件锁相环的工作原理和性能进行了研究,重点对二阶通用积分器-正交信号发生器同步化方法进行了仿真和实验研究,为直驱风电机组在不对称电网故障下的持续运行提供可靠的信息。
第6章首先给出电网故障下直驱风电系统的控制策略和控制结构,探讨了电网故障下保持直流母线电压恒定的机理,提出了3种不同的电流控制器,在SIMULINK/MATLAB的环境下对3种电流控制器的性能进行了仿真与比较。最后针对本文所提出的新型控制策略和第5章所提出的电网同步化方法,结合低电压穿越控制策略在电网不对称故障下对直驱风电系统的持续运行与控制性能进行了实验验证。
结论部分作为对本论文研究工作的总结,介绍本研究的特点和创新之处,同时指出了进一步研究工作的重点和方向。
As a one of main energy sources to release the depletion of oils, climate warming and environment deteriorate in the world wind power generation has been increasingly emphasized by more and more countries. With the rapid increase of capacity of wind power generator set connected to grid, the mutual action between the wind power generator set and grid has been larger and larger. In one hand, the operation performance of generator set directly influences operation stability and energy quality of the grid connected to it. In the other hand the grid faults in real operation can cause the generator set to disconnect from the grid because of protection action and give rise to an enlarged fault resulting in a severely negative effect to restoring stabilized operation of grid. So from the grid safety it is necessary to design new grid code requirements for wind power which impose the wind turbines to stay connected to the grid under grid fault. That means the wind generator sets must have the capability to ride through low voltage. This paper is designed to research the operation and control of direct drive wind power generation system under asymmetrical grid fault conditions. This paper is organized as follows:
In chapter1, we introduce research status and development trends of wind power generation technology in and out of domestic, and the main wind power generator set types at present. Then we also summarized research status of direct drive wind generation system in terms of low voltage ride-through technology.
In chapter2, we introduce basic principles of wind power generation, power characteristic and control methods of output power of wind turbine, and discuss principles to capture maximum wind energy from changing wind and the control strategy to output maximum electrical power, then introduce three maximum power point tracking control algorithms to provide effective guides to optimum control strategy choice in direct drive wind power generation system under normal and grid fault conditions.
In chapter3, a new converter control strategy of direct drive wind generation system is proposed based on conventional one on the which generator-side converter controls power transmitted into grid and grid-side converter controls DC bus voltage, while the new control strategy is the other way around. Then we simulate and compare two control strategies in the SIMULINK/MATLAB environment. On the new strategy because power regulation is realized in grid-side converter, the energy convertion efficiency is higher than that on the traditional one, response speed of system speeds up and dynamic performance is very good, various steady performance of parameters is also very good. In the meantime, the new control strategy can make this system to have definite ability to ride through low voltage without adopting any protection measures and offers an optimal choice for converter control of direct drive wind generation system under grid faults. However, the conventional strategy has advantages in terms of generator-side and DC bus voltage stability over the new one. Then the experimental platform of direct-driven wind generation system is constructed and software and hardware of it are designed to verify the performance of two kinds of control strategies proposed.
In chapter4, the grid code requirments and grid incorporation process of wind power generator sets are dealed with, the fault types of grid are introduced. Five different measures to enhance low voltage ride-through capability in direct drive wind power generation system are proposed, and design of damping controller to restrain the oscillation is performed. Based on the control strategy of capacitor energy storage protection circuit, generator speed regulating (regulating blade pitch angle), DC bus voltage adjusting and grid reactive power support provided by grid-side converter, the control configuration and simulation model to fulfill low voltage ride-through of direct-driven wind generation system is offered and simulations are performed.
In chapter5, function and configuration of phase-locked loop are dealed with and grid synchronization requirments of grid-side converter in the direct-driven wind generation system is clarified. Some present grid synchronization methods are researched and compared to seek out an optimal method suit for grid-side converter synchronization under asymmetrical grid fault conditions. This paper researches the work principles and performance of single synchronous reference frame software phase-locked loop, decoupled double synchronous reference frame PLL and second order general integrator-quadrature signals generator synchronization methods. Second order general integrator-quadrature signals generator synchronization method is researched by simulation and experiment to provide reliable information for continuous operation of direct-driven wind generation system under asymmetrical grid fault conditions.
In chapter6, the control strategy and configuration of direct-driven wind generation system are given, the principle to keep DC bus voltage constant is discussed. Three different current controllers are provided and compared by simulating under SIMULINK/MATLAB environment. Finally based on the new control strategy and grid synchronization method offered in the chapter5and coupled with low voltage ride-through control strategy the continuous operation and control performance of direct-driven wind generation system under asymmetrical grid fault is verified.
The conclusion summarizes research work of this paper and introduces the characteristic and originality in the paper, meanwhile gives the emphasis and direction of research work in the future.
第1章介绍了风力发电技术的研究现状与发展趋势；介绍了目前风力发电系统中的主要机型,概述了直驱风电系统低电压穿越技术的研究现状。
第2章阐述了风力发电的基本原理、风轮机的功率特性和风轮机功率的控制方法,探讨了风轮机最大风能捕获原理和最大功率输出的控制策略,介绍了3种最大功率点跟踪算法,为直驱风电系统在正常和电网故障情况下控制策略的最优选择提供有效的指导。
第3章在直驱风电系统传统控制策略的基础上,提出一种新的变流器控制策略,并在SIMULINK/MATLAB的环境下对两种控制策略进行了仿真和比较。由于新型控制策略中的功率环调节在网侧,其能量转换的效率较传统控制策略高,系统的响应速度加快,动态特性很好,稳态后各项参数的性能也很优越。同时,新型控制策略在没有采用任何保护措施的情况下,也可使系统具有一定的低电压穿越能力,为电网故障下直驱风电系统变流器的控制提供了一种最优的选择。但传统控制策略比新型控制策略在机侧与直流母线电压的稳定性上更具有优势。然后构建了直驱风电系统实验平台,对风电实验系统各部分装置的软、硬件进行设计,并通过实验对所提出的新型控制策略的性能进行验证。
第4章首先阐述了风电机组的并网要求与直驱风电机组的并网过程,介绍了电网的故障类型,提出了5种提高直驱风电系统低电压穿越能力的措施,接着阐述了抑制振荡的阻尼控制器的设计。最后结合电容保护电路、桨距角调节、直流母线电压调节和电网无功支持等控制策略,给出了实现直驱风电系统低电压穿越的控制结构和仿真模型,并进行了仿真。
第5章首先阐述了锁相环的功能和结构,介绍了直驱风电系统网侧变流器控制的电网同步化要求。接下来对现有的一些同步化方法进行了研究与比较,然后探索出适合于电网不对称故障下的网侧变流器同步化方法。本章对单同步软件锁相环、解耦的双同步坐标系软件锁相环和二阶通用积分器-正交信号发生器软件锁相环的工作原理和性能进行了研究,重点对二阶通用积分器-正交信号发生器同步化方法进行了仿真和实验研究,为直驱风电机组在不对称电网故障下的持续运行提供可靠的信息。
第6章首先给出电网故障下直驱风电系统的控制策略和控制结构,探讨了电网故障下保持直流母线电压恒定的机理,提出了3种不同的电流控制器,在SIMULINK/MATLAB的环境下对3种电流控制器的性能进行了仿真与比较。最后针对本文所提出的新型控制策略和第5章所提出的电网同步化方法,结合低电压穿越控制策略在电网不对称故障下对直驱风电系统的持续运行与控制性能进行了实验验证。
结论部分作为对本论文研究工作的总结,介绍本研究的特点和创新之处,同时指出了进一步研究工作的重点和方向。
As a one of main energy sources to release the depletion of oils, climate warming and environment deteriorate in the world wind power generation has been increasingly emphasized by more and more countries. With the rapid increase of capacity of wind power generator set connected to grid, the mutual action between the wind power generator set and grid has been larger and larger. In one hand, the operation performance of generator set directly influences operation stability and energy quality of the grid connected to it. In the other hand the grid faults in real operation can cause the generator set to disconnect from the grid because of protection action and give rise to an enlarged fault resulting in a severely negative effect to restoring stabilized operation of grid. So from the grid safety it is necessary to design new grid code requirements for wind power which impose the wind turbines to stay connected to the grid under grid fault. That means the wind generator sets must have the capability to ride through low voltage. This paper is designed to research the operation and control of direct drive wind power generation system under asymmetrical grid fault conditions. This paper is organized as follows:
In chapter1, we introduce research status and development trends of wind power generation technology in and out of domestic, and the main wind power generator set types at present. Then we also summarized research status of direct drive wind generation system in terms of low voltage ride-through technology.
In chapter2, we introduce basic principles of wind power generation, power characteristic and control methods of output power of wind turbine, and discuss principles to capture maximum wind energy from changing wind and the control strategy to output maximum electrical power, then introduce three maximum power point tracking control algorithms to provide effective guides to optimum control strategy choice in direct drive wind power generation system under normal and grid fault conditions.
In chapter3, a new converter control strategy of direct drive wind generation system is proposed based on conventional one on the which generator-side converter controls power transmitted into grid and grid-side converter controls DC bus voltage, while the new control strategy is the other way around. Then we simulate and compare two control strategies in the SIMULINK/MATLAB environment. On the new strategy because power regulation is realized in grid-side converter, the energy convertion efficiency is higher than that on the traditional one, response speed of system speeds up and dynamic performance is very good, various steady performance of parameters is also very good. In the meantime, the new control strategy can make this system to have definite ability to ride through low voltage without adopting any protection measures and offers an optimal choice for converter control of direct drive wind generation system under grid faults. However, the conventional strategy has advantages in terms of generator-side and DC bus voltage stability over the new one. Then the experimental platform of direct-driven wind generation system is constructed and software and hardware of it are designed to verify the performance of two kinds of control strategies proposed.
In chapter4, the grid code requirments and grid incorporation process of wind power generator sets are dealed with, the fault types of grid are introduced. Five different measures to enhance low voltage ride-through capability in direct drive wind power generation system are proposed, and design of damping controller to restrain the oscillation is performed. Based on the control strategy of capacitor energy storage protection circuit, generator speed regulating (regulating blade pitch angle), DC bus voltage adjusting and grid reactive power support provided by grid-side converter, the control configuration and simulation model to fulfill low voltage ride-through of direct-driven wind generation system is offered and simulations are performed.
In chapter5, function and configuration of phase-locked loop are dealed with and grid synchronization requirments of grid-side converter in the direct-driven wind generation system is clarified. Some present grid synchronization methods are researched and compared to seek out an optimal method suit for grid-side converter synchronization under asymmetrical grid fault conditions. This paper researches the work principles and performance of single synchronous reference frame software phase-locked loop, decoupled double synchronous reference frame PLL and second order general integrator-quadrature signals generator synchronization methods. Second order general integrator-quadrature signals generator synchronization method is researched by simulation and experiment to provide reliable information for continuous operation of direct-driven wind generation system under asymmetrical grid fault conditions.
In chapter6, the control strategy and configuration of direct-driven wind generation system are given, the principle to keep DC bus voltage constant is discussed. Three different current controllers are provided and compared by simulating under SIMULINK/MATLAB environment. Finally based on the new control strategy and grid synchronization method offered in the chapter5and coupled with low voltage ride-through control strategy the continuous operation and control performance of direct-driven wind generation system under asymmetrical grid fault is verified.
The conclusion summarizes research work of this paper and introduces the characteristic and originality in the paper, meanwhile gives the emphasis and direction of research work in the future.
引文
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