走向虚拟现实传播的媒介技术
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摘要
考察媒介的演进历程我们会发现,媒介技术的发展经历了一个在场交流的失落又重新回归的曲折过程,支配这一过程的动因是人类对自由充分交流的不懈追寻。从媒介发展演变的漫长历程来看,自由充分交流包含着两个向度:一是对时空约束的摆脱,一是对交互性的追寻。代表媒介发展早期阶段的照相术、电影、电视主要围绕第一个向度展开,而以网络为代表的现代媒介主要围绕第二个向度展开。然而,无论是跨越时空的照相术、电影、电视技术,还是交互性的网络技术都无法达到真正意义上的在场交流。于是,伴随着显示技术、通讯技术、计算机信息处理技术和传感技术的成熟,一种全新的媒介技术——“虚拟现实”应运而生。
本文在纵向梳理媒介技术发展演进历程的基础上,详细分析了虚拟现实中人与机器在感知系统和行为系统界面的元素构成,以及虚拟现实在传播交流中所具有的沉浸性特征,从而指出虚拟现实作为媒介技术进化融合的结果,已成为一种新的传播媒介和交流工具,并由虚拟现实传播交流方式中所具有的沉浸性特征论证了虚拟现实以其全新的传播交流技术和独特的界面设计,正在产生一种历史上从未出现过的传播交流方式——虚拟现实传播。随着虚拟现实传播的出现并逐渐被大众接受,又将使虚拟现实成为一个超越电影、电视和网络等流行传播媒介,可实现跨时空在场交流的超级传播媒介,并进一步颠覆人类长期积淀的生存经验和目前固有的生存方式。
When we research the evolution history of the media, we will find that the development of media technology has experienced a tortuous change from fail to success. The reason is that human-beings are always pursuing for communicating more freely and adequately. From the long-term of the media development and evolution we can see that“to communicate freely and adequately”contains two dimensions: one is escaping from the time’s constraint; the other is searching for interactivity. The photograph, film and television technologies which represent the development of media in the early time focus on the first dimension, yet the internet as the modern media focus on the second dimension. However, neither the traditional media technology just like photograph, film and television nor the modern media technology as interactive network can achieve a real sense of the communication at presence. Therefore, along with the development of display technology, communication technology, computer technology, information processing technology, and transducer technology, a new media technology ----“virtual reality”comes into being.
Based on the developing process of media technology, this article analyses the element structure of the virtual reality’s human-machine interface in perception and behavior system, researches the immersion character of virtual reality in the process of communication, then we point out that the virtual reality technology which as the results of the media technology evolution, has become a new kind of media and communication tool. On the basis of the immersion character in communication method of virtual reality, we proof that with the new communication technology and the special interface design, virtual reality is coming into being a new way to communicate which has never appeared before ----“virtual reality communication”. With the emergence and spread of virtual reality, it has gradually been accepted by the public and become another popular media beyond film, television and internet; also it will become a super communication media at presence, and then change the long-term accumulative experience of human-beings and their survival mode.
本文在纵向梳理媒介技术发展演进历程的基础上,详细分析了虚拟现实中人与机器在感知系统和行为系统界面的元素构成,以及虚拟现实在传播交流中所具有的沉浸性特征,从而指出虚拟现实作为媒介技术进化融合的结果,已成为一种新的传播媒介和交流工具,并由虚拟现实传播交流方式中所具有的沉浸性特征论证了虚拟现实以其全新的传播交流技术和独特的界面设计,正在产生一种历史上从未出现过的传播交流方式——虚拟现实传播。随着虚拟现实传播的出现并逐渐被大众接受,又将使虚拟现实成为一个超越电影、电视和网络等流行传播媒介,可实现跨时空在场交流的超级传播媒介,并进一步颠覆人类长期积淀的生存经验和目前固有的生存方式。
When we research the evolution history of the media, we will find that the development of media technology has experienced a tortuous change from fail to success. The reason is that human-beings are always pursuing for communicating more freely and adequately. From the long-term of the media development and evolution we can see that“to communicate freely and adequately”contains two dimensions: one is escaping from the time’s constraint; the other is searching for interactivity. The photograph, film and television technologies which represent the development of media in the early time focus on the first dimension, yet the internet as the modern media focus on the second dimension. However, neither the traditional media technology just like photograph, film and television nor the modern media technology as interactive network can achieve a real sense of the communication at presence. Therefore, along with the development of display technology, communication technology, computer technology, information processing technology, and transducer technology, a new media technology ----“virtual reality”comes into being.
Based on the developing process of media technology, this article analyses the element structure of the virtual reality’s human-machine interface in perception and behavior system, researches the immersion character of virtual reality in the process of communication, then we point out that the virtual reality technology which as the results of the media technology evolution, has become a new kind of media and communication tool. On the basis of the immersion character in communication method of virtual reality, we proof that with the new communication technology and the special interface design, virtual reality is coming into being a new way to communicate which has never appeared before ----“virtual reality communication”. With the emergence and spread of virtual reality, it has gradually been accepted by the public and become another popular media beyond film, television and internet; also it will become a super communication media at presence, and then change the long-term accumulative experience of human-beings and their survival mode.
引文
1哈罗德·伊尼斯.传播的偏向.何道宽.中国人民大学出版社, 2003:25～32
2约书亚·梅罗维茨.消失的地域:电子媒介对社会行为的影响.肖志军.清华大学出版社, 2002:68～105
3莱文森.数字麦克卢汉:信息化新纪元指南.何道宽.社会科学文献出版社, 2001:98～125
4舍曼.虚拟现实系统——接口,应用与设计.魏迎梅.电子工业出版社, 2004:9～10 16
5 Michael Heim. Metaphysics of Virtual Reality. Oxford University Press, 1993:24
6张怡,郦全民,陈敬全.虚拟认识论.上海学林出版社, 2003:28 238～234
7 Franlk Bicca. Intelligence Augmentation: The Vision Inside Virtual Reality, in Cognitive Technology: in Search of a Humane Interfaee.. Elsevier Science. 1996, (7): 78~79
8马卫娟,方志刚.人机交互风格及其发展趋势.航空计算技术. 1999, (3):16～18
9陈启安.人机界面的优化设计.软件世界. 2005, (4):65
10 Derrickde Kerckhove. Brainframes: Technology, Mind and Business. Utrecht, Netcherland, Boach & Keuning. 1991:140
11 Andreas Eggert. The Role of Communication in Virtual Teams. Virtual Organizations Net. 2001, (2):12~15
12彼德斯.交流的无奈——传播思想史.何道宽.华夏出版社, 2003:131 171 89 205 131
13安德烈·巴赞.电影是什么.崔君衍译.中国电影出版社, 1987:12～13 21
14 W. James Crey. Communication as Culture: Eassys on Media and Society. London: Routledge. 1989:25~26
15张咏华.媒介分析:传播技术神话的解读.复旦大学出版社, 2002:12
16罗宇华.虚拟演播室技术.中国图像图形学报. 1996, (9):220～224
17李晓梅.虚拟制作在奥运报道中的运用.广播电视与制作. 2002, (11):27～28
18 Innis, Harold. Empire and Communications. Oxford University Press, 1950:11
19胡泳,范海燕.网络为王.海南出版社, 1997:219
20 T. Wbynum, J. H. Moor. The Digital Phoenix: How Computers are Changing Philosophy .Oxford: Blackwe11. 1998:53~63
21 Christopher May. The Information Society As Mega-Machine: The Continuing Relevance of Lewis Mumford. Information Communication & Society. 2000, (2):13~17
22 Thomas W. Malone, John F. Rodeart. Computers, Networks and Corporation, Scientific American. Special issue. 1995:45~47
23刘云峰.网络传播与立法控制.现代传播. 1997, (3):24
24 Jeffrey stamps, Jesicel Lipnack. A System Science of Networked Organizations. MIT Press. 2000, (9):23~26
25尼葛洛庞帝.数字化生存.胡泳,范海燕.海南出版社, 1995:87
26 Pierre Levy. Becoming Virtual Reality in the Digital Age. Plenum Trade New York and London. 1998:65~76
27 P. Grim,Gmar, P. S. Denis. The Philosophical Computer: Exploratory Essays in Philosophical Computer Modeling. MIT Press. 1998:25~30
28 Mel Slater, Anthony Steed, Yiorgos Chrysanthou.计算机图形学与虚拟环境.机械工业出版社, 2004:17
29比尔·盖茨.未来之路.辜正坤.北京大学出版社, 1996:48
30许春向等.生物传感器及其应用.科学出版社出版, 1993:43
31舒红跃.技术与生活世界.中国社会科学出版社, 2006:125
32 Roker Merton Solow. Efficiency of Virtual Organizations-The Case of AGI. Virtual Orgaaaization Net. 2001, (3):13~43
33 F. Biocca, B. Delaney. Immersivevirtual Reality Technology. Communication in The Age of Virtual Reality. 1995:57~124
34罗杰·菲德勒.媒介形态变化——认识新媒介.明安香.华夏出版社, 2000:24
35姜亦成,叶长青.介于知与不知之间——虚拟环境认知特点分析.理论研究. 2006, (1):22
36 Miles, Creed. Management Systems Design for Virtual Organizations. Virtual Organization Net. 2001, (5):7~10
37蒋庆泉.虚拟现实技术探析.国防技术基础. 2002, (4):4
38 Abbe Mowshowitz. The Switching Principle in Virtual Organization. Virtual Organization Net. 1999, (1):6~10
39 Howard Rheingold .The Virtual Community: Finding Connection in a Computerized World . London : Secker & Warburg.1994:21~24
40亚当·肯顿.行为互动.张凯.社会科学文献出版社, 2001:22
41陈月华.传播:从身体的界面到界面的身体.自然辩证法研究. 2005, (3):23～24
42殷正坤.虚拟与现实.新华文摘. 2000, (7):35～37
43康德.任何一种能够作为科学出现的未来形而上学导论.庞景仁.商务印书馆, 1978:39～40
44李超元.略论虚拟性实践的基本特征和价值.天津社会科学. 2000,(6):30
45 A Skyrme. Framework for Virtual Organization. Proceeding of the Virtual Organization Net-Workshop. 1998:16~18
46 S·亨廷顿.文明的冲突与世界秩序的重建.新华出版社, 1998:93
47刘友红.人在电脑网络社会里的“虚拟”生存.哲学动态. 2001, (1):2
48陈志良.虚拟:人类中介系统的革命.中国人民大学学报. 2001, (4):12～15
49 Michael Heim. Virtual Realism. Oxford University Press, 1998:35~37
50 Roland Bauer, Sakine T. Koszgi. Measuring the Degree of Virtualization. Virtual Organization Net. 2003, (2):26~46
51马克思. 1844年经济学——哲学手稿.刘丕坤.人民出版社. 1979:78～79
52 Pascal Sieker. Organizational Virtualness: The Case of Small IT Companies. Proceedings of the Vddet-Workshop. 1998:23~26
53约翰·L·卡斯蒂.虚实世界:计算机仿真如何改变科学的疆域.王千祥,权利宁.上海科技教育出版社, 1999:77～78
2约书亚·梅罗维茨.消失的地域:电子媒介对社会行为的影响.肖志军.清华大学出版社, 2002:68～105
3莱文森.数字麦克卢汉:信息化新纪元指南.何道宽.社会科学文献出版社, 2001:98～125
4舍曼.虚拟现实系统——接口,应用与设计.魏迎梅.电子工业出版社, 2004:9～10 16
5 Michael Heim. Metaphysics of Virtual Reality. Oxford University Press, 1993:24
6张怡,郦全民,陈敬全.虚拟认识论.上海学林出版社, 2003:28 238～234
7 Franlk Bicca. Intelligence Augmentation: The Vision Inside Virtual Reality, in Cognitive Technology: in Search of a Humane Interfaee.. Elsevier Science. 1996, (7): 78~79
8马卫娟,方志刚.人机交互风格及其发展趋势.航空计算技术. 1999, (3):16～18
9陈启安.人机界面的优化设计.软件世界. 2005, (4):65
10 Derrickde Kerckhove. Brainframes: Technology, Mind and Business. Utrecht, Netcherland, Boach & Keuning. 1991:140
11 Andreas Eggert. The Role of Communication in Virtual Teams. Virtual Organizations Net. 2001, (2):12~15
12彼德斯.交流的无奈——传播思想史.何道宽.华夏出版社, 2003:131 171 89 205 131
13安德烈·巴赞.电影是什么.崔君衍译.中国电影出版社, 1987:12～13 21
14 W. James Crey. Communication as Culture: Eassys on Media and Society. London: Routledge. 1989:25~26
15张咏华.媒介分析:传播技术神话的解读.复旦大学出版社, 2002:12
16罗宇华.虚拟演播室技术.中国图像图形学报. 1996, (9):220～224
17李晓梅.虚拟制作在奥运报道中的运用.广播电视与制作. 2002, (11):27～28
18 Innis, Harold. Empire and Communications. Oxford University Press, 1950:11
19胡泳,范海燕.网络为王.海南出版社, 1997:219
20 T. Wbynum, J. H. Moor. The Digital Phoenix: How Computers are Changing Philosophy .Oxford: Blackwe11. 1998:53~63
21 Christopher May. The Information Society As Mega-Machine: The Continuing Relevance of Lewis Mumford. Information Communication & Society. 2000, (2):13~17
22 Thomas W. Malone, John F. Rodeart. Computers, Networks and Corporation, Scientific American. Special issue. 1995:45~47
23刘云峰.网络传播与立法控制.现代传播. 1997, (3):24
24 Jeffrey stamps, Jesicel Lipnack. A System Science of Networked Organizations. MIT Press. 2000, (9):23~26
25尼葛洛庞帝.数字化生存.胡泳,范海燕.海南出版社, 1995:87
26 Pierre Levy. Becoming Virtual Reality in the Digital Age. Plenum Trade New York and London. 1998:65~76
27 P. Grim,Gmar, P. S. Denis. The Philosophical Computer: Exploratory Essays in Philosophical Computer Modeling. MIT Press. 1998:25~30
28 Mel Slater, Anthony Steed, Yiorgos Chrysanthou.计算机图形学与虚拟环境.机械工业出版社, 2004:17
29比尔·盖茨.未来之路.辜正坤.北京大学出版社, 1996:48
30许春向等.生物传感器及其应用.科学出版社出版, 1993:43
31舒红跃.技术与生活世界.中国社会科学出版社, 2006:125
32 Roker Merton Solow. Efficiency of Virtual Organizations-The Case of AGI. Virtual Orgaaaization Net. 2001, (3):13~43
33 F. Biocca, B. Delaney. Immersivevirtual Reality Technology. Communication in The Age of Virtual Reality. 1995:57~124
34罗杰·菲德勒.媒介形态变化——认识新媒介.明安香.华夏出版社, 2000:24
35姜亦成,叶长青.介于知与不知之间——虚拟环境认知特点分析.理论研究. 2006, (1):22
36 Miles, Creed. Management Systems Design for Virtual Organizations. Virtual Organization Net. 2001, (5):7~10
37蒋庆泉.虚拟现实技术探析.国防技术基础. 2002, (4):4
38 Abbe Mowshowitz. The Switching Principle in Virtual Organization. Virtual Organization Net. 1999, (1):6~10
39 Howard Rheingold .The Virtual Community: Finding Connection in a Computerized World . London : Secker & Warburg.1994:21~24
40亚当·肯顿.行为互动.张凯.社会科学文献出版社, 2001:22
41陈月华.传播:从身体的界面到界面的身体.自然辩证法研究. 2005, (3):23～24
42殷正坤.虚拟与现实.新华文摘. 2000, (7):35～37
43康德.任何一种能够作为科学出现的未来形而上学导论.庞景仁.商务印书馆, 1978:39～40
44李超元.略论虚拟性实践的基本特征和价值.天津社会科学. 2000,(6):30
45 A Skyrme. Framework for Virtual Organization. Proceeding of the Virtual Organization Net-Workshop. 1998:16~18
46 S·亨廷顿.文明的冲突与世界秩序的重建.新华出版社, 1998:93
47刘友红.人在电脑网络社会里的“虚拟”生存.哲学动态. 2001, (1):2
48陈志良.虚拟:人类中介系统的革命.中国人民大学学报. 2001, (4):12～15
49 Michael Heim. Virtual Realism. Oxford University Press, 1998:35~37
50 Roland Bauer, Sakine T. Koszgi. Measuring the Degree of Virtualization. Virtual Organization Net. 2003, (2):26~46
51马克思. 1844年经济学——哲学手稿.刘丕坤.人民出版社. 1979:78～79
52 Pascal Sieker. Organizational Virtualness: The Case of Small IT Companies. Proceedings of the Vddet-Workshop. 1998:23~26
53约翰·L·卡斯蒂.虚实世界:计算机仿真如何改变科学的疆域.王千祥,权利宁.上海科技教育出版社, 1999:77～78