土壤水分对黄土高原主要造林树种细根表面积季节动态的影响
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摘要
水分是黄土高原植被建设及恢复的主要限制因子。近年来,该地区广泛出现的土壤干化现象引起了人们的高度关注。刺槐、侧柏、油松是黄土高原水土保持林的主要造林树种,前人对这些树种的细根(长度、生物量)垂直分布和季节动态做了许多的研究工作。但是,有关细根表面积的研究不多。细根表面积是根系与土壤之间进行营养交换的界面,与水分吸收密切相关。根系表面积是研究水分吸收或养分吸收的重要参数之一。因此,开展树木细根分布、季节动态及其与环境因子关系研究,对于揭示黄土高原土壤干层形成的机理,科学地选择造林树种,加快西北山川秀美工程建设具有十分重要的意义。
本研究根据黄土高原降水量的区域分异特征,以位于半干旱地区的陕西省安塞县和位于半湿润地区的陕西省长武县、甘肃省泾川县为研究区域,以现有刺槐、油松和侧柏人工林为研究对象,于2006年和2007年生长季采用土钻法获取根样和土样,从水分生态区大尺度和林地生态环境小尺度,研究土壤水分对黄土高原主要造林树种细根表面积季节动态的影响。主要研究结果如下:
(1)半湿润气候区的长武县2006年生长季内、泾川县2007年生长季内,阳坡、阴坡立地刺槐林地0～150 cm土层的土壤含水量变动较大,有87.6%以上的细根表面积分布。长武县阳坡和阴坡刺槐林地土壤含水量动态变化均为4月>10月>7月,刺槐细根表面积的动态变化均为4月>7月>10月;泾川县阳坡和阴坡刺槐林地土壤含水量动态变化均为10月>4月>6月>8月,刺槐细根表面积的动态变化均为4月>6月>8月>10月。
半干旱气候区的陕西省安塞县2007年生长季内,阴坡刺槐、侧柏、油松林地0～200 cm土层的土壤含水量变动较大,有82.4%以上的细根表面积分布。刺槐、侧柏、油松林地土壤含水量的动态变化均表现为10月>4月>6月>8月。刺槐、油松细根表面积在6月出现1个高峰,侧柏在6月和10月各出现1个高峰。
安塞县、长武县、泾川县不同树种细根表面积垂直分布都表现为随土层深度的增加而逐渐减小,数学模型S =Ah~B(C+Dh+Eh~2+Fh~3)可以较好地拟合安塞县、长武县和泾川县不同树种细根表面积的垂直分布,拟合决定系数R~2均在0.85以上。生长季内土壤含水量变动较大的土层具有较多的树木细根表面积分布。但是,安塞县、长武县、泾川县不同树种细根表面积季节动态与土壤含水量的季节动态不完全一致。
(2)安塞和泾川刺槐细根垂直分布深度、细根表面积数量和季节动态均有一定的差异。0～200 cm和0～150 cm土层分别为安塞和泾川刺槐细根表面积的主要分布层,分别有86.5%和87.6%的细根表面积分布。2007年生长季内,泾川和安塞刺槐细根表面积的峰值分别出现在4月和6月。但是,6月份安塞与泾川刺槐的累积细根表面积差异不显著。与泾川刺槐细根表面积特征相比,安塞刺槐细根表面积表现为,单位土体内细根表面积数量较小,细根垂直分布深度较大,以此维持树木生长所需要的细根表面积总量。
(3)安塞县、长武县、泾川县不同树种细根表面积垂直分布与剖面土壤水分间呈显著正相关(p<0.05)。总体上树木细根表面积季节动态滞后于林地土壤含水量变化。这表明土壤水分明显影响着树木细根表面积的垂直分布,但是,树木细根表面积季节动态不仅受土壤水分的影响,还受到温度、养分和树种本身遗传特性等因子的综合影响。
(4)树木细根垂直分布土层(长武县和泾川县为0～200 cm土层,安塞县为0～300 cm土层)的土壤含水量变异系数明显大于深层土壤中(长武县为220～380 cm土层,泾川县为220～500 cm土层,安塞县为320～500 cm土层)的土壤含水量变异系数。依据林地土壤含水量变异系数的垂直分布,可将林地土壤垂直划分为水分变化活跃层(长武县和泾川县为0～200 cm土层,安塞县为0～300 cm土层)和水分变化稳定层(长武县为220～380 cm土层,泾川县为220～500 cm土层,安塞县为320～500 cm土层)。
水分变化活跃层树木细根表面积变异系数与树木细根垂直分布层(长武县和泾川县为0～200 cm土层,安塞县为0～300 cm土层)下1米处土层(长武县和泾川县为210～300 cm土层,安塞县为320～400 cm土层)和2米处土层(长武县和泾川县为320～400 cm土层,安塞县为420～500 cm土层)土壤含水量变异系数均呈显著负相关(p<0.05),与细根垂直分布层下3米处土层(泾川县420～500 cm土层)土壤含水量变异系数相关不显著(p>0.05)。这表明树木根系对深层土壤水分有一定的影响,但是其影响深度在黄土高原不同水分生态区有所不同,在安塞县的影响深度明显大于泾川县。
综上所述,土壤水分是黄土高原主要造林树种细根表面积季节动态的重要影响因子。全面了解树木细根季节动态的机理,还需对水分、温度、养分和树种本身遗传特性等影响因子进行综合研究。
Water is key limiting factor for vegetation restoration in Loess Plateau of China. In recent years, soil aridization has turned into an important restricted factor on ecological construction in Loess Plateau and has been paid more attention by researchers. Robinia pseudoacacia, Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabulaeformis are the planting tree species that are widely planted in this region to control soil erosion and land desertification. There is much research on vertical distribution and seasonal dynamics of fine root biomass. However, the importance of fine root surface area for nutrient and water uptake is apparent and the seasonal dynamics of fine root surface area remain poorly understood. The study of tree fine root distribution, seasonal dynamics and its relationship with environmental factors, is significant to the revealing of the formation mechanism of soil dried layer, to the scientifically selecting tree species in forestation, to the speeding up construction of the Northwest Landscape Beautification Project.
During the growing season in 2006 and 2007, we selected Changwu county, Jingchuan county and Ansai county as the study area, according to the different characteristics of precipitation in Loess Plateau region. Ansai county lies in the semiarid region of the Loess Plateau of China, but Changwu county and Jingchuan county lie in the semihumid region of the Loess Plateau of China. In study area, by using soil coring method, we got the samples of tree fine root and the soil samples in R. pseudoacacia, P. orientalis and P. tabulaeformis forests. The impact of soil moisture on the seasonal dynamics of fine root surface area of main planting tree species in Loess Plateau was studied from the view of ecological zones large-scale and the forest environment small-scale. The main results were below:
(1) Characteristics of vertical distribution and seasonal dynamics of fine root surface area and soil water content of main planting tree species in Loess Plateau
In Changwu county and Jingchuan county, during the growing season in 2006 and 2007, respectively, the soil moisture actively changed in the 0-150 cm soil layer where more than 87.2% of the total fine root surface area were concentrated in the R. pseudoacacia plantation. In Changwu county, the mean soil water content in the R. pseudoacacia plantation changed in order of April>October>July and the mean total fine root surface area changed in order of April > July > October. In Jingchuan county, the mean soil water content in the R. pseudoacacia plantation changed in order of October>April>June>August and the mean total fine root surface area changed in order of April>June>August>October.
In Ansai county, during the growing season in 2007, the soil moisture actively changed in the 0-200 cm soil layer where more than 82.4% of the total fine root surface area were concentrated in the R. pseudoacacia, P. orientalis and P. tabulaeformis plantations, respectively. The mean soil water content in various forests all changed in order of October>April>June>August. The highest value of fine root surface area was in June for R. pseudoacacia and P. tabulaeformis, while it was in June and October for P. orientalis.
In Ansai county, Changwu county and Jingchuan county, the values of fine root surface area of different tree species all decrease slowly along the soil profile. The model S =Ah~B(C+Dh+Eh~2+Fh~3) can well described the fine root surface area vertical distribution of the R. pseudoacacia, P. orientalis and P. tabulaeformis plantations, the fit decide coefficient (R~2) was more than 0.85. During the growing season, there was more fine root surface area in the soil layer where the soil moisture actively changed. But In Ansai county, Changwu county and Jingchuan county, there lay differences in the seasonal dynamics of fine root surface area and soil water content.
(2) Difference of surface area of fine roots of R. pseudoacacia in the different climate regions of Loess Plateau
The vertical depth of fine root distribution, the fine root area and seasonal dynamics of fine root area of R. pseudoacacia were different between Ansai County and Jingchuan county. The 86.5% of total fine root area was in the 0～200 cm soil layer in Ansai county , but the 87.6% of total fine root area was in the 0～150 cm soil layer in Jingchuan county. In the growing season in 2007, the highest value of fine root area was observed in April in Jingchuan county, while it was in June in Ansai county. The difference of cumulative fine root area between Ansai and Jingchuan was not significant in June. By comparing the characteristic of fine root area of R. pseudoacacia in Ansai County with the characteristic of fine root area of R. pseudoacacia in Jingchuan county, the R. pseudoacacia in Ansai County was to reduce the density of fine root area, to increase the vertical depth of fine root distribution and to maintain the cumulative fine root area for tree growth.
(3) Correlation between soil water content and vertical distribution, seasonal dynamics of tree fine root surface area
In Ansai county, Changwu county and Jingchuan county, there was a significant positive correlation (p<0.05) between vertical distribution of fine root surface area and soil water distribution in the profile. But there was not significant correlation (p>0.05) between the seasonal dynamics of fine root surface area and soil water content. The results indicates that combined and integrated soil moisture, temperature, available nitrogen and genetic characteristics of tree species should be considered in research on seasonal dynamics of fine roots.
(4) Correlation between tree fine root surface area and seasonal dynamics of soil water content in the deep soil layer
The coefficient of variation of soil moisture in the soil layer (0-200 cm soil layer for Changwu and Jingchuan county, 0-300 cm soil layer for Ansai county) where the tree fine roots distributed was bigger than it in the deep soil layer (220-380 cm soil layer for Changwu, 220-500 cm soil layer for Jingchuan county, 320-500 cm soil layer for Ansai county). In Changwu, Jingchuan and Ansai county, the soil profiles of woodland were divided into two layers based on the vertical distribution of coefficient of variation of soil moisture. One was the soil moisture actively changing layer where the soil moisture changed actively. The other was the soil moisture stably changing layer where the soil moisture changed stably. The soil moisture actively changing layer was in the 0-200 cm soil layer for Changwu and Jingchuan county, but was in the 0-300 cm soil layer for Ansai county. The soil moisture stably changing layer was in the the 220-380 cm, 220-500 cm and 320-500 cm soil layer for Changwu, Jingchuan and Ansai county, respectively.
There was a significant negative correlation (p<0.05) between the coefficient of variation of fine root surface area in the soil moisture actively changing layer and the coefficient of variation of soil moisture in the 220-380 cm, 220-500 cm and 320-500 cm soil layer for Changwu, Jingchuan and Ansai county, respectively, but there was not significant correlation (p>0.05) between the coefficient of variation of fine root surface area in the soil moisture actively changing layer and the coefficient of variation of soil moisture in the 420-500 cm for Jingchuan county. The results indicates that tree root affected on the soil moisture status in the deep soil layer, but the affected depth of soil moisture status was different in the different climate regions of Loess Plateau. The affected depth of soil moisture status in Ansai was bigger than it in Jingchuan.
This study indicates that soil water is the important factor to effect the growth and distribution of fine root surface area of main planting tree species in Loess Plateau, combined and integrated soil moisture, temperature, available nitrogen and genetic characteristics of tree species should be considered in research on seasonal dynamics of fine roots.
本研究根据黄土高原降水量的区域分异特征,以位于半干旱地区的陕西省安塞县和位于半湿润地区的陕西省长武县、甘肃省泾川县为研究区域,以现有刺槐、油松和侧柏人工林为研究对象,于2006年和2007年生长季采用土钻法获取根样和土样,从水分生态区大尺度和林地生态环境小尺度,研究土壤水分对黄土高原主要造林树种细根表面积季节动态的影响。主要研究结果如下:
(1)半湿润气候区的长武县2006年生长季内、泾川县2007年生长季内,阳坡、阴坡立地刺槐林地0～150 cm土层的土壤含水量变动较大,有87.6%以上的细根表面积分布。长武县阳坡和阴坡刺槐林地土壤含水量动态变化均为4月>10月>7月,刺槐细根表面积的动态变化均为4月>7月>10月;泾川县阳坡和阴坡刺槐林地土壤含水量动态变化均为10月>4月>6月>8月,刺槐细根表面积的动态变化均为4月>6月>8月>10月。
半干旱气候区的陕西省安塞县2007年生长季内,阴坡刺槐、侧柏、油松林地0～200 cm土层的土壤含水量变动较大,有82.4%以上的细根表面积分布。刺槐、侧柏、油松林地土壤含水量的动态变化均表现为10月>4月>6月>8月。刺槐、油松细根表面积在6月出现1个高峰,侧柏在6月和10月各出现1个高峰。
安塞县、长武县、泾川县不同树种细根表面积垂直分布都表现为随土层深度的增加而逐渐减小,数学模型S =Ah~B(C+Dh+Eh~2+Fh~3)可以较好地拟合安塞县、长武县和泾川县不同树种细根表面积的垂直分布,拟合决定系数R~2均在0.85以上。生长季内土壤含水量变动较大的土层具有较多的树木细根表面积分布。但是,安塞县、长武县、泾川县不同树种细根表面积季节动态与土壤含水量的季节动态不完全一致。
(2)安塞和泾川刺槐细根垂直分布深度、细根表面积数量和季节动态均有一定的差异。0～200 cm和0～150 cm土层分别为安塞和泾川刺槐细根表面积的主要分布层,分别有86.5%和87.6%的细根表面积分布。2007年生长季内,泾川和安塞刺槐细根表面积的峰值分别出现在4月和6月。但是,6月份安塞与泾川刺槐的累积细根表面积差异不显著。与泾川刺槐细根表面积特征相比,安塞刺槐细根表面积表现为,单位土体内细根表面积数量较小,细根垂直分布深度较大,以此维持树木生长所需要的细根表面积总量。
(3)安塞县、长武县、泾川县不同树种细根表面积垂直分布与剖面土壤水分间呈显著正相关(p<0.05)。总体上树木细根表面积季节动态滞后于林地土壤含水量变化。这表明土壤水分明显影响着树木细根表面积的垂直分布,但是,树木细根表面积季节动态不仅受土壤水分的影响,还受到温度、养分和树种本身遗传特性等因子的综合影响。
(4)树木细根垂直分布土层(长武县和泾川县为0～200 cm土层,安塞县为0～300 cm土层)的土壤含水量变异系数明显大于深层土壤中(长武县为220～380 cm土层,泾川县为220～500 cm土层,安塞县为320～500 cm土层)的土壤含水量变异系数。依据林地土壤含水量变异系数的垂直分布,可将林地土壤垂直划分为水分变化活跃层(长武县和泾川县为0～200 cm土层,安塞县为0～300 cm土层)和水分变化稳定层(长武县为220～380 cm土层,泾川县为220～500 cm土层,安塞县为320～500 cm土层)。
水分变化活跃层树木细根表面积变异系数与树木细根垂直分布层(长武县和泾川县为0～200 cm土层,安塞县为0～300 cm土层)下1米处土层(长武县和泾川县为210～300 cm土层,安塞县为320～400 cm土层)和2米处土层(长武县和泾川县为320～400 cm土层,安塞县为420～500 cm土层)土壤含水量变异系数均呈显著负相关(p<0.05),与细根垂直分布层下3米处土层(泾川县420～500 cm土层)土壤含水量变异系数相关不显著(p>0.05)。这表明树木根系对深层土壤水分有一定的影响,但是其影响深度在黄土高原不同水分生态区有所不同,在安塞县的影响深度明显大于泾川县。
综上所述,土壤水分是黄土高原主要造林树种细根表面积季节动态的重要影响因子。全面了解树木细根季节动态的机理,还需对水分、温度、养分和树种本身遗传特性等影响因子进行综合研究。
Water is key limiting factor for vegetation restoration in Loess Plateau of China. In recent years, soil aridization has turned into an important restricted factor on ecological construction in Loess Plateau and has been paid more attention by researchers. Robinia pseudoacacia, Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabulaeformis are the planting tree species that are widely planted in this region to control soil erosion and land desertification. There is much research on vertical distribution and seasonal dynamics of fine root biomass. However, the importance of fine root surface area for nutrient and water uptake is apparent and the seasonal dynamics of fine root surface area remain poorly understood. The study of tree fine root distribution, seasonal dynamics and its relationship with environmental factors, is significant to the revealing of the formation mechanism of soil dried layer, to the scientifically selecting tree species in forestation, to the speeding up construction of the Northwest Landscape Beautification Project.
During the growing season in 2006 and 2007, we selected Changwu county, Jingchuan county and Ansai county as the study area, according to the different characteristics of precipitation in Loess Plateau region. Ansai county lies in the semiarid region of the Loess Plateau of China, but Changwu county and Jingchuan county lie in the semihumid region of the Loess Plateau of China. In study area, by using soil coring method, we got the samples of tree fine root and the soil samples in R. pseudoacacia, P. orientalis and P. tabulaeformis forests. The impact of soil moisture on the seasonal dynamics of fine root surface area of main planting tree species in Loess Plateau was studied from the view of ecological zones large-scale and the forest environment small-scale. The main results were below:
(1) Characteristics of vertical distribution and seasonal dynamics of fine root surface area and soil water content of main planting tree species in Loess Plateau
In Changwu county and Jingchuan county, during the growing season in 2006 and 2007, respectively, the soil moisture actively changed in the 0-150 cm soil layer where more than 87.2% of the total fine root surface area were concentrated in the R. pseudoacacia plantation. In Changwu county, the mean soil water content in the R. pseudoacacia plantation changed in order of April>October>July and the mean total fine root surface area changed in order of April > July > October. In Jingchuan county, the mean soil water content in the R. pseudoacacia plantation changed in order of October>April>June>August and the mean total fine root surface area changed in order of April>June>August>October.
In Ansai county, during the growing season in 2007, the soil moisture actively changed in the 0-200 cm soil layer where more than 82.4% of the total fine root surface area were concentrated in the R. pseudoacacia, P. orientalis and P. tabulaeformis plantations, respectively. The mean soil water content in various forests all changed in order of October>April>June>August. The highest value of fine root surface area was in June for R. pseudoacacia and P. tabulaeformis, while it was in June and October for P. orientalis.
In Ansai county, Changwu county and Jingchuan county, the values of fine root surface area of different tree species all decrease slowly along the soil profile. The model S =Ah~B(C+Dh+Eh~2+Fh~3) can well described the fine root surface area vertical distribution of the R. pseudoacacia, P. orientalis and P. tabulaeformis plantations, the fit decide coefficient (R~2) was more than 0.85. During the growing season, there was more fine root surface area in the soil layer where the soil moisture actively changed. But In Ansai county, Changwu county and Jingchuan county, there lay differences in the seasonal dynamics of fine root surface area and soil water content.
(2) Difference of surface area of fine roots of R. pseudoacacia in the different climate regions of Loess Plateau
The vertical depth of fine root distribution, the fine root area and seasonal dynamics of fine root area of R. pseudoacacia were different between Ansai County and Jingchuan county. The 86.5% of total fine root area was in the 0～200 cm soil layer in Ansai county , but the 87.6% of total fine root area was in the 0～150 cm soil layer in Jingchuan county. In the growing season in 2007, the highest value of fine root area was observed in April in Jingchuan county, while it was in June in Ansai county. The difference of cumulative fine root area between Ansai and Jingchuan was not significant in June. By comparing the characteristic of fine root area of R. pseudoacacia in Ansai County with the characteristic of fine root area of R. pseudoacacia in Jingchuan county, the R. pseudoacacia in Ansai County was to reduce the density of fine root area, to increase the vertical depth of fine root distribution and to maintain the cumulative fine root area for tree growth.
(3) Correlation between soil water content and vertical distribution, seasonal dynamics of tree fine root surface area
In Ansai county, Changwu county and Jingchuan county, there was a significant positive correlation (p<0.05) between vertical distribution of fine root surface area and soil water distribution in the profile. But there was not significant correlation (p>0.05) between the seasonal dynamics of fine root surface area and soil water content. The results indicates that combined and integrated soil moisture, temperature, available nitrogen and genetic characteristics of tree species should be considered in research on seasonal dynamics of fine roots.
(4) Correlation between tree fine root surface area and seasonal dynamics of soil water content in the deep soil layer
The coefficient of variation of soil moisture in the soil layer (0-200 cm soil layer for Changwu and Jingchuan county, 0-300 cm soil layer for Ansai county) where the tree fine roots distributed was bigger than it in the deep soil layer (220-380 cm soil layer for Changwu, 220-500 cm soil layer for Jingchuan county, 320-500 cm soil layer for Ansai county). In Changwu, Jingchuan and Ansai county, the soil profiles of woodland were divided into two layers based on the vertical distribution of coefficient of variation of soil moisture. One was the soil moisture actively changing layer where the soil moisture changed actively. The other was the soil moisture stably changing layer where the soil moisture changed stably. The soil moisture actively changing layer was in the 0-200 cm soil layer for Changwu and Jingchuan county, but was in the 0-300 cm soil layer for Ansai county. The soil moisture stably changing layer was in the the 220-380 cm, 220-500 cm and 320-500 cm soil layer for Changwu, Jingchuan and Ansai county, respectively.
There was a significant negative correlation (p<0.05) between the coefficient of variation of fine root surface area in the soil moisture actively changing layer and the coefficient of variation of soil moisture in the 220-380 cm, 220-500 cm and 320-500 cm soil layer for Changwu, Jingchuan and Ansai county, respectively, but there was not significant correlation (p>0.05) between the coefficient of variation of fine root surface area in the soil moisture actively changing layer and the coefficient of variation of soil moisture in the 420-500 cm for Jingchuan county. The results indicates that tree root affected on the soil moisture status in the deep soil layer, but the affected depth of soil moisture status was different in the different climate regions of Loess Plateau. The affected depth of soil moisture status in Ansai was bigger than it in Jingchuan.
This study indicates that soil water is the important factor to effect the growth and distribution of fine root surface area of main planting tree species in Loess Plateau, combined and integrated soil moisture, temperature, available nitrogen and genetic characteristics of tree species should be considered in research on seasonal dynamics of fine roots.
引文
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