知识转移、知识搜索及组织学习绩效关系研究
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摘要
20世纪80年代以来,随着现代技术(如信息技术、计算机技术、网络技术等)革命的快速推进,以及国外直接投资(FDI)、贸易全球化的进一步发展,大大加快了国际产业转移与制造业全球化。各国企业日趋根据各自的竞争优势,选择产业价值链的不同增值环节参与到国际分工合作中,一种分散于全球范围内变革的协调与制造网络——全球制造网络(Global Production Network,GPN)逐渐形成(Shi & Gregory,1998;Colotla,Shi & Gregory,2003:Ernst & Guerrieri,1998;Shi & Gregory,2005)。随着该网络(GPN)的形成与发展,加强通过联盟合作向该网络中的国际旗舰企业(Global Production Flagship,GPF)进行知识搜索与学习,将有力地提升我国本土企业(Chinese Local Enterprise,CLE)组织学习绩效并推进其持续发展,并且这也使得在全球制造网络化背景下对“全球制造网络中国际旗舰企业与我国本土企业联盟合作所发生的知识转移如何影响我国本土企业的知识搜索及组织学习绩效”这一问题的研究显得尤为必要与重要。
带着这一基本问题笔者开展了本文的研究,首先是对本研究的基本问题深入地进行了分解,形成了三个子问题:即在与全球制造网络中的国际旗舰企业联盟合作时,(1)我国本土企业向国际旗舰所进行的知识搜索如何影响我国本土企业组织学习绩效;(2)国际旗舰企业向我国本土企业进行的知识转移是如何影响我国本土企业的知识搜索(即通过知识搜索的中介作用)进而影响其组织学习绩效;(3)我国本土企业该如何选取适当的联盟治理模式,以增强联盟治理模式在国际旗舰企业向我国本土企业进行的知识转移与我国本土企业组织学习绩效关系中所起的调节作用。接着笔者对与本文研究问题相关的的全球制造网络、知识转移、知识搜索、联盟治理模式、组织学习及其绩效等理论研究加以了回顾与梳理,在这些理论研究综述以及对本研究基本问题深入思考的基础上,构建了本文的整体理论研究框架,在此基础上,对本文的整体研究框架加以了解构,形成了与三个子问题相对应的三个分部研究模型,然后经过问卷设计、数据收集、变量度量、信度与效度检验、多元回归分析、假设检验与结果讨论,回答了本文所提出的三个子问题。最后,本文运用结构方程建模(SEM)对本研究所构建的整体研究模型进行了检验,包括对该模型中知识转移对组织学习绩效产生的直接影响关系、知识转移对知识搜索产生的直接影响作用关系、知识搜索对组织学习绩效产生的直接影响作用关系,以及知识转移通过知识搜索的中介作用对组织学习绩效所产生的间接影响作用关系加以了分析与检验,并且,在整体研究模型检验的基础上开展了验证性案例分析,回答了本文所提出的基本问题。
通过全文的分析论证,形成了以下主要研究结论:
(1)本研究假设与检验了知识转移对组织学习绩效的影响关系。分析中将全球制造网络中国际旗舰企业与我国本土企业联盟合作而发生的知识转移影响因素划为国际旗舰企业(GPF)知识属性、国际旗舰企业(GPF)知识转移意愿、我国本土企业(CLE)学习能力、我国本土企业(CLE)学习态度、我国本土企业(CLE)组织学习文化,并研究了它们对我国本土企业(CLE)组织学习绩效的影响关系。研究结果表明,GPF知识属性显著地负向影响着CLE组织学习绩效;在与GPF合作交流中,GPF知识的复杂程度、专有程度、前沿程度、缄默程度越高,CLE对该类GPF知识进行学习的难度越大,就越不利于增进其组织学习绩效;CLE学习能力对CLE组织学习绩效无显著的影响作用。在与GPF合作交流中,CLE应大力夯实知识基础,并提高其吸收能力与沟通能力,努力将目前CLE学习能力普遍低下对CLE组织学习绩效影响的不显著性转变为显著的正向影响;CLE学习态度对CLE组织学习绩效无显著的影响作用,而在分部模型假设检验中,CLE学习态度对CLE组织学习绩效有显著的正向影响作用,说明CLE学习态度与整体模型中其他所有因素共同对CLE组织学习绩效发生作用时,它对CLE组织学习绩效的直接影响作用被彻底削弱;GPF知识转移意愿、CLE组织学习文化对CLE组织学习绩效均有显著的正向影响作用,其中CLE组织学习文化更能提升CLE组织学习绩效,在与GPF合作交流中,努力提高GPF知识转移意愿,大力优化CLE组织学习文化,将极大地增进CLE组织学习绩效。
(2)本研究把知识搜索划分为知识搜索宽广度与知识搜索纵深度,并且假设与检验了它们之间关系以及它们对组织学习绩效的影响关系。研究结果表明,CLE知识搜索宽广度对CLE组织学习绩效有显著的正向影响作用,CLE可通过增多向GPF进行知识搜索与交流的通道,拓宽向GPF的知识搜索领域,搜索更多的GPF知识来提升其组织学习绩效;CLE知识搜索纵深度对CLE组织学习绩效也有显著的正向影响作用,并且提高CLE知识搜索纵深度更能提升其组织学习绩效,CLE除尽可能增多知识搜索与交流的通道外,还应大力集中而强烈地使用当中一些颇具效果的知识搜索与交流的通道,极大地提高对所搜索GPF知识的提取强度和利用强度以增进其组织学习绩效;CLE知识搜索宽广度与CLE知识搜索纵深度正相关,CLE在没有触及其内部资源约束线时,它们提高其知识搜索宽广度通常不会以降低其知识搜索纵深度为代价,或只是单方面地提高其知识搜索宽广度或纵深度,而往往会增加资源并采用同时提高知识搜索宽广度与纵深度的搜索策略向GPF进行知识搜索以增进其组织学习绩效。
(3)本研究还假设与检验了知识转移对知识搜索的影响关系。研究结果表明,GPF知识属性显著地负向影响CLE知识搜索宽广度与纵深度,GPF知识的复杂程度、专有程度、前沿程度、缄默程度越高,越不利于CLE向GPF进行宽范围、深层次地知识搜索;CLE学习能力显著地正向影响CLE知识搜索宽广度,而对CLE知识搜索纵深度无显著的影响作用,说明目前CLE学习能力普遍低下,CLE难以向GPF进行深层次地知识搜索,但可促进CLE触及、搜寻与获取GPF在研发、制造、营销等广泛领域里的表层知识;GPF知识转移意愿、CLE学习态度对CLE知识搜索宽广度均无显著的影响作用,而均显著地正向影响CLE知识搜索纵深度,即在CLE与GPF的联盟合作与交流中,努力提高GPF知识转移意愿,并大力改善CLE学习态度,可强化CLE向GPF进行深层次地知识搜索;CLE组织学习文化显著地正向影响CLE知识搜索宽广度与纵深度,不断优化组织学习文化,可极大地促进CLE向GPF开展范围广且层次深的知识搜索。
(4)在上述研究结论的基础上,本研究进一步分析了知识转移通过知识搜索的中介作用对组织学习绩效的间接影响作用关系。研究结果表明,知识搜索在知识转移影响组织学习绩效中发挥了中介作用,其中,GPF知识属性不仅通过CLE知识搜索宽广度,还通过CLE知识搜索纵深度的中介作用对CLE组织学习绩效产生了间接的负向影响作用;CLE组织学习文化则不仅通过CLE知识搜索宽广度,还通过CLE知识搜索纵深度的中介作用对组织学习绩效产生了间接的正向影响作用;而CLE学习能力仅仅通过CLE知识搜索宽广度的中介作用对CLE组织学习绩效产生间接的正向影响作用;GPF知识转移意愿、CLE学习态度则均仅仅通过CLE知识搜索纵深度的中介作用对CLE组织学习绩效产生间接的正向影响作用。
(5)同时,本研究也假设与检验了联盟治理模式对知识转移影响组织学习绩效的调节作用关系。研究结果表明,联盟治理模式本身对组织学习绩效不存在显著的影响作用,而是在知识转移与组织学习绩效关系中起了调节作用,其中,在GPF知识属性与CLE组织学习绩效关系中起正向了调节作用,在与GPF联盟合作时,CLE选择越紧密的联盟治理模式会对GPF知识属性负向影响CLE组织学习绩效起到进一步的削弱作用,削弱GPF知识属性对提升CLE组织学习绩效的不利影响;联盟治理模式在GPF知识转移意愿与CLE组织学习绩效关系中、CLE学习态度与CLE组织学习绩效关系中以及CLE组织学习文化与CLE组织学习绩效关系中均起了负向调节作用,在与GPF联盟合作时,CLE选择越紧密的联盟治理模式会削弱它们对提升CLE组织学习绩效的促进作用,因此,在CLE具有良好的学习态度与组织学习文化以及GPF有强烈的知识转移意愿的情况下,CLE不宜选择紧密型而应选择松散型的联盟治理模式与GPF进行联盟合作来提升其组织学习绩效;联盟治理模式在CLE学习能力与CLE组织学习绩效关系中起了正向调节作用,CLE在学习能力较弱(较强)时,宜相对应地选择紧密型(松散型)联盟治理模式与GPF进行联盟合作以提升CLE组织学习绩效
(6)此外,本研究对控制因素对组织学习绩效的影响作用进行了检验。检验结果显示,企业规模、行业属性、联盟合作年限对CLE组织学习绩效均无显著的影响作用。目前CLE与GPF的联盟合作时间普遍较短(正如问卷样本的描述性统计总表3.2以及联盟合作年限的描述性统计表5.3分析所得出的),而CLE企业规模与行业属性短期内难以改变即为不可控因素,这使得它们对CLE组织学习绩效均无显著的影响作用。对CLE而言,试图短期内通过改变其企业规模、行业属性、与GPF的联盟合作年限来提升其组织学习绩效将是难以实现的。
本研究上述得出的重要结论对与国际旗舰企业联盟合作的我国本土企业的组织学习实践具有重要指导意义,可为融入全球制造网络中的我国本土企业提升其组织学习绩效提供相应的政策指导。同时,本研究基于发展中国家本土企业知识搜索与获取的视角,对全球制造网络中联盟合作关系下的组织学习相关理论研究进行了重要的补充与完善。在全球制造网络化背景下,全球制造网络的相关研究成为近年来重要的研究视点,本研究只是对该网络中知识转移、知识搜索及组织学习绩效之间关系进行了初步性的实证研究,在今后的研究中,将继续跟踪国内外相关理论研究进展,并结合我国本土企业实际情况,不断完善该主题的研究。
Since 1980s,with rapid development of modern technologies(e.g.,information technology,computer technology,network technology and so on),foreign direct investment and international trade,the international industries transfer and manufacturing globalization have been sped up.Enterprises all over the world are increasing inclined to intentionally select different biggest value-added node in industrial value chain according to their own competitive advantage to participate into international division and cooperation,therefore an innovative,worldwide production network—global production network(GPN)has been shaping up(Shi & Gregory, 1998;Colotla,Shi & Gregory,2003;Ernst & Guerrieri,1998;Shi & Gregory,2005). With developments of the global production network,Chinese local enterprises have great opportunities to carry out knowledge search and to enhance knowledge learning through interaction with global production flagship(GPF),which is very important for Chinese local enterprises(CLE) to enhance their organizational learning performance and to further promote their sustainable development.So,under the background of global production network it has great necessity and importance for us to conduct this topic--"The occurred knowledge transfer how to affect Chinese local enterprises' knowledge search and organizational learning performance along with the alliance and cooperation with GPF in global production network".
Along with this basic question we begin with this study,firstly it is deeply analyzed about the question and forms three sub-questions,namely along with the alliance and cooperation with GPF in global production network,(1) how the effect of the local enterprises' knowledge search on the organizational learing performance from the GPF;(2) how the effect of the knowledge transfer form the GPF to the local enterprises on the knowledge search(namely through the mediating effect of knowledge search)and sequently organizational learing performance;(3) how to choose the appropriate alliance governance models for the local enterprises to strength the moderating effect of the knowledge transfer to the organizational learning performance.Then we systemicly retrospect and curbs the relevant researches involved with global production network,knowledge transfer,knowledge search, alliance governance mode,organizational learning theories.Based on reviewing the relevant theories and deeply pondering the basic question of this study we construct the frame of this analysis;Next we construct the whole frame of this study and form the three sub-questions corresponding to the three branches models of this study, which involves following research processes:questionnaire design,data collection, variable measurement,assessment of reliability and validity,multivariable regression, result statement and discussion,we settle the basic question and the three sub-questions.At last,this study uses the structural equation model to test the whole research model including analyzing and testing the direct effect of knowledge transfer on organizational learning performance and the knowledge search in this model,the direct effect of knowledge search on organizational learning performance,and the indirect effect of knowledge transfer on organizational learning performance through the mediating effect of knowledge search.Furthermore,based on the testing of the whole research model,we develop the confirmable cast study and answer the basic question.
Through the analysis and test of the basic questions put forward by this article, we come to the sequent conclusions:
(1)This study hypothesises and tests the effect of knowledge transfer to learning performance.The determinents of knowledge transfer between GPF and Chinese local enterprises in global production network are categoried into the GPF properties of knowledge,the GPF intents of knowledge transfer,the CLE learning capacity,the CLE learning attitude and the CLE organizational learning culture.In addition we study the effect of these determinents on the organizational learning performance.The findings indicate that the properties of knowledge negatively affect CLE organizational learning performance;the higher the extent of complexity,proprietary, frontal and tacitness along with cooperation and communication with GPF,the more difficult CLE learn about the knowledge of GPF,the more disadvantage to increase the learning performance of organization.CLE learning attitude has no significant effect on its learning performance in the test of full model,but in partial model CLE learning attitude has a positive and significant effect and it indicates that affected by all other factors in the full model,the direct positive effect of CLE learning attitude on CLE organizational learning performance has been completely lessened.The GPF intents of knowledge transfer,CLE organizational learning culture both have positive and significant effect on the CLE organizational learning performance,especially the CLE organizational learning culture has a decisive and positive effect on the CLE organizational learning performance.Along with cooperation and communication with GPF,taking more effects to enhance the GPF intents of knowledge transfer and optimize the CLE organizational learning culture will substantially improve the CLE organizational learning performance.
(2)This study distinguishes knowledge search into breadth of searching and depth of searching then hypothesises and tests the relationship between them and the effect of them to organizational learning performance.The findings show that the CLE breadth of searching has a positive and significant effect on the CLE organizational learning performance.CLE can augment the GPF channels of knowledge search and communication,and enlarge the scope the knowledge search, search more GPF knowledge in order to improve the learning performance;The CLE depth of searching also has a positive and significant effect on CLE organizational learning performance,and the increasing of CLE depth of knowledge search will improve the organizational learning performance more.In addition,besides of possiblely increasing the knowledge search and channels of communication,CLE also should concentrately and intensely use the effective knowledge search and channels of communication,and hugely improve the refined intensity of the GPF searching knowledge and utilize the intensity to improve the organizational learning performance;There is a positive relationship between the breadth of knowledge search and depth of knowledge search.Not having touched with the line of constraint of internal resources in CLE,they improve the breadth of knowledge not at the expense of the depth of knowledge search,or only to improve the breath or depth respectively,and this often increases the amount of resources while it adopts the strategy which improves the breath and depth of knowledge search simultaneously from GPF to perform knowledge search attaining to enhance the organizational learning performance.
(3)This study also hypothesises and tests the effect of knowledge transfer on the knowledge search.The findings show that the GPF properties of knowledge have a negative and significant effect on the breath and depth of GPF knowledge search,the higher the extent of complexity,proprietary,frontal and tacitness the GPF knowledge, the more difficult for CLE to search knowledge broadly and deeply;The CLE learning capacity has a positive and significant effect on the breadth of CLE knowledge search and has nonsignificant effect on the depth of CLE knowledge search.This indicates the inferiority of CLE learning capacity presently,CLE has difficult with processing deeply searching of knowledge toGPF,but facilitates CLE to explore,search and acquire the superficial knowledge about research and development,manufacturing,marketing of GPF.The GPF intents of knowledge transfer and the CLE learning capacity both have on significant effect the breadth of CLE knowledge search,but both have a positive effect on the depth of CLE knowledge search,namely among the alliance and cooperation with CLE and GPF,it makes effort to improve the GPF intents of knowledge transfer and vigorously improve the CLE learning attitude,these can strength the searching of knowledge deeply from CLE to GPF;The CLE organizational learning culture has a positive and significant effect on the breadth and depth of CLE knowledge search,increasingly optimizes the organizational learning culture,and hugely facilitates the knowledge search broadly and deeply from CLE to GPF.
(4)Based on the above conclusions,this study further analysises the mediating effect of knowledge search between knowledge transfer and organizational learning performance indirectly.These findings indicate that knowledge search plays a mediating effect of knowledge transfer on organizational learning performance.That is to say,the GPF properties of knowledge has a mediating effect on organizational learning performance indirectly and positively,not only via the breadth of CLE knowledge search,but also via the depth of CLE knowledge search;While the CLE learning capacity only via the mediating effect of the breadth of CLE knowledge search has a indirectly and positively affected the CLE organizational learning performance;The GPF intents of knowledge transfer and the CLE learning attitude both via the mediating effect of the depth of CLE knowledge search have a indirectly and positively affected the CLE organizational learning performance.
(5)At the same time,this study also hypothesises and tests the moderating effect of the alliance governance mode between the knowledge transfer and the resulting influence of organizational learning performance.These findings indicate that the alliance governance mode in itself has no significant effect on organizational learning performance,nevertheless it plays a moderating effect between the knowledge transfer and the resulting influence of organizational learning performance.It shows that it play a positive moderating effect between the GPF properties of knowledge and the CLE organizational learning performance.In cooperating and being alliance with GPF,CLE choosing the closer alliance governance mode will further lessen the role of the negative effect of GPF properties of knowledge on the CLE organizational learning performance,namely lessening the disadvantage effect of the GPF properties of knowledge on improving the CLE organizational learning performance;The alliance governance mode all plays negative moderating effect between the GPF intents of knowledge transfer and the CLE organizational learning performance,the CLE learning attitude and the CLE organizational learning performance,and the CLE organizational learning culture and the CLE organizational learning performance.In cooperating and being alliance with GPF,CLE choosing the closer alliance governance mode will lessen the facilitating their enhanceing the CLE organizational learning performance role.Thus,under a good learning attitude and organizational learning culture in CLE and a intense intent of knowledge transfer with GPF,it is not appropriate for CLE to choose a close,on the contrary,to choose a loose alliance governance mode to improve the organizational learning performance with GPF alliance and cooperating;The alliance governance mode plays a positive moderating effect between the CLE learning capacity and the CLE organizational learning performance,namely when the CLE learning capacity is weak(or strong),it is appropriate to choose a close(or loost) alliance governance mode with GPF alliance and cooperating in order to improve the CLE organizational learning performance.
(6)In addition,this study tests the effect of control factors placing on organizational learning performance.The findings indicate that the size of firm,the property of industry,and the time of alliance and cooperation all have no significant effect on the CLE organizational learning performance.At present the cooperating time between CLE and GPF is prevalent short(as it is showed on the descriptive statistics of sampling on the total tablet 3.2 and the age of alliance and cooperation), while the CLE size of firm and the property of industry are hard to change,namely they are both as uncontrolled factors,it makes them have no significant effect on the CLE organizational learning performance.As to CLE it is difficult to improve the organizational learning performance by trying to change its size,the property of industry and the age of alliance and cooperation with GPF.
The important findings concluded from above analysis have some important instructional implication.It can provide the corresponding policy guidance for Chinese local enterprises to enhance their organizational learning performance,and at the same time,based on the knowledge search and acquisition of developing countries this study complementaries and enriches the relevant theory of organizational learning among the alliance and cooperation with GPF in global production network Under the background of global production network the relevant researches have been an interesting and hotted point,and this study only has a preliminarily empirical research about knowledge transfer,knowledge search and organizational learning in this network.In future study,we will continuously enrich this topic combining with the research development of the relevant theories at home and broad and Chinese local enterprises' practical circumstances.
带着这一基本问题笔者开展了本文的研究,首先是对本研究的基本问题深入地进行了分解,形成了三个子问题:即在与全球制造网络中的国际旗舰企业联盟合作时,(1)我国本土企业向国际旗舰所进行的知识搜索如何影响我国本土企业组织学习绩效;(2)国际旗舰企业向我国本土企业进行的知识转移是如何影响我国本土企业的知识搜索(即通过知识搜索的中介作用)进而影响其组织学习绩效;(3)我国本土企业该如何选取适当的联盟治理模式,以增强联盟治理模式在国际旗舰企业向我国本土企业进行的知识转移与我国本土企业组织学习绩效关系中所起的调节作用。接着笔者对与本文研究问题相关的的全球制造网络、知识转移、知识搜索、联盟治理模式、组织学习及其绩效等理论研究加以了回顾与梳理,在这些理论研究综述以及对本研究基本问题深入思考的基础上,构建了本文的整体理论研究框架,在此基础上,对本文的整体研究框架加以了解构,形成了与三个子问题相对应的三个分部研究模型,然后经过问卷设计、数据收集、变量度量、信度与效度检验、多元回归分析、假设检验与结果讨论,回答了本文所提出的三个子问题。最后,本文运用结构方程建模(SEM)对本研究所构建的整体研究模型进行了检验,包括对该模型中知识转移对组织学习绩效产生的直接影响关系、知识转移对知识搜索产生的直接影响作用关系、知识搜索对组织学习绩效产生的直接影响作用关系,以及知识转移通过知识搜索的中介作用对组织学习绩效所产生的间接影响作用关系加以了分析与检验,并且,在整体研究模型检验的基础上开展了验证性案例分析,回答了本文所提出的基本问题。
通过全文的分析论证,形成了以下主要研究结论:
(1)本研究假设与检验了知识转移对组织学习绩效的影响关系。分析中将全球制造网络中国际旗舰企业与我国本土企业联盟合作而发生的知识转移影响因素划为国际旗舰企业(GPF)知识属性、国际旗舰企业(GPF)知识转移意愿、我国本土企业(CLE)学习能力、我国本土企业(CLE)学习态度、我国本土企业(CLE)组织学习文化,并研究了它们对我国本土企业(CLE)组织学习绩效的影响关系。研究结果表明,GPF知识属性显著地负向影响着CLE组织学习绩效;在与GPF合作交流中,GPF知识的复杂程度、专有程度、前沿程度、缄默程度越高,CLE对该类GPF知识进行学习的难度越大,就越不利于增进其组织学习绩效;CLE学习能力对CLE组织学习绩效无显著的影响作用。在与GPF合作交流中,CLE应大力夯实知识基础,并提高其吸收能力与沟通能力,努力将目前CLE学习能力普遍低下对CLE组织学习绩效影响的不显著性转变为显著的正向影响;CLE学习态度对CLE组织学习绩效无显著的影响作用,而在分部模型假设检验中,CLE学习态度对CLE组织学习绩效有显著的正向影响作用,说明CLE学习态度与整体模型中其他所有因素共同对CLE组织学习绩效发生作用时,它对CLE组织学习绩效的直接影响作用被彻底削弱;GPF知识转移意愿、CLE组织学习文化对CLE组织学习绩效均有显著的正向影响作用,其中CLE组织学习文化更能提升CLE组织学习绩效,在与GPF合作交流中,努力提高GPF知识转移意愿,大力优化CLE组织学习文化,将极大地增进CLE组织学习绩效。
(2)本研究把知识搜索划分为知识搜索宽广度与知识搜索纵深度,并且假设与检验了它们之间关系以及它们对组织学习绩效的影响关系。研究结果表明,CLE知识搜索宽广度对CLE组织学习绩效有显著的正向影响作用,CLE可通过增多向GPF进行知识搜索与交流的通道,拓宽向GPF的知识搜索领域,搜索更多的GPF知识来提升其组织学习绩效;CLE知识搜索纵深度对CLE组织学习绩效也有显著的正向影响作用,并且提高CLE知识搜索纵深度更能提升其组织学习绩效,CLE除尽可能增多知识搜索与交流的通道外,还应大力集中而强烈地使用当中一些颇具效果的知识搜索与交流的通道,极大地提高对所搜索GPF知识的提取强度和利用强度以增进其组织学习绩效;CLE知识搜索宽广度与CLE知识搜索纵深度正相关,CLE在没有触及其内部资源约束线时,它们提高其知识搜索宽广度通常不会以降低其知识搜索纵深度为代价,或只是单方面地提高其知识搜索宽广度或纵深度,而往往会增加资源并采用同时提高知识搜索宽广度与纵深度的搜索策略向GPF进行知识搜索以增进其组织学习绩效。
(3)本研究还假设与检验了知识转移对知识搜索的影响关系。研究结果表明,GPF知识属性显著地负向影响CLE知识搜索宽广度与纵深度,GPF知识的复杂程度、专有程度、前沿程度、缄默程度越高,越不利于CLE向GPF进行宽范围、深层次地知识搜索;CLE学习能力显著地正向影响CLE知识搜索宽广度,而对CLE知识搜索纵深度无显著的影响作用,说明目前CLE学习能力普遍低下,CLE难以向GPF进行深层次地知识搜索,但可促进CLE触及、搜寻与获取GPF在研发、制造、营销等广泛领域里的表层知识;GPF知识转移意愿、CLE学习态度对CLE知识搜索宽广度均无显著的影响作用,而均显著地正向影响CLE知识搜索纵深度,即在CLE与GPF的联盟合作与交流中,努力提高GPF知识转移意愿,并大力改善CLE学习态度,可强化CLE向GPF进行深层次地知识搜索;CLE组织学习文化显著地正向影响CLE知识搜索宽广度与纵深度,不断优化组织学习文化,可极大地促进CLE向GPF开展范围广且层次深的知识搜索。
(4)在上述研究结论的基础上,本研究进一步分析了知识转移通过知识搜索的中介作用对组织学习绩效的间接影响作用关系。研究结果表明,知识搜索在知识转移影响组织学习绩效中发挥了中介作用,其中,GPF知识属性不仅通过CLE知识搜索宽广度,还通过CLE知识搜索纵深度的中介作用对CLE组织学习绩效产生了间接的负向影响作用;CLE组织学习文化则不仅通过CLE知识搜索宽广度,还通过CLE知识搜索纵深度的中介作用对组织学习绩效产生了间接的正向影响作用;而CLE学习能力仅仅通过CLE知识搜索宽广度的中介作用对CLE组织学习绩效产生间接的正向影响作用;GPF知识转移意愿、CLE学习态度则均仅仅通过CLE知识搜索纵深度的中介作用对CLE组织学习绩效产生间接的正向影响作用。
(5)同时,本研究也假设与检验了联盟治理模式对知识转移影响组织学习绩效的调节作用关系。研究结果表明,联盟治理模式本身对组织学习绩效不存在显著的影响作用,而是在知识转移与组织学习绩效关系中起了调节作用,其中,在GPF知识属性与CLE组织学习绩效关系中起正向了调节作用,在与GPF联盟合作时,CLE选择越紧密的联盟治理模式会对GPF知识属性负向影响CLE组织学习绩效起到进一步的削弱作用,削弱GPF知识属性对提升CLE组织学习绩效的不利影响;联盟治理模式在GPF知识转移意愿与CLE组织学习绩效关系中、CLE学习态度与CLE组织学习绩效关系中以及CLE组织学习文化与CLE组织学习绩效关系中均起了负向调节作用,在与GPF联盟合作时,CLE选择越紧密的联盟治理模式会削弱它们对提升CLE组织学习绩效的促进作用,因此,在CLE具有良好的学习态度与组织学习文化以及GPF有强烈的知识转移意愿的情况下,CLE不宜选择紧密型而应选择松散型的联盟治理模式与GPF进行联盟合作来提升其组织学习绩效;联盟治理模式在CLE学习能力与CLE组织学习绩效关系中起了正向调节作用,CLE在学习能力较弱(较强)时,宜相对应地选择紧密型(松散型)联盟治理模式与GPF进行联盟合作以提升CLE组织学习绩效
(6)此外,本研究对控制因素对组织学习绩效的影响作用进行了检验。检验结果显示,企业规模、行业属性、联盟合作年限对CLE组织学习绩效均无显著的影响作用。目前CLE与GPF的联盟合作时间普遍较短(正如问卷样本的描述性统计总表3.2以及联盟合作年限的描述性统计表5.3分析所得出的),而CLE企业规模与行业属性短期内难以改变即为不可控因素,这使得它们对CLE组织学习绩效均无显著的影响作用。对CLE而言,试图短期内通过改变其企业规模、行业属性、与GPF的联盟合作年限来提升其组织学习绩效将是难以实现的。
本研究上述得出的重要结论对与国际旗舰企业联盟合作的我国本土企业的组织学习实践具有重要指导意义,可为融入全球制造网络中的我国本土企业提升其组织学习绩效提供相应的政策指导。同时,本研究基于发展中国家本土企业知识搜索与获取的视角,对全球制造网络中联盟合作关系下的组织学习相关理论研究进行了重要的补充与完善。在全球制造网络化背景下,全球制造网络的相关研究成为近年来重要的研究视点,本研究只是对该网络中知识转移、知识搜索及组织学习绩效之间关系进行了初步性的实证研究,在今后的研究中,将继续跟踪国内外相关理论研究进展,并结合我国本土企业实际情况,不断完善该主题的研究。
Since 1980s,with rapid development of modern technologies(e.g.,information technology,computer technology,network technology and so on),foreign direct investment and international trade,the international industries transfer and manufacturing globalization have been sped up.Enterprises all over the world are increasing inclined to intentionally select different biggest value-added node in industrial value chain according to their own competitive advantage to participate into international division and cooperation,therefore an innovative,worldwide production network—global production network(GPN)has been shaping up(Shi & Gregory, 1998;Colotla,Shi & Gregory,2003;Ernst & Guerrieri,1998;Shi & Gregory,2005). With developments of the global production network,Chinese local enterprises have great opportunities to carry out knowledge search and to enhance knowledge learning through interaction with global production flagship(GPF),which is very important for Chinese local enterprises(CLE) to enhance their organizational learning performance and to further promote their sustainable development.So,under the background of global production network it has great necessity and importance for us to conduct this topic--"The occurred knowledge transfer how to affect Chinese local enterprises' knowledge search and organizational learning performance along with the alliance and cooperation with GPF in global production network".
Along with this basic question we begin with this study,firstly it is deeply analyzed about the question and forms three sub-questions,namely along with the alliance and cooperation with GPF in global production network,(1) how the effect of the local enterprises' knowledge search on the organizational learing performance from the GPF;(2) how the effect of the knowledge transfer form the GPF to the local enterprises on the knowledge search(namely through the mediating effect of knowledge search)and sequently organizational learing performance;(3) how to choose the appropriate alliance governance models for the local enterprises to strength the moderating effect of the knowledge transfer to the organizational learning performance.Then we systemicly retrospect and curbs the relevant researches involved with global production network,knowledge transfer,knowledge search, alliance governance mode,organizational learning theories.Based on reviewing the relevant theories and deeply pondering the basic question of this study we construct the frame of this analysis;Next we construct the whole frame of this study and form the three sub-questions corresponding to the three branches models of this study, which involves following research processes:questionnaire design,data collection, variable measurement,assessment of reliability and validity,multivariable regression, result statement and discussion,we settle the basic question and the three sub-questions.At last,this study uses the structural equation model to test the whole research model including analyzing and testing the direct effect of knowledge transfer on organizational learning performance and the knowledge search in this model,the direct effect of knowledge search on organizational learning performance,and the indirect effect of knowledge transfer on organizational learning performance through the mediating effect of knowledge search.Furthermore,based on the testing of the whole research model,we develop the confirmable cast study and answer the basic question.
Through the analysis and test of the basic questions put forward by this article, we come to the sequent conclusions:
(1)This study hypothesises and tests the effect of knowledge transfer to learning performance.The determinents of knowledge transfer between GPF and Chinese local enterprises in global production network are categoried into the GPF properties of knowledge,the GPF intents of knowledge transfer,the CLE learning capacity,the CLE learning attitude and the CLE organizational learning culture.In addition we study the effect of these determinents on the organizational learning performance.The findings indicate that the properties of knowledge negatively affect CLE organizational learning performance;the higher the extent of complexity,proprietary, frontal and tacitness along with cooperation and communication with GPF,the more difficult CLE learn about the knowledge of GPF,the more disadvantage to increase the learning performance of organization.CLE learning attitude has no significant effect on its learning performance in the test of full model,but in partial model CLE learning attitude has a positive and significant effect and it indicates that affected by all other factors in the full model,the direct positive effect of CLE learning attitude on CLE organizational learning performance has been completely lessened.The GPF intents of knowledge transfer,CLE organizational learning culture both have positive and significant effect on the CLE organizational learning performance,especially the CLE organizational learning culture has a decisive and positive effect on the CLE organizational learning performance.Along with cooperation and communication with GPF,taking more effects to enhance the GPF intents of knowledge transfer and optimize the CLE organizational learning culture will substantially improve the CLE organizational learning performance.
(2)This study distinguishes knowledge search into breadth of searching and depth of searching then hypothesises and tests the relationship between them and the effect of them to organizational learning performance.The findings show that the CLE breadth of searching has a positive and significant effect on the CLE organizational learning performance.CLE can augment the GPF channels of knowledge search and communication,and enlarge the scope the knowledge search, search more GPF knowledge in order to improve the learning performance;The CLE depth of searching also has a positive and significant effect on CLE organizational learning performance,and the increasing of CLE depth of knowledge search will improve the organizational learning performance more.In addition,besides of possiblely increasing the knowledge search and channels of communication,CLE also should concentrately and intensely use the effective knowledge search and channels of communication,and hugely improve the refined intensity of the GPF searching knowledge and utilize the intensity to improve the organizational learning performance;There is a positive relationship between the breadth of knowledge search and depth of knowledge search.Not having touched with the line of constraint of internal resources in CLE,they improve the breadth of knowledge not at the expense of the depth of knowledge search,or only to improve the breath or depth respectively,and this often increases the amount of resources while it adopts the strategy which improves the breath and depth of knowledge search simultaneously from GPF to perform knowledge search attaining to enhance the organizational learning performance.
(3)This study also hypothesises and tests the effect of knowledge transfer on the knowledge search.The findings show that the GPF properties of knowledge have a negative and significant effect on the breath and depth of GPF knowledge search,the higher the extent of complexity,proprietary,frontal and tacitness the GPF knowledge, the more difficult for CLE to search knowledge broadly and deeply;The CLE learning capacity has a positive and significant effect on the breadth of CLE knowledge search and has nonsignificant effect on the depth of CLE knowledge search.This indicates the inferiority of CLE learning capacity presently,CLE has difficult with processing deeply searching of knowledge toGPF,but facilitates CLE to explore,search and acquire the superficial knowledge about research and development,manufacturing,marketing of GPF.The GPF intents of knowledge transfer and the CLE learning capacity both have on significant effect the breadth of CLE knowledge search,but both have a positive effect on the depth of CLE knowledge search,namely among the alliance and cooperation with CLE and GPF,it makes effort to improve the GPF intents of knowledge transfer and vigorously improve the CLE learning attitude,these can strength the searching of knowledge deeply from CLE to GPF;The CLE organizational learning culture has a positive and significant effect on the breadth and depth of CLE knowledge search,increasingly optimizes the organizational learning culture,and hugely facilitates the knowledge search broadly and deeply from CLE to GPF.
(4)Based on the above conclusions,this study further analysises the mediating effect of knowledge search between knowledge transfer and organizational learning performance indirectly.These findings indicate that knowledge search plays a mediating effect of knowledge transfer on organizational learning performance.That is to say,the GPF properties of knowledge has a mediating effect on organizational learning performance indirectly and positively,not only via the breadth of CLE knowledge search,but also via the depth of CLE knowledge search;While the CLE learning capacity only via the mediating effect of the breadth of CLE knowledge search has a indirectly and positively affected the CLE organizational learning performance;The GPF intents of knowledge transfer and the CLE learning attitude both via the mediating effect of the depth of CLE knowledge search have a indirectly and positively affected the CLE organizational learning performance.
(5)At the same time,this study also hypothesises and tests the moderating effect of the alliance governance mode between the knowledge transfer and the resulting influence of organizational learning performance.These findings indicate that the alliance governance mode in itself has no significant effect on organizational learning performance,nevertheless it plays a moderating effect between the knowledge transfer and the resulting influence of organizational learning performance.It shows that it play a positive moderating effect between the GPF properties of knowledge and the CLE organizational learning performance.In cooperating and being alliance with GPF,CLE choosing the closer alliance governance mode will further lessen the role of the negative effect of GPF properties of knowledge on the CLE organizational learning performance,namely lessening the disadvantage effect of the GPF properties of knowledge on improving the CLE organizational learning performance;The alliance governance mode all plays negative moderating effect between the GPF intents of knowledge transfer and the CLE organizational learning performance,the CLE learning attitude and the CLE organizational learning performance,and the CLE organizational learning culture and the CLE organizational learning performance.In cooperating and being alliance with GPF,CLE choosing the closer alliance governance mode will lessen the facilitating their enhanceing the CLE organizational learning performance role.Thus,under a good learning attitude and organizational learning culture in CLE and a intense intent of knowledge transfer with GPF,it is not appropriate for CLE to choose a close,on the contrary,to choose a loose alliance governance mode to improve the organizational learning performance with GPF alliance and cooperating;The alliance governance mode plays a positive moderating effect between the CLE learning capacity and the CLE organizational learning performance,namely when the CLE learning capacity is weak(or strong),it is appropriate to choose a close(or loost) alliance governance mode with GPF alliance and cooperating in order to improve the CLE organizational learning performance.
(6)In addition,this study tests the effect of control factors placing on organizational learning performance.The findings indicate that the size of firm,the property of industry,and the time of alliance and cooperation all have no significant effect on the CLE organizational learning performance.At present the cooperating time between CLE and GPF is prevalent short(as it is showed on the descriptive statistics of sampling on the total tablet 3.2 and the age of alliance and cooperation), while the CLE size of firm and the property of industry are hard to change,namely they are both as uncontrolled factors,it makes them have no significant effect on the CLE organizational learning performance.As to CLE it is difficult to improve the organizational learning performance by trying to change its size,the property of industry and the age of alliance and cooperation with GPF.
The important findings concluded from above analysis have some important instructional implication.It can provide the corresponding policy guidance for Chinese local enterprises to enhance their organizational learning performance,and at the same time,based on the knowledge search and acquisition of developing countries this study complementaries and enriches the relevant theory of organizational learning among the alliance and cooperation with GPF in global production network Under the background of global production network the relevant researches have been an interesting and hotted point,and this study only has a preliminarily empirical research about knowledge transfer,knowledge search and organizational learning in this network.In future study,we will continuously enrich this topic combining with the research development of the relevant theories at home and broad and Chinese local enterprises' practical circumstances.
引文
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