皖东栗园节肢动物群落动态及栗角斑蚜与其天敌的时空关系研究
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摘要
本论文在深入调查皖东栗园节肢动物群落的基础上，采用群落分析、多元统计分析、地理统计学等分析方法，系统研究了皖东地区栗园节肢动物群落动态和栗角斑蚜与其天敌相互作用的规律。
1．根据皖东栗园节肢动物群落物种的组成和数量，按照营养和取食关系，将群落划分为植食类、捕食类、寄生类和中性类亚群落。共查出皖东栗园节肢动物178种，101科，植食类节肢动物的总群落相对丰盛度为0.93295,4—10月份为0.79026—0.96978，11月份最低，为0.1509；捕食类总群落相对丰盛度为0.04062，4—10月份为0.02015—0.19537，11月份最高，为0.84091。总群落的优势集中性为0.25636，各亚群落的优势集中性表现为植食类＞捕食类＞寄生类。
2．栗园植食类节肢动物亚群落多样性和均匀度的季节动态与总群落一致，呈低→高→低→高的变化趋势；捕食类亚群落的多样性和均匀度动态基本上呈稳中有降的变化趋势，但不同的多样性和均匀度测度方法表现的结果不尽相同。多样性指数H’是种类丰富度(S)、均匀性(J)和总个体数(N)的函数，影响群落多样性H’的主要因素是均匀度(J)，多样性变化的53.683％受均匀度影响。栗园节肢动物群落在一年中经过了一个明显的发展→繁荣→衰退的演替过程。栗园节肢动物群落的最优分割为4.18～5.21，6.23，7.20～9.23，10.25～11.17等4段。植食类群落的最优分割结果与总群落相同。捕食类节肢动物亚群落时间格局的最优分割为4.18～5.21，6.23，7.20～11.17等3段。
3．系统研究了栗角斑蚜及其天敌类群的时间生态位宽度与重叠值和板栗不同生长时期栗角斑蚜及其天敌垂直生态位宽度和重叠值。结果表明：自板栗生长开始到板栗成熟，栗角斑蚜利用了时间资源序列的全部等级，
因在各个等级上利用不太均衡，生态位宽度只表现出中等水平。飘虫类天
敌，尤其是红点唇赐虫的生态位宽度较高，与栗角斑蚜的生态位重蠢值也
较大。蜘蛛类天敌的生态位宽度在不同的资源等级上表现极不均衡。草岭
和瓢虫与栗角斑蚜的模糊贴近度较高，在板栗生长的各个不同时期，均能
很好的追随栗角斑蚜种群。蜘蛛类天敌中漏斗网蛛科与栗角斑蚜的同域效
应最高。
4．采用地理统计学原理和方法对栗角斑蚜及其天敌种群的空间结构和
空间相关性进行了研究。结果表明，在板栗生长 4月18日～7月 20日和 9
月23日等5个时期，栗角斑蚜种群的半变异函数模型是球形，在林间基本
上呈聚集分布，其样点间空间依赖距离分别为5．93m、12．10m、10．83m、
10．25m和15．00m，其空间依赖性程度分别为86．83％、37．24％、58．72％、
65．18％和86．gi％。只是在个别时期（如吕月22日和10月25日），栗角斑
蚜种群的半变异函数为直线型，在林间的空间格局为随机分布或均匀分布。
红点唇瓢虫种群的半变异函数模型均为球形，呈聚集分布尽月 18～10月 25
日七个日期的样点间空间依赖距离分别为＊．55m、13．1614lin、9刀2782m、
9．43056m、6石0743m、14．93916m和巴．70044m，且在该取样尺度下在总变
异中分别有83．23％、88．16％、82．33％、67二3％、40刀4％、43．15％和50．15％
是由空间依赖性产生的。栗角斑蚜种群和红点唇瓢虫种群的实验半变异函
数曲线模糊贴近度在不同时期均较高，同域效应明显。
Based on the thorough investigation,the dynamics of the arthropod communities in chestnut orchard and interaction of the Myzoxcdlis karicola Matsumura with its natural enemies were studied by means of the community analysis,multianalysis and geostatistics. The conclusions were as follows.
1. The arthropod communities in chestnut orchard in east Anhui were divided into four sub-communities,which were phytophages,predators,parasitoids and neutralities. The structure and dynamics of the arthropod communities and different sub-communities were analyzed by using a number of community parameters in the chestnut orchard. The results indicated that there were 178 species of arthropod belonging to 101 families in chestnut orchard. The relative abundance of phytophages was 0.93295,the value during April to October was 0.79026-0.96978;in November was the lowest,0.1509. The relative abundance of predators was 0.O4062,the value during April to October was 0.02015-0.19537;in November was the most high,0.84091. The dominant concentration of arthropod communities was 0.25636;it showed that the dominant concentration of sub-communities was phytophages > predators > parasitoids.
2. The diversities and evenness of phytophages sub-communities was in consistent with the total community;the tendency during April to November was from low to high,to low,and then,to high again. The diversity and evenness of predator sub-community was mainly steady,but occasionally reduced. The results of diversities and evenness calculated by different methods were not the same. The diversity was a function of species richness,evenness and numbers;the main component affecting diversity was species evenness,which accounted for 53.683% of the variation in diversity. The arthropod communities in chestnut orchard went through a succession that apparently changed from development to prosperity,then to depression. The best temporal partitions in the arthropod total communities were 4.18-5.21,6.23,7.20-8.22,and 10.25-11.17. The result of the best temporal partitions of phytophages sub-community was the same as the total community. The result of the predators sub-community was 4.18-5.21,6.23 and 720-11.17.
3. The temporal niche breadth and overlap of Myzoxallis karicola Matsumura and its natural enemies,the vertical spatial breadth and overlap of them in different stage of chestnut growth were analyzed. Myzoxallis karicola Matsumura appeared in all stages of chestnut growth,but its population fluctuation showed two peaks,so mat its niche breadth index was middle. The niche breadth of Coccinellidae natural enemies,especially Chilocorus kuwanae Silvestri was higher,its niche overlap with Myzoxallis karicola Matsumura was also high. The niche breadth of spider natural enemies differed in different stages. The fuzzy neartude of Chrysopidae and Coccinellidae with Myzoxallis karicola Matsumura were high. During all stages of chestnut growth,Chrysopidae and Coccinellidae could follow simultaneously with Myzoxallis karicola Matsumura. The synchronous effect was high between Agelenidae and Myzoxallis karicola Matsumura.
4. Investigations on the spatial construction and distribution of Myzoxallis karicola Matsumura and its natural enemies,Chilocorus hnvanae Silvestri,at different period were conducted with geostatisticed. The results indicated that the semivariogram of M karicola Matsumura was described by spherical model from 18 April to 20 July and 23 September,showing an aggregated spatial arrangement,the ranges of spatial dependence were 5.93m,12.10m,10.83m,10.25m and 15.00m respectively,the degrees of spatial dependence were 86.83%,37.24%,58.72%,65.18% and 86.91% respectively. But in some special period,for example,on 22 August and 25 October,the semivariogram of M karicola Matsumura was depicted as linear models,showing random or even arrangement As for Chilocorus kuwanae Silvestri,the models were all spherical ones from 18 April to 25 October,showing an aggregated spatial arrangement,the ranges of spatial dependence were 6.61m~14.94m,the degrees of spat
1．根据皖东栗园节肢动物群落物种的组成和数量，按照营养和取食关系，将群落划分为植食类、捕食类、寄生类和中性类亚群落。共查出皖东栗园节肢动物178种，101科，植食类节肢动物的总群落相对丰盛度为0.93295,4—10月份为0.79026—0.96978，11月份最低，为0.1509；捕食类总群落相对丰盛度为0.04062，4—10月份为0.02015—0.19537，11月份最高，为0.84091。总群落的优势集中性为0.25636，各亚群落的优势集中性表现为植食类＞捕食类＞寄生类。
2．栗园植食类节肢动物亚群落多样性和均匀度的季节动态与总群落一致，呈低→高→低→高的变化趋势；捕食类亚群落的多样性和均匀度动态基本上呈稳中有降的变化趋势，但不同的多样性和均匀度测度方法表现的结果不尽相同。多样性指数H’是种类丰富度(S)、均匀性(J)和总个体数(N)的函数，影响群落多样性H’的主要因素是均匀度(J)，多样性变化的53.683％受均匀度影响。栗园节肢动物群落在一年中经过了一个明显的发展→繁荣→衰退的演替过程。栗园节肢动物群落的最优分割为4.18～5.21，6.23，7.20～9.23，10.25～11.17等4段。植食类群落的最优分割结果与总群落相同。捕食类节肢动物亚群落时间格局的最优分割为4.18～5.21，6.23，7.20～11.17等3段。
3．系统研究了栗角斑蚜及其天敌类群的时间生态位宽度与重叠值和板栗不同生长时期栗角斑蚜及其天敌垂直生态位宽度和重叠值。结果表明：自板栗生长开始到板栗成熟，栗角斑蚜利用了时间资源序列的全部等级，
因在各个等级上利用不太均衡，生态位宽度只表现出中等水平。飘虫类天
敌，尤其是红点唇赐虫的生态位宽度较高，与栗角斑蚜的生态位重蠢值也
较大。蜘蛛类天敌的生态位宽度在不同的资源等级上表现极不均衡。草岭
和瓢虫与栗角斑蚜的模糊贴近度较高，在板栗生长的各个不同时期，均能
很好的追随栗角斑蚜种群。蜘蛛类天敌中漏斗网蛛科与栗角斑蚜的同域效
应最高。
4．采用地理统计学原理和方法对栗角斑蚜及其天敌种群的空间结构和
空间相关性进行了研究。结果表明，在板栗生长 4月18日～7月 20日和 9
月23日等5个时期，栗角斑蚜种群的半变异函数模型是球形，在林间基本
上呈聚集分布，其样点间空间依赖距离分别为5．93m、12．10m、10．83m、
10．25m和15．00m，其空间依赖性程度分别为86．83％、37．24％、58．72％、
65．18％和86．gi％。只是在个别时期（如吕月22日和10月25日），栗角斑
蚜种群的半变异函数为直线型，在林间的空间格局为随机分布或均匀分布。
红点唇瓢虫种群的半变异函数模型均为球形，呈聚集分布尽月 18～10月 25
日七个日期的样点间空间依赖距离分别为＊．55m、13．1614lin、9刀2782m、
9．43056m、6石0743m、14．93916m和巴．70044m，且在该取样尺度下在总变
异中分别有83．23％、88．16％、82．33％、67二3％、40刀4％、43．15％和50．15％
是由空间依赖性产生的。栗角斑蚜种群和红点唇瓢虫种群的实验半变异函
数曲线模糊贴近度在不同时期均较高，同域效应明显。
Based on the thorough investigation,the dynamics of the arthropod communities in chestnut orchard and interaction of the Myzoxcdlis karicola Matsumura with its natural enemies were studied by means of the community analysis,multianalysis and geostatistics. The conclusions were as follows.
1. The arthropod communities in chestnut orchard in east Anhui were divided into four sub-communities,which were phytophages,predators,parasitoids and neutralities. The structure and dynamics of the arthropod communities and different sub-communities were analyzed by using a number of community parameters in the chestnut orchard. The results indicated that there were 178 species of arthropod belonging to 101 families in chestnut orchard. The relative abundance of phytophages was 0.93295,the value during April to October was 0.79026-0.96978;in November was the lowest,0.1509. The relative abundance of predators was 0.O4062,the value during April to October was 0.02015-0.19537;in November was the most high,0.84091. The dominant concentration of arthropod communities was 0.25636;it showed that the dominant concentration of sub-communities was phytophages > predators > parasitoids.
2. The diversities and evenness of phytophages sub-communities was in consistent with the total community;the tendency during April to November was from low to high,to low,and then,to high again. The diversity and evenness of predator sub-community was mainly steady,but occasionally reduced. The results of diversities and evenness calculated by different methods were not the same. The diversity was a function of species richness,evenness and numbers;the main component affecting diversity was species evenness,which accounted for 53.683% of the variation in diversity. The arthropod communities in chestnut orchard went through a succession that apparently changed from development to prosperity,then to depression. The best temporal partitions in the arthropod total communities were 4.18-5.21,6.23,7.20-8.22,and 10.25-11.17. The result of the best temporal partitions of phytophages sub-community was the same as the total community. The result of the predators sub-community was 4.18-5.21,6.23 and 720-11.17.
3. The temporal niche breadth and overlap of Myzoxallis karicola Matsumura and its natural enemies,the vertical spatial breadth and overlap of them in different stage of chestnut growth were analyzed. Myzoxallis karicola Matsumura appeared in all stages of chestnut growth,but its population fluctuation showed two peaks,so mat its niche breadth index was middle. The niche breadth of Coccinellidae natural enemies,especially Chilocorus kuwanae Silvestri was higher,its niche overlap with Myzoxallis karicola Matsumura was also high. The niche breadth of spider natural enemies differed in different stages. The fuzzy neartude of Chrysopidae and Coccinellidae with Myzoxallis karicola Matsumura were high. During all stages of chestnut growth,Chrysopidae and Coccinellidae could follow simultaneously with Myzoxallis karicola Matsumura. The synchronous effect was high between Agelenidae and Myzoxallis karicola Matsumura.
4. Investigations on the spatial construction and distribution of Myzoxallis karicola Matsumura and its natural enemies,Chilocorus hnvanae Silvestri,at different period were conducted with geostatisticed. The results indicated that the semivariogram of M karicola Matsumura was described by spherical model from 18 April to 20 July and 23 September,showing an aggregated spatial arrangement,the ranges of spatial dependence were 5.93m,12.10m,10.83m,10.25m and 15.00m respectively,the degrees of spatial dependence were 86.83%,37.24%,58.72%,65.18% and 86.91% respectively. But in some special period,for example,on 22 August and 25 October,the semivariogram of M karicola Matsumura was depicted as linear models,showing random or even arrangement As for Chilocorus kuwanae Silvestri,the models were all spherical ones from 18 April to 25 October,showing an aggregated spatial arrangement,the ranges of spatial dependence were 6.61m~14.94m,the degrees of spat
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