桃园害虫及天敌群落动态研究
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
为了可持续地利用桃园系统生物资源,经济合理地治理害虫,提高桃园害虫防治水平,同时丰富群落生态学的研究内容,促进生态学科的发展,本人在前人工作的基础上,结合桃园害虫防治的现状,通过田间系统调查和田间实验相结合的研究手段,采用群落分析、多元统计分析、灰色关联分析、地理统计学等分析方法,系统地研究了桃园节肢动物群落动态和桃一点叶蝉与其天敌相互作用的规律。
     根据桃园节肢动物群落物种的组成和数量,按照营养和取食关系,将群落划分为植食类、捕食类、寄生类和中性类亚群落,按照系统分科的方法,将每个亚群落分成不同的功能类群,采用群落分析的多个参数比较分析了群落的结构和季节动态。结果表明:桃园共调查出节肢动物55种,分属于37科,其中植食类28种,分属于18科:捕食类22种,分属于14科;寄生类3种,分属于3科;中性类2种,分属于2科。植食类的相对丰盛度为0.953367,捕食类相对丰盛度为0.046188,各亚群落的优势集中性表现为植食类(0.980648)>捕食类(0.886292)>寄生类(0.420000)。H多样性指数为捕食类节肢动物亚群落>节肢动物总群落>植食类节肢动物亚群落;Hill多样性指数(N_1)为捕食类节肢动物亚群落>节肢动物总群落>植食类节肢动物亚群落:Hill多样性指数(N_2)为捕食类节肢动物亚群落>节肢动物总群落>植食类节肢动物亚群落。
     在桃园中,植食类亚群落的个体数量随时间变化趋势与节肢动物总群落一致,都有两个高峰值,高峰值出现的时间相一致,趋势曲线相接近。总群落的个体数量变化受植食类亚群落的个体数量变化影响较显著。
     桃一点叶蝉及其天敌类群的时间生态位宽度与重叠值研究结果表明,一年中桃一点叶蝉利用了时间资源序列的全部等级,因在各个等级上利用的资源极不均衡,其生态位宽度值较小。食蚜蝇科、三突花蟹蛛、瓢虫生态位宽度较大。
     施用天然植物源复合杀虫剂的节肢动物群落及其各亚群落的个体数都有明显程度的下降,尤其是植食类亚群落个体数大幅度地下降,捕食类和蜘蛛
    
    类群落的减退率较低,而且持续的时间较长。喷施500—600倍液经济有效的
    防治害虫。
     通过对桃园害虫一天敌群落的系统调查,应用主分量、最优分割法和模
    糊聚类分析方法进行分析。结果表明,群落具有明显的主导因素和时间格局。
     一年来,对自然状态下安农水蜜桃上重要节肢动物种群数量水平空间属
    性和时间动态进行了系统研究。结果表明,桃园害虫优势种群为桃一点叶蝉,
    天敌昆虫类优势种群为瓢虫,天敌蜘蛛类优势种群为草间小黑蛛。2001年桃
    一点叶蝉种群数量消长有两个明显的峰值,两次峰值出现的日期分别为5月
    中下旬和7月中旬~9月下旬。桃一点叶蝉和草间小黑蛛的空间格局均为聚
    集型,草间小黑蛛追随桃一点叶蝉的聚集场所;桃一点叶蝉和草间小黑蛛种
    群相互作用关系显著。
     对一年来桃一点叶蝉种群数量与其各种天敌的种群数量以及各种天敌的
    数量,利用灰色系统理论和方法,分析各种天敌的数量与桃一点叶蝉种群数
    量的追随关系,各种天敌与理想优势种天敌之间的关联度。结果表明,对桃
    一点叶蝉种群数量影响最显著的是草间小黑蛛,其次是异色瓢虫、粽管巢蛛。
     采用地统计学的原理和方法分析了桃一点叶蝉种群数量第二高峰阶段不
    同时期桃一点叶蝉种群和草间小黑蛛种群的空间结构和空间结构相关性。结
    果表明,不同时期桃一点叶蝉种群的拟合半变异函数曲线均为球型,空间格
    局呈聚集型,变程在25.70-37.20m之间;草间小黑蛛种群的拟合半变异函
    数曲线也均为球型,空间格局呈聚集型,变程在25.10叶4.10m之间,说明
    草间小黑蛛种群在空间上追随桃一点叶蝉种群,草间小黑蛛是桃一点叶蝉的
    优势种天敌。
The pest is a big obstacle affecting the product of peach. To improve the level of harnessing the pest economically,enrich the content of community ecology and prompt the subject to develop,this study was carried out on the base of former studies. In this study ,several analytic methods,such as geostatistics,grey system theory and method,etc.,were applied,and the dynamics of arthropod community,the regulation of interactions between Erythroneura swdira(Distant) and its nature enemies were studied. The results were as follows:
    The arthropod community was divided into four sub-communities:phytophages,predators,parasitorids and neutralities by the standard of nutrition and hunting. The structures and dynamics of arthropod community and different sub-communities were analyzed by using a number of community parameters. The results indicated that there were 55 species of arthropod belonging to 37 families,including 28 species of phytophages representing 18 families;22 species of predators representing 14 families;3 species of parasitorids representing 3 families;2 species of neutralities representing 2 families in peach orchards. The relative abundance of phytophages and predators were 0.953367 and 0.O46188 respectively. So it can be seen that the phytophages dominated the arthropod community in peach orchards. The dominant concentration of phytophages was 0.980648,larger than that of predators(0.886292) and parasitoids(0.420000). The other parameters such as diversity index(H ) and diversity index (Hill) including NI ,N2 ,indicated th
    e same trends,showing in the order :predators sub-community > arthropod community > phytophages sub-community.
    The shifting trend of the individual number of phytophages was similar to the arthropod community. Both trends had two peaks that occurred at similar time.
    
    
    
    This indicated that the individual number of arthropod community was influenced mainly by phytophages.
    Studies on the temporal niche breadth and overlap of Erythroneura sudra and its natural enemies indicated:Erythroneura sudra appeared in all time stages of the year. But,as to the individual,there were big differences between each time stages and this resulted in a low niche breadth index.
    For the use of insecticide,the individual number of arthropod community and every sub-community all had definite reduction,especially the phytophages.
    Systematic studies on temporal and spatial dynamics of important arthropod indicated that the dominant species of pest,insect natural enemies,spider natural enemies were Erythroneura sudra,P.Japonicola,E.graminicola respectively. The Erythroneura sudra population fluctuation showed two peaks and the first one occurred in middle May,the second one occurred from middle July to the end of September. The spatial pattern of Erythroneura sudra and E.graminicola were of aggregated type.
    Based on the systematic surveys in peach orchards,the structures of pests-natural enemies community and their seasonal dynamics were analyzed by the methods of Principal Component Analysis (PCA),optimal sorting and Fuzzy Cluster Analysis .The results showed that they can be distinctly classified into 4 types and had obvious main factors and temporal patterns.
    The relationships between the number of natural enemies and Erythroneura sudra population size and the relational grade of various natural enemies to ideal dominant natural enemies were analyzed with grey system theory and method. The result was that E.graminicola was the major natural enemy affecting Erythroneura sudra.
    The spatial construction and distribution of Erythroneura sudra and E.graminicola at different period of the second peak stage of the Erythroneura sudra population fluctuation were studied by geostatistics. The result was that the semivariogram of Erythroneura sudra was described by spherical model,showing an aggregated spatial arrangement,the range was 25.70-37.20m. The
    semivariogram of E.graminicola was fitted by spherical model too,also showing
    
    
    an aggregated spatial arrangement,its range was 25.10-44.10m. Th
引文
1.邹运鼎.农林昆虫生态学.安徽科学技术出版社,1989.
    2. Pfeifer,T.A. and T.A.GrigliattiFuture Perspective on Insect Management:Engineering the Pest J.Inverterbr, Pathol, ,1996,67:109-119.
    3.丁岩钦.论害虫种群的生态控制.生态学报,1993,13:99~106.
    4. Kogan M.Integrated pest management:historical perspectives and contemporary developments[J].Annual Review of Entomology,1998,43:243~270.
    5.马世骏.谈农业害虫的综合防治[J].昆虫学报,1976,19(2):129~140。
    6.邱式邦.植物保护必须坚持“预防为主,综合防治”的方针[J].中国农业科学,1976,(1):41~47.
    7.郭予元.我国IPM研究进展回顾及对面21世纪初发展目标的设想.植物保护,1998,24(1):35~38.
    8.吴福桢(主编).中国农业百科全书,昆虫卷.北京:农业出版社,1990.
    9.张家兴,王冬兰.可持续农业中21世纪初的IPM.植物保护,1998,24(6):38~40.
    10. Tshernyshev W.B.Ecological Pest management(EPM):general approaches J.Appl.Ent,1995,(119):375~381.
    11.罗志义.上海佘山地区棉田节肢动物群落多样性分析及杀虫剂对多样性的影响.生态学报,1982,2(3):255~266.
    12.马世骏.谈农业害虫的动态分析及途径的商榷.植物保护学报,1962,1(4):337~349.
    13.马世骏.谈农业害虫的综合防治.昆虫学报,1976,19(2):129~141.
    14.马世骏.谈农业害虫测报的展望.昆虫学报,1978,21(2):113~131.
    15.朱弘复.治理有害动物的战略和策略——主要以中国棉虫为讨论材料。昆虫学报,1978,21(3):297~306.
    16.李建荣,石万成.防治策略对苹果园天敌昆虫群落结构的影响.西南农业大学学报,1992,14(6)507~511.
    17.李建荣,石万成,刘旭.防治措施对苹果园昆虫群落结构和生态控制及其稳定性的影响.四川农业大学学报,1995,13(2):121~126.
    18.牟吉元,李照会,郑方强等.苹果园主要害虫及天敌群落结构和生态控制的
    
    研究.山东农业大学学报,1997,28(3):253~261.
    19.师光禄,刘贤谦,王满囷等.枣树昆虫群落结构及其综合治理效果的研究.林业科学,1998,34(1):58~64.
    20.杨本立,宋家雄,严乃胜等.昭通市苹果园昆虫群落时间格局与害虫防治.云南大学学报,1999,14(4):358~360.
    21. Price P W.Cotonization of crops by arthropods:non-equilibrium communities in soybean fields.Environ. Entomol.,1976,5(4):605~611. 24. Simpson EH.Measurement of diversity.Nature,1949,163:688.
    22.赵志模,郭依泉.群落生态学原理与方法.科学技术文献出版社重庆分社,1990.
    23.万方浩,陈常铭.综防区和化防区稻田害虫—天敌群落组成及多样性研究.生态学报,1986,6(2):159~170.
    24. Simpson EH.Measurement of diversity. Nature,1949, 163:688.
    25. Hurlbert SH.The nonconcept of species diversity:A critique and alternative parameters.Ecology,1971,52(4):577~586.
    26. Pielou EC.Ecological diversity.John Wiley &.sons.New York, 1975.
    27.李代芹,赵敬钊.棉田蜘蛛群落及其多样性研究.生态学报,1993,13(3):205~213.
    28.金翠霞,吴亚.群落多样性测定及其应用的探讨.昆虫学报,1981,24(1):28~33.
    29.高宝嘉,张执中,李镇宇.封山育林对昆虫群落结构及多样性稳定性影响的研究.生态学报,1992,12(1):1~7.
    30.郭线茹,尹新明,罗梅浩等.桃园昆虫群落的时间结构研究.河南农业大学学报,2000,34(2):146~149.
    31.徐洪富,牟少敏,许永玉等.棉区夏玉米害虫及天敌群落结构.植物保护学报,2000,27(3):199~204.
    32.王成树,陈树仁.蔬菜害虫及其天敌昆虫群落多样性和相关研究.生物多样性,1999,7(2):106~110.
    33. J.D.Majer et al. Diversity patterns of euealypt canopy arthropods in eastern and western Australia.Ecological Entomology,2000, 25(3):295~306.
    34. Oliver kruger et al.The insect fauna of Acacia species in Mkomazi;Game Reserve,north-east Tanzania.Ecological Entomology,1997,22(4):440~444.
    
    
    35.廖崇惠,陈茂乾.热带人工林土壤动物群落的次生演替和发展过程探讨.应用生态学报,1990,1(1):56~61.
    36.廖崇惠,李健雄,黄海涛.南亚热带森林土壤动物群落多样性研究.生态学报,1994,17(5):549~555.
    37. Buntin G D et al.Populations of foliage-inhabiting Arthropods on soybean with reduced tillage and herbicide use.Agronomy Journal,1995,87:789~794.
    38.康乐,陈永林.草原蝗虫营养生态位的研究.昆虫学报,1994,37(2):178~189.
    39. Haddock J D et al.Seasonal changes in soil arthropod species diversity as affected by perturbat in three successional communities in northeastern Indiana Proc.Indiana Acad.Sci.,1976, 86:467~473.
    40.金翠霞,吴亚,王冬兰.稻田节肢动物群落的多样性.昆虫学报,1990,33(3):287~295.
    41. Hull L A et al.Impact of four synthetic pyrethroids on major natural enemies and pests of apple in Pennsylvania, J.Econ.Entomol.,1983,76(1):122~130.
    42. Sherratt T N et al.A metapopulation approach to modeling the long-term impact of pesticides on invertebrates.J.Appl.Ecol.,1993, 30:696~705.
    43. Williams W M. Diversity,complexity,stability and pest control.J.Appl. Ecol.,1975,12:795~807.
    44. May MR.Qualitative stability in model ecosystems.Ecology,1973,54(3):638~641.
    45. Goodman D.The theory of diversity-stability relationships in ecology.The Quarterly Review of Biology,1975,50(3):237~266.
    46.高宝嘉,申曙光,王正文等.园林昆虫群落时间结构及动态研究.生态学报,1998,18(2):193~197.
    47.焦懿,赵苹.白蜡虫泌蜡期天敌群落的研究.生态学报,1999,19(5):732~736.
    48.谭济才,邓欣,袁哲明.不同类型茶园昆虫、蜘蛛群落结构分析.生态学报,1998,18(3):289~294.
    49. MacArthur J W.Environmental flutuations and species diversity.pp.74~80 in Cody M L et al.(Eds).Ecology and evolution of communities.Belknap Press
    
    Harvard University Cambridge Mass,1975.
    50.王开洪,周新运,李隆术.柑桔叶螨及其天敌的生态位研究.西南农学院学报,1985,3:70~84.
    51.秦玉川,蔡宁华.山楂叶螨、苹果全爪螨及其捕食性天敌生态位的研究一时间与空间生态位.生态学报,1991,11(4):331~337.
    52.秦玉川,沈佐锐,黄可训等.山楂叶螨、苹果全爪螨及其捕食性天敌生态位的研究—营养生态位.生态学报,1994,14(1):1~8.
    53.秦玉川,管致和.山楂叶螨、苹果全爪螨及其捕食性天敌生态位的研究Ⅲ.微气候生态位.生态学报,1995,15(2):128~133.
    54.原国辉,尹新明,王高平等.菜田潜叶蝇及其天敌生态位的研究.河南农业大学学报,2000,34(1):59~62.
    55.赵志模,周新远.生态学引论.科学技术文献出版社重庆分社,1984.
    56.庞雄飞.昆虫种群系统的研究概述.生态学报,1990,10(4):373~378.
    57. Southwood T R E.The relationships of plant and insect diversities in succession.Biological Journal of the Linnean Society,1979.12:327~348.
    58. Hassell M P and R M May.Stability in insect host-parasite models.J.Anim. Ecol.,1973, 42:693~736.
    59. Hassell M P et al.Aggregation of predators and insect parasites and its effect on stability.J.Anim.Ecol.,1974, 43:567~594.
    60. Taylor L R.Assessing and interpreting the spatial distribution of insect populations.Ann.Rev.Entomol.,1978, 29:325~357.
    61. Jumars P A et al.Detecting two-dimensional spatial structure in biological data.Oecologia,1977,28:109~123.
    62.王政权.地统计学及在生态学中的应用.科学出版社,1999.
    63.周国法,徐汝梅.生物地理统计学—生物种群时空分析的方法及其应用.科学出版社,1998.
    64.石根生,李典谟.不同松林马尾松毛虫蛹及其寄生天敌群子的空间格局分析.生态学报,1997,17(4):386~392.
    65.李友常,夏乃斌,屠泉洪等.杨树光肩星天牛种群空间格局的地统计学研究.生态学报,1997,17(4):391~401.
    66.汪世泽,张文军.棉蚜天敌的效果评价.昆虫知识,1989,26(1):10~14.
    
    
    67.夏育陆,周健生,吴正坤.天敌昆虫对马尾松毛虫控制作用及其群落的研究.林业科学研究,1992,5(3):356~359.
    68.张永强.广西南部稻田生态系统蜘蛛种群动态及其控制害虫效应研究.广西农学院学报,1984,(1):25~34.
    69.邹运鼎,孟庆雷,耿继光等.棉蚜与其天敌种群分布格局的关系.应用生态学报,1995,6(2):172~175.
    70.邹运鼎.害虫管理中的天敌评价理论与应用.中国林业出版社,1997.
    71.毕守东,邹运鼎,陈高潮等.影响棉蚜种群数量的优势种天敌的灰色系统分析.应用生态学报,2000,11(3):417~420.
    72.毕守东,邹运鼎,耿继光等.棉蚜及龟纹瓢虫空间格局的地学统计学研究.应用生态学报,2000,11(3):421~424.
    73.丁岩钦,戈峰.中国昆虫生态学五十年(1949~1999).昆虫知识,2000,37(1):18~23.
    74.董全.西方生态学近况.生态学报,1996,16(3):314~324.
    75. Wratten S D.The effectiveness of native natural enemies In:Integrated Pest Management.Cademic Press Limited,1987,89~112.
    76.周强,张古忍,张文庆等.不同抗性品系稻田捕食性节肢动物群落的结构和动态.生态学报,1999,19(5):728~731.
    77.崔金杰,夏敬源.麦套夏播转Bt基因棉R93—6对昆虫群落的影响.昆虫学报2000,43(1):43~51.
    78. Heong K L et al.Arthropod community structure of rice ecosystem in the Philippines.Bull. Entomol. Res., 1991, 81:407~416.
    79.郝树广,张孝羲,程遐年.稻田节肢动物群落营养层及优势功能集团的组成与多样性动态.昆虫学报,1998,41(4):343~352.
    80.庞宝平.麦田昆虫群落的时间结构.昆虫知识,1993,30(5):263~266.
    81. Le Kang et al.Dynamics of grusshopper communities under different grazing intensities in Inner Mongolia steppes. Entomologia Sinica,1995, 2(3):265~281.
    82.冯钟琪.中国蜘蛛原色图鉴.湖南科学技术出版社,1990.
    83.中国科学院动物研究所,浙江农业大学主编.天敌昆虫图册.科学出版社,1980.
    84.唐祖庭.昆虫分类学(第一版).中国林业出版社,1989.
    
    
    85. Alatalo R V. Problems in the measurement of evenness in ecology. Oikos, 1981, 37:199~204.
    86.庄西卿.稻田田埂昆虫群落与田埂杂草关系的研究.生态学报,1989,9(1):35~40.
    87.尤民生.稻田节肢动物群落的聚类分析.青年生态学者论丛(二),北京:中国科学技术出版社,1992,223~237.
    88.杨伦标,高英仪编著.模糊数学原理及应用(第二版).华南理工大学出版社,1998.
    89.谭济才,邓欣,袁哲明等.南岳茶场害虫—天敌群落结构及季节动态.植物保护学报,1997,24(4):341~346.
    90.裴鑫德.多元统计分析及其应用(第一版).北京农业大学出版社,1991.
    91.阳含熙.植物生态学的数量分类方法.北京:科学出版社,1981.
    92.张金屯.植被数量生态学方法.北京:中国科学技术出版社,1994.
    93.谢振伦,戴素贤,曹潘荣等.雷州半岛无公害茶园昆虫群落的演替.茶叶科学,1994,14(2):141~147.
    94.侯景儒,黄竞先.地质统计学的理论和方法.地质出版社,1990.
    95. Liebhold A M et al. Geostastieal and geographic information system in applied insect ecology. Axm. Rev. Entomol., 1993, 38:303~327.
    96. Rossi R E et al. Geostatistical tools for modeling and interpreting ecological spatial dependence. Ecol. Monographs, 1992, 62(2):277~314.
    97.李天生,周国法.空间自相关与分布型指数研究.生态学报,1994,14(3):327~331.
    98. Schotzko D J et al. Geostatistical description of the spatial distribution of Lygus Hesperus (Heteroptera :Miridae ) in lentils. J Econ. Entomol, 1989, 82 (5):1277~1288.
    99. Schotzko D J et al. Effect of sample placement on the geostatistical analysis of the spatial distribution of Lygus Hesperus (Heteroptera:Miridae)in lenfils.J Econ. Entomol., 1990, 83(5):1888~1900.
    100. William Ⅲ L et al. Geostatistieal description of the spatial distribution of Limonius califomicus (Coleoptem:Elateridae) wireworms in the northwestern United states. With comments on sampling. Eviron. Entomol, 1992, 21(5):
    
    983~995.
    101. Risch S J et al. Agrocosystem diversity and pest control: data tentative conclusions and research directions. Environ. Entomol, 1983, 12:625~629.
    102. Hull L E. Stability and diversity at three trophic levels in terrestrial successional ecosystems. Science, 1971, 173:1134~1136.
    103.张孝羲主编.昆虫生态及预测预报(第一版).中国农业出版社,1997.
    104.刘树生,汪信庚,吴晓晶等.甘蓝和白菜上桃蚜种群的空间格局及其时序动态.昆虫学报,1996,39(2):158~165.
    105. Southwood T R E. Ecological methods,2nd edition, Chapman and Hall,London, 1978.
    106.黄寿山,胡慧建,梁广文等.二化螟越冬空间分布图式的地理统计学分析.生态学报,1999,19(2):250~253.

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编:100083

电话:办公室:(+86 10)66554848;文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新:66554700