尼泊尔、印度水资源政治关系研究
摘要
位于南亚次大陆的喜马拉雅山区国家尼泊尔是一个水资源极为丰富的国家,其国内的众多河流还蕴藏着巨大的水电潜能。同属一个国际流域的印度位于其下游,国内水资源匮乏,能源紧缺现象严重,是一个颇受水问题困扰的国家。尼国内水资源的治理和开发利用可以有效缓解印度目前面临的种种困境。因此,水资源政治关系成为架构两国总体双边关系的关键性因素,受到两国历届政府的高度重视。然而,由于两国实力的悬殊,丰水但国弱的上游国家尼泊尔在处理同贫水而国强的下游国印度之间的关系时,非但没能享有地理位置赋予的主导性优势,还因自身国力的贫弱而在内政外交诸多方面受制于印度的霸权,水资源的开发利用也处于印度的垄断之下。两国间这种存在较大偏差的不均衡对局自尼泊尔拉纳家族的独裁统治时期就已然形成,并延续了一个世纪之久。自20世纪60年代开始,尼泊尔走上了一条利用外来援助来谋求与印度之平等关系的道路,水资源自然成为这种外交努力的主要依托。尼泊尔政府利用印度对本国水资源治理开发的依赖,来实现其在政治、经济等方面旨在彰显尼泊尔独立主权国地位的利益诉求。但是,鉴于印度长期以来形成的特别是针对尼泊尔政治权力架构的强势影响,再加上国际大背景的不断变动,外来援助对于尼泊尔争取自主发展的积极辅助作用有限并呈现出不稳定的变化趋势。尼国内自20世纪90年代以来愈演愈烈的权势之争也影响着两国水资源政治关系的发展和走向。
本文将在详尽的历史梳理的基础之上,对上述各方面内容进行系统的分析,力求将尼、印两国非传统的水资源政治关系连同以之作为核心部分的由第三方介入才得以形成的双边对局清楚的展现在读者面前,并运用博弈论的相关概念来对部分重点环节进行解读,使文章的分析更为严谨。当下,尼泊尔政局正经历着前所未有的变革,制定对印及其他援助供给国的政策,尤其是水政策无疑将成为新政府执政能力的一大考验。对此,本文也将进行论述。
The Himalayan country Nepal of the sub-continent is bestowed with abundant water resources and great potential of hydroelectric power. Her lower riparian country India, though belongs to the same water basin, forms sharp contradiction with inadequate water and energy supply, while at the meantime, India experiences serious water-related problems of many sorts, like flood control or irrigation development. The effective governance, utilization and development of water resources in Nepal will help India to see to all such issues. Hereafter, hydropolitics constitutes the core factor of the overall bilateral relationship of Nepal and India, whose successive governments always have such issue high on their agendas. Due to the considerable differences in terms of their respective state power, when dealing with strong India, Nepal’s weakness casts shadow on her water resources, which not only deprives her of the advantages stemming from geological position, but also places the whole country under India’s dominance. India monopolizes Nepal’s water resources development. Such an asymmetrical equilibrium between Nepal and India framed out when Nepal was under the Ranas’autocratic rule and had dominated Indo-Nepalese relations ever since then for more than a century. From the 1960’s, with the support of foreign assistance, Nepal began to distance herself with India by asserting Nepalese nationalism and trying to have a free hand in shaping the country’s political destiny, during which process water resources play a decisive role. However, influenced by changes in the international system on the one hand, and India’s superior presence in Nepal, especially in her power-political framework on the other, the positive effects of foreign assistance is limited and fluctuating in its nature. The fierce fight for power among and within Nepal’s political parties since 1990s has also shifted Indo-Nepalese hydropolitics to a large extent.
Based upon historic facts and analyses, this dissertation aims to make explosive research about the above mentioned aspects of the bilateral relationship of Nepal and India, displaying their unique relations pattern with the involvement of third part and with hydropolitics being the core. Some relevant conceptions from the Game Theory have been adopted to interpret the characteristics of such a pattern. At present, Nepal is undergoing unprecedented changes, how to make policies towards India and other donor countries with respect to water resources will be a real test for the new government. This is also an important domain of this dissertation.
本文将在详尽的历史梳理的基础之上,对上述各方面内容进行系统的分析,力求将尼、印两国非传统的水资源政治关系连同以之作为核心部分的由第三方介入才得以形成的双边对局清楚的展现在读者面前,并运用博弈论的相关概念来对部分重点环节进行解读,使文章的分析更为严谨。当下,尼泊尔政局正经历着前所未有的变革,制定对印及其他援助供给国的政策,尤其是水政策无疑将成为新政府执政能力的一大考验。对此,本文也将进行论述。
The Himalayan country Nepal of the sub-continent is bestowed with abundant water resources and great potential of hydroelectric power. Her lower riparian country India, though belongs to the same water basin, forms sharp contradiction with inadequate water and energy supply, while at the meantime, India experiences serious water-related problems of many sorts, like flood control or irrigation development. The effective governance, utilization and development of water resources in Nepal will help India to see to all such issues. Hereafter, hydropolitics constitutes the core factor of the overall bilateral relationship of Nepal and India, whose successive governments always have such issue high on their agendas. Due to the considerable differences in terms of their respective state power, when dealing with strong India, Nepal’s weakness casts shadow on her water resources, which not only deprives her of the advantages stemming from geological position, but also places the whole country under India’s dominance. India monopolizes Nepal’s water resources development. Such an asymmetrical equilibrium between Nepal and India framed out when Nepal was under the Ranas’autocratic rule and had dominated Indo-Nepalese relations ever since then for more than a century. From the 1960’s, with the support of foreign assistance, Nepal began to distance herself with India by asserting Nepalese nationalism and trying to have a free hand in shaping the country’s political destiny, during which process water resources play a decisive role. However, influenced by changes in the international system on the one hand, and India’s superior presence in Nepal, especially in her power-political framework on the other, the positive effects of foreign assistance is limited and fluctuating in its nature. The fierce fight for power among and within Nepal’s political parties since 1990s has also shifted Indo-Nepalese hydropolitics to a large extent.
Based upon historic facts and analyses, this dissertation aims to make explosive research about the above mentioned aspects of the bilateral relationship of Nepal and India, displaying their unique relations pattern with the involvement of third part and with hydropolitics being the core. Some relevant conceptions from the Game Theory have been adopted to interpret the characteristics of such a pattern. At present, Nepal is undergoing unprecedented changes, how to make policies towards India and other donor countries with respect to water resources will be a real test for the new government. This is also an important domain of this dissertation.
引文
埃利诺·奥斯特罗姆著,余逊达、陈旭东译:《公共事务的治理之道—集体行动制度的演进》上海人民出版社,2000年版。
班纳吉(印)著:《印度通史》,商务印书馆,1972年版
宫少朋、朱立群、周启朋主编:《冷战后国际关系》,世界知识出版社,1999年版。
贾瓦哈拉尔·尼赫鲁(印)著:《印度的发现》,世界知识出版社,1956年版
莫德·巴洛、托尼·克拉克(加)著,张岳、卢莹译:《水资源战争——向窃取世界水资源的公司宣战》,当代中国出版社,2008年版
尼兰詹·巴塔拉伊(尼)著,刘建、王宏纬、陈明、马维光译:《尼泊尔与中国》,天津人民出版社,2007年版
盛愉、周岗著:《现代国际水法概论》,法律出版社,1986年版
孙士海主编:《南亚的政治、国际关系及安全》,中国社会科学出版社,1998年版
孙士海,葛维钧主编:《印度》,社会科学文献出版社, 2003年版
孙士海,江亦丽主编:《二战后南亚国家对外关系研究》, 2006年版
王宏纬主编:《尼泊尔》,社会科学文献出版社, 2004年版
王宏纬著:《尼泊尔——人民和文化》,昆仑出版社, 2007年版
吴瑕著:《俄罗斯与印度——影响世界政局的大国关系》,解放军出版社, 2004年版
薛克翘著:《中国与南亚文化交流志》,上海人民出版社, 1998年版
张蕴岭主编:《中国与周边国家:构建新型伙伴关系》,社会科学文献出版社,2008年版
周柏青、游巧荣著:《英·甘地传》,长江文艺出版社,1997年版
朱和海著:《中东,为水而战》,世界知识出版社,2007年版
贾鹏:《尼泊尔和平进程的新阶段对其政局的影响深远——尼共(毛主义)加入尼临时政府》,载《当代世界》,2007年第5期。
康秀英:《日益活跃的尼泊尔共产党(毛主义)》,载《当代世界》,2001年第8期。
刘善国:《尼泊尔2003～2004年度经济发展述评》,载《南亚研究》,2004年第2期。
刘善国:《试论尼泊尔反政府武装及其对该国政局的影响》,载《南亚研究》,2005年第1期。
若茗:《尼泊尔国王贾南德拉‘亲政’失败》,载《亚非纵横》,2006年第4期。
宋志辉:《贾南德拉国王亲政失败对尼泊尔政局的影响》,载《南亚研究季刊》,2007年第2 期。
宋志辉:《尼泊尔政局发展及其前景》,载《南亚研究季刊》,2005年第1期。
宋志辉:《试析尼泊尔反政府武装的历史根源及现实影响》,载《南亚研究季刊》,2005年第4期。
王宏纬:《尼泊尔反政府武装的兴起及其对我国安全的影响》,载《当代亚太》,2004年第1 期。
王建树:《浅析当前尼泊尔政局》,载《南亚研究季刊》,2007年第2期。
王伟、蓝建学:《尼泊尔共产党(毛派):从丛林走向议会》,载《南亚研究》,2006年第2期。
颜从文:《美国与尼泊尔关系升温之原因探析及展望》,载《南亚研究季刊》,2003年第1期。
张惠兰:《尼泊尔对外政策的特点及形成因素》,载《当代亚太》,2006年第5期。
张惠兰:《尼泊尔多党民主制面临困境》,载《当代亚太》,2003年第8期。
赵建达编译:《尼泊尔水电发展政策》,载《水利水电快报》,2007年10月刊。
国秀:《尼共(毛主义)主席熟读毛泽东著作》,环球网, http://world.huanqiu.com/talk/2008-06/129734.html
南方网及南都报笔下的尼共(毛主义):《盗用毛主席名字尼泊尔“毛派”影响我边境安全》,
南方网,http://www.wyzxsx.com/Article/Class20/200806/41055.html
(尼)S.Neupane著,马建礼译:《小水电为尼泊尔偏远地区带来社会效益》,http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1993/jun/17/nepal-arun-iii-project
(尼) Com. Gaurav :《尼共(毛主义)的对外关系正在发展中》,http://www.wyzxsx.com/Article/Class20/200712/29388.html
王鹏权:《尼共(毛主义)将着力解决民生与军队问题》,国际共运网,http://www.gjgy.org/Article_Show.asp?ArticleID=4679
魏中海,王秋成,《印度能源战略》,http://www.dygbzy.com/html/hqss/2006-6/5/14_34_20_761.html
文建:《印度出台能源安全新政策,倡导使用清洁可再生能源》,新华网,http://news.hexun.com/2008-12-27/112825984.html
章建华、陈乔炎:《尼泊尔撤消前政府对尼共(毛主义)的指控》,新华网,http://news.xinmin.cn/world/opinion/2008/10/28/1406833.html
《第三届世界水论坛国家报告——尼泊尔》,水信息网,http://www.hwcc.com.cn/newsdisplay/newsdisplay.asp?Id=110208
《关于尼共(毛主义)的一些常识》,http://ido.thethirdmedia.com/article/frame.aspx?turl=http%3a//ido.3mt.com.cn/article/200806/show989390c14p1.ibod&rurl=&title=%u5173%u4E8E%u5C3C%u5171%20%u6BDB%u4E3B%u4E49%20%u7684%u4E00%u4E9B%u5E38%u8BC6_%u653E%u5F03%u66B4%u529B%u540E%uFF1A%u7F8E%u56FD%u5BA3%u5E03%u4FEE%u6539%u5BF9%u5C3C%u5171%20%u6BDB%u4E3B%u4E49%20%u653F%u7B56%20%u8F6C%u8D34%20---%20ido.3mt.com.cn
《美印紧盯尼泊尔政局变化担心新政府倒向中国》,2008年4月28日,环球时报,http://news.eastday.com/w/20080428/u1a3558763.html
《尼泊尔首相正式要求尼共(毛主义)组建新政府》,新华网,http://news.eastday.com/w/20080525/u1a3611670.html
《尼共(联合马列)领导人内帕尔当选尼泊尔新总理》,新华网,http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2009-05/23/content_11425101.htm
《尼共(毛主义)高官称想向中国学习发展经济经验》,中华硕博网,http://ss.china-b.com/gwxwrd/631784.html
《尼共(毛主义)上台会步柬共后尘吗?》,http://blackstar365.blog.hexun.com/19690235_d.html
《尼共(毛主义)正式决定领导组建新政府》,中国评论新闻,http://gb.chinareviewnews.com/doc/1007/0/8/3/100708377.html?coluid=7&kindid=0&docid=100708377
《尼泊尔总统要求尼共(毛主义)组阁》,中国西藏新闻网, http://news.eastday.com/w/20080525/u1a3611670.html
《尼联共(毛主义)举行会议改组中央机构》,新华社,http://www.chinamil.com.cn/site1/xwpdxw/2009-01/17/content_1622655.htm
《尼联共(毛主义)主席普拉昌达宣布辞去总理职务》,新华网,http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2009-05/04/content_11312457.htm
《普拉昌达辞去总理职务,尼泊尔和平进程面临中断》,凤凰咨询,http://news.ifeng.com/world/200905/0504_16_1139209.shtml
《全球能源战阴影下的中国、印度和东南亚》,乌有之乡,http://www.wyzxsx.com/Article/Class20/200810/53240.html
《水资源将是21世纪最紧俏资源:中印美面临水危机》,中国能源网,http://www.in-en.com/article/html/energy_20062006061515928.html
《水资源印度引发危机》,中国自动化网,http://www.ca800.com/news/html/2008-4-16/n82126.html
《印度“第十一个五年(2007-2012年)计划”能源政策评析》,江西省科学网,http://www.cn1n.com/world/in/2007429/2375018688.htm
《印度面临长期缺水危机》,山东黄河网,http://www.sdhh.gov.cn/news/Article_Print.asp?ArticleID=801
《中国阴谋利用水资源来折磨印度》,http://www.wangchao.net.cn/bbsdetail_947640.html
《中国与尼泊尔的关系》,东方网,http://news.eastday.com/epublish/gb/paper134/36/class013400004/hwz400855.htm
Abbas, B. M.: The Ganges Waters Dispute Dhaka: Vikas Publications House Pvt Ltd., 1982
Adams, Barbara: Nepal, Crisis Unlimited: Reflections from the Crucial Years New Delhi: Adroit Publishers, 2006
Adeney, Katharine and Sáez (ed): Coalition Politics and Hindu Nationalism (Routledge Advances in South Asian Studies) New York: Routledge, 2005
Adhikary, K. D., Rahman, Khalilur, Ahmad, G. K., Rangachari, R., Malla, S. K., Rasheed, K. B. Sajjadur, Pradhan, B. B. and Verghese, B. G. (ed): Cooperation on the Eastern Himalayan Rivers: Opportunities and Challenges Delhi: Konark Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 2000
Alagh, Yoginder K., Pangare, Ganesh and Gujja, Biksham (ed): Interlinking of Rivers in India: Overview and Ken-Betwa Link New York: Academic Foundation, 2006
Ambekar, G.V. and Divekar, V.D.: Documents on China’s Relations with South and Southeast Asia: 1949-1962 Bombay: Orient Longman, 1964
Bahadur, Kalim and Lama, Mahendra P (ed): New Perspectives on India-Nepal Relations New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications, 1995
Bala, Indu: Compulsions of a Lank-Locked State: A Study of Nepal-India Relations New Delhi: Batra Book Service, 2001
Baral, Lok Raj: The Politics of Balanced Interdependence: Nepal and SAARC New Delhi: Adroit Publications, 1988
Baral, Lok Raj (ed): Nepal: Political Parties and Parliament New Delhi: Adroit Publications, 2004
Baral, Lok Raj, Hachhethu, Krishna, Khanal, Krishna P., Kumar, Dhruba and Sharma, Hari (eds): Nepal: Local Leadership and Governance New Delhi: Adroit Publishers, 2004
Barnds, William J: India, Pakistan and the Great Powers New York: Prager Publisers, 1972
Baxter, Craig: Bangladesh: A New Nation in an Old Setting Colorado: Westview Press, Inc., 1984
Baxter, Craig, Malik, Yogendra K., Kennedy, Charles H. and Oberst, Robert C.: Government and Politics in South Asia (5th edition) Colorado: Westview Press, 2002
Berger, Thomas V., Mochizuki, Mike M. and Tsuchiyama, Jitsuo (ed): Japan in International Politics: The Foreign Policies of an Adaptive State Colorado: Lynn Rienner Publishers, Inc, 2007
Bhasin, Avtar Singh (ed): Nepal’s Relations with India and China: Documents 1947-1992 Delhi: Siba Exim. Pvt. Ltd., 2002
----------: Nepal-India, Nepal-China Relations: Documents, 1947-2005 June New Delhi: Geetika Publishers, 2005
Bhattarai, Baburam: Nepal: A Marxist View Kathmandu: Jhilko Publications, 1990
Bhola, P. L.: Foreign Policies of India, Pakistan and China, Jaipur: Motherland Printing Press, 2001
Blaikie, Piers, Cameron, John and Seddon, David: Nepal in Crisis: Growth and Stagnation at the Periphery Delhi: Adroit Publishers, 2001
Bouton, Marshall M. and Oldenburg, Philip (ed): India Briefing Boulder: Westview Press, 1990
Brown, Robin (ed): From Cold War to Collapse: Theory and World Politics in the 1980s Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993
Brown, T Louise: The Challenge to Democracy in Nepal: A Political HistoryLondon: Routledge, 1996
Chakrabarty, Bidyut: Forging Power: Coalition Politics in India Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006
Chaudhuri, Sailen: Maoist Betrayal India: A Case Study New Delhi: Sterling Publishers Pvt, Ltd., 1980
Chowdhary, Rekha: Ideology and Politics of Ruling Parties in India New Delhi: DEEP & DEEP Publications, 1991
Conca Ken: Governing Water: Contentious Transnational Politics and Global Institution Building Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2006
Damodaran, A. K. and Bajpai, U. S. (ed): Indian Foreign Policy: The Indira Gandhi Years New Delhi: Radiant Publishers, 1990
Das, Samir Kumar (ed): Peace Processes and Peace Accords New Delhi: Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd, 200n5
Deconde, Alexander: A History of American Foreign Policy, Vol. II New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1978
Department of State: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958-1960, Vol. XV (South and South East Asia), Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1992
Dettman, Paul R.: India Changes Course: Golden Jubilee to Millennium Wesport: Praeger Publishers, 2001
Dharamdasani, M. D. (ed): Asia’s Role in Global Politics, Center for Asian & European Studies (Jaipur, 2007) New Delhi: SBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd., 2007
----------: India and Nepal: Big Power-Small Power Relations in South Asia New Delhi: South Asian Publishers Pvt Ltd., 2001
---------: Nepal’s Foreign Policy New Delhi: Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd., 2005
----------: Role of Japan and Nepal in Asian Politics New Delhi: Gyan Publishing House, 2005
Dhungel, Dwarika N. and Pun, Santa B.: The Nepal-India Water Relationship: Challenges Kathmandu: Springer Science + Business B.V., 2009
Dixit, J. N.: India’s Foreign Policy: 1947-2003 New Delhi: Picus Books, 2003
----------: India’s Foreign Policy and Its Neighbours New Delhi: Gyan PublishingHouse, 2001
----------: India Foreign Service: History and Challenge Delhi: Konark Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 2005
Domroes, Manfred (ed): Translating Development: The Case of Nepal New Delhi: Social Science Press, 2003
Feinberg, Richard E. and Avakov, Ratchik M. (ed): U.S. and Soviet Aid to Developing Countries : From Confrontation to Cooperation New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1991
Gaan, Narottam: Environmental Degradation and Conflict: The Case of Bangladesh-India New Delhi: South Asian Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 1998
Ganguly, Sumit (ed): South Asia New York: New York University Press, 2006
Gautam Shobha: Women and Children in the Periphery of People’s War Kathmandu: Institute of Human Rights Communications, 2001
George, Sundir Jacob (ed): Intra and Inter-State Conflicts in South Asia New Delhi: South Asian Publishers Pvt Ltd., 2001
Ghassemi, Fereidoun and White, Ian: Inter-Basin Water Transfer: Case Studies from Australia, United States, Canada, China and India Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007
Ghosh, Sucheta: The Role of India in the Emergence of Bangladesh Calcutta: Minerva Associates, 1983
Ghosh, Partha S.: BJP and the Evolution of Hindu Nationalism: From Periphery to Center New Delhi: Manohar Publishers & Distributors, 1999
Gregor, A. James: The Search for Neofascism: The Use and Abuse of Social Science New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006
Guess, George M.: The Politics of the United States Foreign Aid New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1987
Gurung, Harka, Ananda Aditya, Surendra K.C., Chuda Bahadur Shrestha and Sudheer Sharma: An Overview of Recent Armed Conflict in Nepal Kathmandu: New Era, 2001
Gyawali, Dipak: Rivers, Technology and Society: Learning the Lessons of Water Management in Nepal New York: Zed Books Ltd, 2003
Hachhethu, Krishna: Party Building in Nepal: Organization, Leadership and People Kathmandu: Mandala Book Print, 2002
Hagerty, Devin T. (ed): South Asia in World Politics Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2006
Hasan, Zoya (ed): Parties and Party Politics in India Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002
Hellman, Donald C (ed): Southern Asia: The Politics of Poverty and Peace: Critical Choices for Americans Lexington: Lexington Books, 1976
Hettne, Bj?rn, Inotai, András and Sunkel, Osvaldo (ed): The New Regionalism and The Future of Security and Development New York: St. Martin’s Press, Inc., 2000
Husain, Asad: British India’s Relations with the Kingdom of Nepal 1857-1947: A Diplomatic History of Nepal New Delhi: George Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1970
Hydropolitics in the Third World: Conflict and Cooperation in International River Basins Washington: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1999
Ingram, Helen: Water Politics: Continuity and Change New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press, 1990
Iyer, Ramaswamy R.: Water: Perspectives, Issues, Concerns New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2003
Jacques, Kathryn: Bangladesh, India and Pakistan: International Relations and Regional Tensions in South Asia New York: St. Martin’s Press, Inc., 2000
Jawaid, Sohail: The Naxalite Movement in India (Origin and Failure of the Maoist Revolutionary Strategy in West Bengal, 1967-1971) New Delhi: Associated Publishing House, 1979
Jha, Nalini Kant: Domestic Imperatives in India’s Foreign Policy New Delhi: South Asian Publishers Pvt Ltd., 2002
Jha, Raj Kumar: The Himalayan Kingdom in Indian Foreign Policy Ranchi: Maitryee Publications, 1986
Joshi, B. L. and Rose, Leo E.: Democratic Innovations in Nepal Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966
Joshi, P. C.: Marxism and Social Revolution in India and Other Essays (2ed edition)New Delhi: Manak Publications Pvt. Ltd., 2002
Just, Richard and Netanyahu, Sinaia (ed): Conflict and Cooperation on Trans-Boundary Water Resources Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998
Kalpakian, Jack: Identity, Conflict and Cooperation in International River Systems Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2004
Kapur, Ashok and Wilson, A. Jeyaratnam: Foreign Policies of India and Her Neighbours New York: ST. Martin’s Press, Inc., 1996
Karki, Arjun and Seddon, David: The People’s War in Nepal: Left Perspectives Delhi: Konark Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 2003
Khadka, Narayan: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd., 1997
Kher, R. S.: SAARC: Political and Economic Aspects New Delhi: Dominant Publishers and Distributors, 2004
Lal, Rollie: Understanding China and India: Security Implications for the United States and the World CT: Praeger Security International, 2006
Lawoti, Mahendra: Towards a Democratic Nepal: Inclusive Political Institutions for a Multicultural Society New Delhi: Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd., 2005
Lehmann, Jennifer M. and Dahms, Harry F. (ed): Globalization between the Cold War and Neo-imperialism San Diego: Elsevier Ltd., 2006
Malik, Hafeez (ed): Determinants of National Security and Cooperation in India and Pakistan New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993
Masood, Ross: Towards a New Regional Order in South Asia Delhi: Media House, 2004 McGuire, John and Copland Ian (ed): Hindu Nationalism and Governance Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007
Meredith, Robyn: The Elephant and The Tiger: The Rise of India and China and What It Means for All of Us New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2007
Mihaly, B. E.: Foreign Aid and Politics in Nepal: A Case Study London: Oxford University Press, 1965
Mohanty, Manoranjan: Revolutionary Violence: A Study of the Maoist Movement in India New Delhi: Sterling Publishers Pvt, Ltd., 1977
Morawetz, David: Twenty-Five Years of Economic Development: 1950-1975 Washington D.C.: The World Bank, 1977
Mukherjee, Arun Prosad: Maoist‘Spring Thunder’: The Naxalite Movement (1967-1972) Kolkata: K P Bagchi & Company, 2007
Muni, S.D. (ed): India and Nepal: A Changing Relationship Delhi: Konark Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 1995
----------: Nepal: An Assertive Monarchy New Delhi: Chetana Publications, 1977
----------: Maoist Insurgency in Nepal: The Challenge and the Response New Delhi: Rupa & Co., 2003
Nanda, B. R. (ed) : Indian Foreign Policy: the Nehru Years New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd., 1976
Narayan, Shriman: India and Nepal: An Exercise in Open Diplomacy Kathmandu: CEDA, 1987
Pandey, Nishchal Nath: Nepal’s Maoist Movement and Implications for India and China New Delhi: Manohar Publishers & Distributors, 2005
Pathak, Bishnu: Politics of People’s War and Human Rights in Nepal Kathmandu: BIMIPA Publications, 2005
Paul, T. V., Wirtz, James J. and Fortmann, Michel (ed): Balance of Power: Theory and Practice in the 21st Century Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004
Pearce, Fred: When the Rivers Run Dry: Water---The Defining Crisis of the Twenty-First Century Boston: Beacon Press, 2006
Pillai, K. Raman: Indian Foreign Policy in the 1990s New Delhi: Radiant Publishers, 1997
Postel, S.: Troubled Waters Science March NY Academy of Sciences, 2001
----------: The Last Oasis: Facing Water Scarcity New York: WW Norton, 1997
----------: Pillar of Sand: Can the Irrigation Miracle Last? New York: WW Norton, 1999
Pradhan, Bishwa: Nepal: A Peace Zone Kathmandu: Printhouse, 1982
----------: Diplomatic Strategy for Nepal Kathmandu: Mrs. Durga DeviPradhan, 2003
Prasad, Bimal (ed): India’s Foreign Policy: Studies in Continuity and Change New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd., 1979
Puri, Geeta: Hindutva Politics in India: Genesis, Political Strategies and Growth of Bharatiya Janata Party New Delhi: UBS Publishers’Distributors Pvt. Ltd., 2005
Rajbahak, Ram Prasad: Nepal-India Open Border: A Bond of Shared Aspirations New Delhi: Lancer Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 1992
Ramakant and Upreti, B. C.: India and Nepal: Aspects of Interdependent Relations Delhi: Kalinga Publications, 2001
Rashid, Harun Ur: Foreign Relations of Bangladesh Varanasi: Rishi Publications, 2001
----------: Indo-Bangladesh Relations: An Insider’s View New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications Pvt Ltd., 2002
Saha Rekha: India-Bangladesh Relations Calcutta: Minerva Associations (Publications) Pvt. Ltd., 2000
Sharma, R. R. (ed): India and Emerging Asia New Delhi: Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd., 2005
Shukla Vatsala: India’s Foreign Policy in the New Millennium: the Role of Power New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, 2006
Siddiqi, M.: India & SAARC Nations New Delhi: Maxford Books, 2006
Sigdel, Bama Dev: Nepal’s Relation with Japan and China Kathmandu: Hishi Offset Printers (P) Ltd, 2003
Singh, Abhay Kumar: India and Bangladesh Delhi: Anmol Publications, 1987
Singh, Gopal and Chauhan, Rameshk (ed): South Asia Today New Delhi: Anamika Publishers & Distributors (P) Ltd., 2005
Singh, S. (ed): Dynamics of Indian Foreign Policy New Delhi: Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd., 2006
----------: India and China: Mutual Relations New Delhi: Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd., 2006
Singh, Shiva Bahadur: Indo-Nepalese Relations: Discord and Harmony Varanasi: GangaKaver Publishing House, 1994
Singh, S. N.: The Yogi and the Bear: A Study of Indo-Soviet Relations New Delhi: Allied Publishers, 1986
Skerry, Christa A, Moran Kerry and Calavan, Kay M.: Four Decades of Development: The History of U.S. Assistance to Nepal (1951-1991) Kathmandu: USAID, 1991
Srestha, Ananda P. and Uprety, Hari: Cost of Armed Conflict in Nepal Kathmandu: Nepal Foundation for Advanced Studies (NEFAS), 2005
Thakurta, Paranjoy Guha and Raghuraman: A Time of Coalitions: Divided We Stand New Delhi: SAGE Publications, 2004
Thapa, Deepak (ed): Understanding the Maoist Movement of Nepal Kathmandu: Martin Chautari Center for Social Research and Development, 2003
Thapa, Deepak and Sijapati, Bandita: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996-2004 Kathmandu: Printhouse, 2004
The State of Human Rights in Ten Asian Nations-2005 Asian Human Rights Commission 2005
Upadhyaya, Chandralekha: India’s Foreign Policy: A Study in South Asian Perspective Delhi: Independent Publishing Company, 2003
Upreti, B. C.: Politics of Himalayan River Waters Jaipur and New Delhi: Nirala Publications, 1993
Upreti, B. C., Sharma, Mohan Lal and Kaushik, S. N.: India’s Foreign Policy: Emerging Challenges and Paradigms (Vol. 1 and 2) Delhi: Kalinga Publications, 2003
Upreti, Bishnu Raj: The Price of Neglect: From Resource Conflict to Maoist Insurgency in the Himalayan Kingdom Kathmandu: Bhrikuti Academic Publications, 2004
Verma, L. R. (ed): Natural Resources and Development in Himalaya New Delhi: Malhotra Publishing House, 2000
Wood, John R.: The Politics of Water Resource Development in India: The Narmada Dams Controversy New Delhi: Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd, 2007
Zartman, William and Rubin, Jeffery Z. (ed): Power and Negotiation Michigan: The University of Michigan Press, 2000
Ziring, Lawrence: Bangladesh From Mujib to Ershad Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1992
Aksoy, M. Ataman and Helena Tang:“Imports , exports , and industrial performance in India , 1970-88”, available at www.brookings.edu/views/papers/20060803india.pdf
Andersen, Walter:“South Asia Opens Up”, available at: http://www.sais-jhu.edu/pressroom/publications/saisphere/2007/andersen.htm
Andersen, Walter and Consolatore, Daniel:“South Asia Plays the Energy Game--Facing Off: The Region’s Booming Economies, Led by India. Will Cooperation or Competition Be the Winning Strategy?”available: http://www.sais-jhu.edu/pressroom/publications/saisphere/2005/andersen-consolatore.htm
Basnyat, Khilendra:“Bilateral Negotiation Needed”, available at http://www.nepalnews.com.np/contents/englishdaily/trn/2003/mar/mar22/features1.htm
Bhattarai, Binod:“Arun III is back: This time it is bigger, cheaper and being built by a foreign private investor”, available at: http://www.nepalitimes.com.np/issue/2000/07/19/Business/11083
Dahal, Rajendra:“From Darkness to Light”, available at http://www.himalmag.com/2007/september/india_hydropower.htm
Easterly, William:“Can Institutions Resolve Ethnic Conflict”, available at http://www.nyu.edu/fas/institute/dri/Easterly/File/can%20institutions%20resolve%20ethnic%20conflict.pdf
Escher, Alfred:“World Bank Withdraws from Arun III Project at Inspection Panel's
Recommendation”, available at http://www.wcl.american.edu/hrbrief/v3i1/wldbnk31.htm
Gautam, Upendra:“China-South Asia political relations: A view from Nepal”, available at http://nation.ittefaq.com/artman/publish/article_24622.shtml
Kumar,Rakesh, Singh, R. D. & Sharma, K. D.:“Water Resources of India”, Current Science, Vol 89, No. 5, 2005, pp794-795 (Roorkee: National Institute of Hydrology), available: http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/sep102005/794.pdf,
Nepal, B. H.:“Managing Nepalese Waters”, available at http://www.southasianmedia.net/Magazine/Journal/8_nepalese_water.htm,
Nepal, Mani、Alok K. Bohara & Kishore Gawande:“Inequality, Polarization and Violent Conflict: The Maoist Insurgency in Nepal”, available at https://repository.unm.edu/dspace/handle/1928/3295
Singh, Bhartendu Kumar:“Nepal poses policy challenges for India”, available at: http://www.indiapost.com/article/perspective/2714/
Sharma, Sushil:“Nepal Row Over US Support”, available at:https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south-asia/1564467.stm
Shrestha, Ratna Sansar:“Arun III Project: Nepal’s Electricity Crisis and it’s Role in Current Load Shedding and the Potential Role 10 Years Hence”, available at http://nepaliperspectives.blogspot.com/2009/03/arun-iii-project-nepals-electricity.html
Tiwari, Bishwa Nath:“An Assessment of the Causes of Conflict in Nepal”; available at: https://repository.unm.edu/dspace/handle/1928/3294
Pandey, Nishchal Nath:“Nepal’s Maoist Movement and Implications for India and China”, available at http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0QLQ/is_2006_Feb/ai_n16068663/
Parwez, Shahid Md.:“An Empirical Analysis of the Conflict in Nepal”, available at: http://igov.berkeley.edu/workingpapers/series2/No12_Iyer.pdf, “History of the Republic of India”, available at : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_India
“Nepal: Dealing With A Human Rights Crisis, Asia Report N°94– 24 March 2005, International Crisis Group, available at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/asia/south_asia/094_nepal_dealing_with_a_human_rights_crisis.pdf
“Nepal: Electing Chaos”, Asia Report N°111– 31 January 2006, International Crisis Group, available at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/asia/south_asia/111_nepal_electing_chaos.pdf
“Nepal: From People Power to Peace?, Asia Report N°115– 10 May 2006, International Crisis Group, available at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/asia/south_asia/115_nepal_from_people_power_to_peace.pdf
“Nepal Relations with China”, available at: http://www.country-studies.com/nepal/china.html “Nepal’s Constitutional Process”, Asia Report N°128– 26 February 2007, International Crisis Group, available at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/asia/south_asia/128_nepal_s_constitutional_process.pdf
“Nepal’s Election and Beyond”, Asia Report N°149– 2 April 2008, International Crisis Group, available at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/asia/south_asia/149_nepal_s_election_and_beyond.pdf
“Nepal’s Election: A Peaceful Revolution?”, Asia Report N°155– 3 July 2008, International Crisis Group, available at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/asia/south_asia/155_nepal_s_elections___a_peaceful_revolution.pdf
“Nepal's Hindu King Makes Royal Visit to US: King Birendra and Queen Aishwarya, MonarchsFor 13 Million Hindus, Meet President Ronald Reagan”, available at: http://www.hinduismtoday.com/archives/1984/01/1984-01-04.shtml
“Nepal’s Maoists: Purists or Pragmatists?”, Asia Report N°132– 18 May 2007, International Crisis Group, available at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/asia/south_asia/132_nepal_s_maoists___purists_or_pragmatists.pdf
“Nepal’s Maoists: Their Aims, Structure and Strategy”, Asia Report N°104– 27 October 2005, International Crisis Group, available at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/asia/south_asia/104_nepal_s_maoists_their_aims_structure_and_strategy.pdf
“Nepal’s New Alliance: The Mainstream Parties and the Maoists”, Asia Report N°106– 28 November 2005, International Crisis Group, available at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/asia/south_asia/106_nepal_s_new_alliance_the_mainstream_parties_and_the_maoists.pdf
“Nepal’s New Political Landscape”, Asia Report N°156– 3 July 2008, International Crisis Group, available at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/asia/south_asia/156_nepal_s_new_political_landscape.pdf
“Nepal’s Peace Agreement: Making It Work”, Asia Report N°126– 15 December 2006, International Crisis Group, available at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/asia/south_asia/126_nepals_peace_agreement___making_it_work.pdf
“Nepal’s Royal Coup: Making A Bad Situation Worse”, Asia Report N°91 -- 9 February 2005, International Crisis Group, available at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/asia/south_asia/091_nepal_royal_coup_making_a_bad_situation_worse.pdf
“Towards A Lasting Peace in Nepal: The Constitutional Issues”, Asia Report N°99– 15 June 2005, International Crisis Group, available at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/asia/south_asia/099_towards_a_lasting_peace_in_nepal_the_constitutional_issues.pdf
http://www.brookings.edu/
http://www.rand.org/
http://www.nbr.org/
http://www.aasianst.org/
http://www.csis.org/pacfor/
http://nepalstudycenter.unm.edu/
http://www.einaudi.cornell.edu/southasia/
http://www.sais-jhu.edu/
http://www.wilsoncenter.org/
http://www.iiss.org/
http://www.crisisgroup.org/
http://en.wikipedia.org/
①S. Singh: Dynamics of Indian Foreign Policy (New Delhi: Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd., 2006), p17
②Ram Prasad Rajbahak:Nepal-India Open Border: A Bond of Shared Aspirations( New Delhi: Lancer Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 1992), p39
①Shiva Bahadur Singh: Indo-Nepalese Relations: Discord and Harmony (Varanasi: Ganga Kaveri Publishing House, 1994), p21
②Ibid, pp39-71
①S.S. Negi: Himalayan Rivers, Lakes and Glaciers (New Delhi: Indus Publishing Company, 1999), pp9-11
②Avtar Singh Bhasin (ed): Nepal-India, Nepal-China Relations: Documents, 1947-2005 June (New Delhi: Geetika Publishers, 2005), pXII
③Rakesh Kumar, R. D. Singh & K. D. Sharma: Water Resources of India, Current Science, Vol 89, No. 5, 2005, pp794-795 (Roorkee: National Institute of Hydrology), available: http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/sep102005/794.pdf, accessed on December 26th, 2008
④Ibid
⑤Ibid
①Fred Pearce: When the Rivers Run Dry: Water—The Defining Crisis of the 21st Century (Boston: Beason Press, 2006), pp36-37
②Rakesh Kumar, R. D. Singh & K. D. Sharma: Water Resources of India, Current Science, Vol 89, No. 5, 2005, pp794-795 (Roorkee: National Institute of Hydrology), available: http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/sep102005/794.pdf, accessed on December 26th, 2008
③Dr B. H. Nepal: Managing Nepalese Waters, available at http://www.southasianmedia.net/Magazine/Journal/8_nepalese_water.htm, accessed on March 4th , 2008
①Narayan Khadka: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal, New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd., 1997, p109,p127
②2003年4月,美国将尼共(毛主义)收入“2002年全球恐怖组织形态”报告中的“其他恐怖组织”一列;2003年11月,美国政府宣布将按照13224号执行法案对镇压尼共(毛主义)的行为提供财政援助,原因就是后者的“若干行为构成了对美国友好的国家之稳定的威胁,并对美国国民、美国的国家安全和对外政策利益构成威胁;2004年4月,尼共(毛主义)被收入“消除恐怖主义名单”。参见Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: Printhouse, 2004), pp189-191
③《美印紧盯尼泊尔政局变化担心新政府倒向中国》,2008年4月28日,环球时报,http://news.eastday.com/w/20080428/u1a3558763.html,最近查询,2008年9月1日
④《中国与尼泊尔的关系》,东方网,http://news.eastday.com/epublish/gb/paper134/36/class013400004/hwz400855.htm,最近查询,2008年9月9日
①尼兰詹·巴塔拉伊著,刘建、王宏纬、陈明、马维光译:《尼泊尔与中国》,天津人民出版社,2007,第161页
②《美印紧盯尼泊尔政局变化担心新政府倒向中国》,2008年4月28日,环球时报,http://news.eastday.com/w/20080428/u1a3558763.html,最近查询,2008年9月1日
①参见下述文章:Mani Nepal、Alok K. Bohara & Kishore Gawande:“Inequality, Polarization and Violent Conflict: The Maoist Insurgency in Nepal”, available at https://repository.unm.edu/dspace/handle/1928/3295 accessed on June 8th, 2008; Bishwa Nath Tiwari:“An Assessment of the Causes of Conflict in Nepal”; available at: https://repository.unm.edu/dspace/handle/1928/3294, accessed on June 8th, 2008
②参见下述文章:William Easterly:“Can Institutions Resolve Ethnic Conflict”, available at http://www.nyu.edu/fas/institute/dri/Easterly/File/can%20institutions%20resolve%20ethnic%20conflict.pdf, accessed on February 22nd, 2009; Nishchal Nath Pandey:“Nepal’s Maoist Movement and Implications for India and China”, available at http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0QLQ/is_2006_Feb/ai_n16068663/, accessed on February 22nd, 2009; Shahid Md. Parwez:“An Empirical Analysis of the Conflict in Nepal”, available at: http://igov.berkeley.edu/workingpapers/series2/No12_Iyer.pdf, accessed on February 22nd, 2009
③Walter Andersen:“South Asia Opens Up”, available at: http://www.sais-jhu.edu/pressroom/publications/saisphere/2007/andersen.htm, accessed on May 11th, 2008
①Walter Andersen and Daniel Consolatore:“South Asia Plays the Energy Game——Facing Off: The Region’s Booming Economies, Led by India. Will Cooperation or Competition Be the Winning Strategy?”, available at http://www.sais-jhu.edu/pressroom/publications/saisphere/2005/andersen-consolatore.htm, accessed on May 16th, 2008
①Dr B. H. Nepal:“Managing Nepalese Waters”, available at http://www.southasianmedia.net/Magazine/Journal/8_nepalese_water.htm, accessed on March 4th , 2008
②Rajendra Dahal:“From Darkness to Light”, available at http://www.himalmag.com/2007/september/india_hydropower.htm, accessed on March 4th, 2008
③Khilendra Basnyat:“Bilateral Negotiation Needed”, available at http://www.nepalnews.com.np/contents/englishdaily/trn/2003/mar/mar22/features1.htm, accessed on March 4th, 2008
①,Dipak Gyawali:Rivers, Technology and Society: Learning the Lessons of Water Management in Nepal (New York: Zed Books Ltd, 2003), p179
①古印度佛教遗址,相传是释迦牟尼的故乡。也译作劫比罗伐窣堵、迦毗罗婆苏都、迦毗罗蟠窣都、迦毗罗、迦毗梨等。意译妙德城、黄头居处等。中国的法显、玄奘都曾到过此城,但两人对它的位置的记述有所不同。近代以来,虽经专家努力探索,但至今未能确定其原址。参见中国百科网,http://www.chinabaike.com/article/baike/fj/zg/2008/200803301305782.html
②龙树菩萨是大乘佛教的创始人。
③Shiva Bahadur Singh: Indo-Nepalese Relations: Discord and Harmony (Varanasi: Ganga Kaveri Publishing House, 1994), p7
④Ibid
①Shiva Bahadur Singh: Indo-Nepalese Relations: Discord and Harmony (Varanasi: Ganga Kaveri Publishing House, 1994), p9
②参见王宏纬主编:《尼泊尔》,社会科学文献出版社,2004年版,第27-29页。
③Walter Andersen:“South Asia Opens Up”, available at: http://www.sais-jhu.edu/pressroom/publications/saisphere/2007/andersen.htm, accessed on May 11th, 2008
①王宏纬著:《尼泊尔——人民和文化》,昆仑出版社,2007年版,第174页。
②王宏纬主编:《尼泊尔》,社会科学文献出版社,2004年版,第69页。
③Kalim Bahadur and Mahendra P Lama (ed): New Perspectives on India-Nepal Relations(New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications, 1995), p62
①Shiva Bahadur Singh: Indo-Nepalese Relations: Discord and Harmony (Varanasi: Ganga Kaveri Publishing House, 1994), p12
②Indu Bala: Compulsions of a Lank-Locked State: A Study of Nepal-India Relations (New Delhi: Batra Book Service, 2001), p29
③Ibid, p31
①参见Baral, Lok Raj:“Nepal Migration to India: Nature, Pattern and Consequence”, Upreti, B.C.: Indian Migration to Nepal: Nature, Role and Consequence”, India and Nepal: Aspects of Interdependent Relations by Ramakant and B.C. Upreti (Delhi: Kalinga Publications, 2001), pp65-87
②Ram Prasad Rajbahak: Nepal-India Open Border: A Bond of Shared Aspirations (New Delhi: Lancer Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 1992), p48
①Gopal Singh and Rameshk Chauhan (ed): South Asia Today (New Delhi: Anamika Publishers & Distributors (P) Ltd., 2005), p91
②Metha, Ram S.:“Security and Political Environment”, India-Nepal Relations: Challege Ahead, Observer Research Foundation (New Delhi: Rupa & Co, 2004), p22
③Shiva Bahadur Singh: Indo-Nepalese Relations: Discord and Harmony (Varanasi: Ganga Kaveri Publishing House, 1994), p16
①Shiva Bahadur Singh: Indo-Nepalese Relations: Discord and Harmony (Varanasi: Ganga Kaveri Publishing House, 1994), pp12-13
①《第三届世界水论坛国家报告——尼泊尔》,水信息网,http://www.hwcc.com.cn/newsdisplay/newsdisplay.asp?Id=110208,最近查询:2009年4月29日
②Avtar Singh Bhasin (ed): Nepal-India, Nepal-China Relations: Documents, 1947-2005 June (New Delhi: Geetika Publishers, 2005), pXII
③薛克翘:《中国与南亚文化交流志》,上海人民出版社,1998年版,第5页。
①刘必权:《尼泊尔》,福建人民出版社,2004年版,第9、10页。
②王宏纬主编:《尼泊尔》,社会科学文献出版社,2004年版,第16页。
③Dr B. H. Nepal: Managing Nepalese Waters, available at http://www.southasianmedia.net/Magazine/Journal/8_nepalese_water.htm, accessed on March 4th , 2008
①Dr B. H. Nepal: Managing Nepalese Waters, available at http://www.southasianmedia.net/Magazine/Journal/8_nepalese_water.htm, accessed on March 4th , 2008
①以上数据参见《第三届世界水论坛国家报告——尼泊尔》,水信息网,http://www.hwcc.com.cn/newsdisplay/newsdisplay.asp?Id=110208,K. D. Adhikary et al: Cooperation on the Eastern Himalayan Rivers: Opportunities and Challenges (Delhi: Konark Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 2000)
②横亘于南亚次大陆北部,是位于喜马拉雅山南麓并约略与之平行的低矮山脉,属于喜马拉雅山脉的支脉,海拔600-1500米,由第三纪砂页岩组成。北与喜马拉雅山主脉平行;南从印度河和恒河平原抬升,山势陡峻。自印度锡金邦蒂斯塔河(Tista)向西北方向延伸,经尼泊尔、印度西北部进入巴基斯坦北部;全长1600公里。该山脉在尼泊尔境内的部分楚里亚山脉(Chruia Range)。
③Dwarika N. Dhungel:“Nepal-India Water Resources Relationship: Looking Ahead”, India-Nepal Relations: Challege Ahead, Observer Research Foundation (New Delhi: Rupa & Co, 2004), pp177-178
①以上数据参见《第三届世界水论坛国家报告——尼泊尔》,水信息网,http://www.hwcc.com.cn/newsdisplay/newsdisplay.asp?Id=110208,最近查询:2009年4月29日
②Koshi River, available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosi_River, accessed on December 10th, 2008
①王宏纬主编:《尼泊尔》,社会科学文献出版社,2004年版,第17页。
①Gandaki River, available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandaki_River, accessed on December 19th, 2008
②刘必权:《尼泊尔》,福建人民出版社,2004年版,第19页。
①Gandaki River, available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandaki_River, accessed on December 19th, 2008
②王宏纬主编:《尼泊尔》,社会科学文献出版社,2004年版,第18页。
③Gandaki River, available: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/225166/Gandak-River, accessed on December 19th, 2008
①Gandaki River, available: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/225166/Gandak-River, accessed on December 19th, 2008
②刘必权:《尼泊尔》,福建人民出版社,2004年版,第19页。
③Karnali River, available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnali_River, accessed on December 23th, 2008
④王宏纬主编:《尼泊尔》,社会科学文献出版社,2004年版,第19页。
①Karnali River, available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnali_River, accessed on December 23th, 2008
②Mahakali encyclopedia, available: http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Mahakali-river, accessed on December 23ed, 2008
③玛雍旁错湖是位于中国西藏自治区内的一个淡水湖,距离自治区首府拉萨市约2000公里,西面是拉昂错湖(Lake Rakshastal),北面是凯拉什峰(Mount Kailash),是世界上海拔最高的大淡水湖。
④利普勒科山口位于中印边界,通往西藏地区,距离卡拉帕尼17公里。
⑤焦尔及比因在此举行的一年一度的商品交易会而闻名。
①Sarda river, available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarda_River, accessed on November 16th, 2008
②亚洲2007年人均GDP国际货币基金组织预测排名,http://tieba.baidu.com/f?kz=128731788,最近查询2008年12月17日
①《印度面临长期缺水危机》,山东黄河网,http://www.sdhh.gov.cn/news/Article_Print.asp?ArticleID=801,最近查询,2008年12月21日
②Rakesh Kumar, R. D. Singh & K. D. Sharma: Water Resources of India, Current Science, Vol 89, No. 5, 2005, pp794-795 (Roorkee: National Institute of Hydrology), available: http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/sep102005/794.pdf, accessed on December 26th, 2008
①以上数据参见Rakesh Kumar, R. D. Singh & K. D. Sharma: Water Resources of India, Current Science, Vol 89, No. 5, 2005, pp794-795 (Roorkee: National Institute of Hydrology), available: http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/sep102005/794.pdf, accessed on December 26th, 2008
②M. Lal: Climate change—Implications for India’s water resources, J. India Water Res. Soc., 2001, 21, pp102-103
③Rakesh Kumar, R. D. Singh & K. D. Sharma: Water Resources of India, Current Science, Vol 89, No. 5, 2005, pp794-795 (Roorkee: National Institute of Hydrology), available: http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/sep102005/794.pdf, accessed on December 26th, 2008
①莫德·巴洛、托尼·克拉克著,张岳、卢莹译:《水资源战争——向窃取世界水资源德公司宣战》,当代中国出版社,2008年版,第11页。②Fred Pearce: When the Rivers Run Dry: Water—The Defining Crisis of the 21st Century (Boston: Beason Press, 2006), pp36-37
①Rakesh Kumar, R. D. Singh & K. D. Sharma: Water Resources of India, Current Science, Vol 89, No. 5, 2005, pp794-795 (Roorkee: National Institute of Hydrology), available: http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/sep102005/794.pdf, accessed on December 26th, 2008
②Ibid
③《水资源印度引发危机》,中国自动化网,http://www.ca800.com/news/html/2008-4-16/n82126.html,最近查询:2008年12月20日
④《印度面临长期缺水危机》,山东黄河网,http://www.sdhh.gov.cn/news/Article_Print.asp?ArticleID=801,最近查询,2008年12月21日
⑤Rakesh Kumar, R. D. Singh & K. D. Sharma: Water Resources of India, Current Science, Vol 89, No. 5, 2005, p796 (Roorkee: National Institute of Hydrology), available: http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/sep102005/794.pdf, accessed on December 26th, 2008
⑥Rakesh Kumar, R. D. Singh & K. D. Sharma: Water Resources of India, Current Science, Vol 89, No. 5, 2005, pp794-795 (Roorkee: National Institute of Hydrology), available: http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/sep102005/794.pdf, accessed on December 26th, 2008
①Rajendra Dahal: From Darkness to Light, available at http://www.himalmag.com/2007/september/india_hydropower.htm, accessed on March 4th, 2008
②《印度“第十一个五年(2007-2012年)计划”能源政策评析》,江西省科学网,http://www.cn1n.com/world/in/2007429/2375018688.htm,最近查询:2008年12月31日
③魏中海,王秋成,《印度能源战略》,http://www.dygbzy.com/html/hqss/2006-6/5/14_34_20_761.html,最近查询:2008年12月31日
①魏中海,王秋成,《印度能源战略》,http://www.dygbzy.com/html/hqss/2006-6/5/14_34_20_761.html,最近查询:2008年12月31日
②文建:《印度出台能源安全新政策,倡导使用清洁可再生能源》,新华网,http://news.hexun.com/2008-12-27/112825984.html
③Walter Andersen & Daniel Consolatore: South Asia Plays the Energy Game--Facing Off: The Region’s Booming Economies, Led by India. Will Cooperation or Competition Be the Winning Strategy? available: http://www.sais-jhu.edu/pressroom/publications/saisphere/2005/andersen-consolatore.htm, accessed on May 16th, 2008
①盛愉、周岗著:《现代国际水法概论》,法律出版社,1986年版,第12页。
②朱和海著:《中东,为水而战》,世界知识出版社,2007年版,第12页。
①有关联合博弈的相关内容,参见Lynee L. Bennett, Shannon E. Ragland and Peter Yolles:“Facilitating International Agreements through an Interconnected Game Approach: The Case of River Basins”, Conflict and Cooperation on Trans-Boundary Water Resources, Richard Just and Sinaia Netanyahu eds (Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998), pp61-88
①Dwarika N. Dhungel:“Nepal-India Water Resources Relationship: Looking Ahead”, India-Nepal Relations: Challege Ahead, Observer Research Foundation (New Delhi: Rupa & Co, 2004), p2
②Ibid, pp178-179
③Dipak Gyawali:“Nepal-India Water Resource Relation”, Power and Negotiation, I. William Zartman and late Jeffery Z. Rubin eds (Michigan: The University of Michigan Press, 2000), 129
④Dipak Gyawali:“Nepal-Indian Water Resource Relations”, Power and Negotiation, William Zartman & Jeffrey Rubin, eds (Michigan: The University of Michigan Press, 2000), p136
①Dipak Gyawali and Ajaya Dixit: The Mahakali Impasse And Indo-Nepal Water Conflict, Peace Processes and Peace Accords,Samir Kumar Das ed (New Delhi: Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd, 2005), pp256-257
②Dipak Gyawali:“Nepal-Indian Water Resource Relations”, Power and Negotiation, William Zartman & Jeffrey Rubin, eds (Michigan: The University of Michigan Press, 2000), p136
①日媒:中国阴谋利用水资源来折磨印度,http://www.wangchao.net.cn/bbsdetail_947640.html,最近查询:2008年12月31日
①罗祖栋主编:《当代尼泊尔》,中国社会科学出版社,2000年版,第31页。
①Asad Husain: British India’s Relations with the Kingdom of Nepal 1857-1947: A Diplomatic History of Nepal (New Delhi: George Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1970), p132
②张惠兰:《尼泊尔多党民主制面临困境》,载《当代亚太》,2003年第8期。
③M. D. Dharamdasani,:Nepal’s Foreign Policy (New Delhi: Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd., 2005), p26
①Raj Kumar Jha: The Himalayan Kingdoms in Indian Foreign Policy (Ranchi: Maitryee Publications, 1986), p71
①Raj Kumar Jha: The Himalayan Kingdoms in Indian Foreign Policy (Ranchi: Maitryee Publications, 1986), p59
②J.N. Dixit: India Foreign Service: History and Challenge (Delhi: Konark Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 2005), pp19-23
③Raj Kumar Jha: The Himalayan Kingdoms in Indian Foreign Policy (Ranchi: Maitryee Publications, 1986), p67
④B. L. Joshi and Leo E. Rose: Democratic Innovations in Nepal (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966), p104
①S. D. Muni: Foreign Policies of Nepal (Delhi: Sterling Publishers Pvt, Ltd., 1977), p32
②Rishikesh Shaha:“Political Culture in India and Nepal: Impact on Bilateral Relations”, India and Nepal: Aspects of Interdependent Relations, Ramakant and B.C. Upreti eds (Delhi: Kalinga Publications, 2001), p316
③Raj Kumar Jha: The Himalayan Kingdoms in Indian Foreign Policy (Ranchi: Maitryee Publications, 1986), p62
①Raj Kumar Jha: The Himalayan Kingdoms in Indian Foreign Policy (Ranchi: Maitryee Publications, 1986), p67
②Shiva Bahadur Singh: Indo-Nepalese Relations: Discord and Harmony (Varanasi: Ganga Kaveri Publishing House, 1994), p47
③1954年5月,在外交大臣D.R.雷格米的陪同下,特里布文国王来到印度,同印度领导人协商正式将两国的对外政策统一协调起来的问题。在商讨的过程中,由印度政府起草的援助备忘录被递交给尼方领导人,但最终尼泊尔政府拒绝接受。
④Raj Kumar Jha: The Himalayan Kingdoms in Indian Foreign Policy (Ranchi: Maitryee Publications, 1986), p123
①托马斯·松顿指出,对美国在南亚地区的安全利益进行评估并不在美国的全球构想之中,更不用说制定一份南亚地区的安全政策。美国的领导人,主要是在埃森豪威尔时代之前,就未曾将南亚地区作为一个政治实体来看待,而是将其视作是美国的对东南亚或是西南亚政策的一部分。参见Thomas P. Thornton:“U.S. Strategic Interests in South Asia”, Determinants of National Security and Cooperation in India and Pakistan, edited by Hafeez Malik (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993), p35
②1947年3月,美国总统杜鲁门在写给特里布文国王的信中表示:“美国承认尼泊尔的独立地位”。1947年4月25日美国与尼泊尔建交并同拉纳政府签署了《商业及友好协议》(Agreement of Commerce and Friendship),这份协议成为两国外交、商务关系的基础。协议订立了美国公民在尼泊尔应享受待遇的标准,还就两国在未来的商业往来中的非歧视性行为做出相关规定。
③吴瑕著:《俄罗斯与印度——影响世界政局的大国关系》,解放军出版社,2004年版,第96页。
④孙士海、江亦丽主编:《二战后南亚国家对外关系研究》,方志出版社,2007年版,第63页。
①Thomas P. Thornton:“U.S. Strategic Interests in South Asia”, Determinants of National Security and Cooperation in India and Pakistan, edited by Hafeez Malik (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993), p35
②颜从文:《美国与尼泊尔关系升温之原因探悉及展望》,载《南亚季刊研究》,2003年第1期。
③Narayan Khadka: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd, 1997), pp125-127
①Narayan Khadka: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd, 1997), p205
②Narayan Khadka: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd, 1997), p205
③Koshi River, available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosi_River, [accessed on December 10th, 2008]
①Dipak Gyawali:“Nepal-India Water Resource Relation”, Power and Negotiation, I. William Zartman and late Jeffery Z. Rubin eds (Michigan: The University of Michigan Press, 2000), 131
②Dipak Gyawali:“Nepal-Indian Water Resource Relations”, Power and Negotiation, edited by I. William Zartman & Jeffery Z. Rubin (Michigan: The University of Michigan Press, 2000), p142
③参见Avtar Singh Bhasin (ed): Nepal-India, Nepal-China Relations: Documents, 1947-2005 June (New Delhi: Geetika Publishers, 2005), pp1319-1325
①Raj Kumar Jha: The Himalayan Kingdoms in Indian Foreign Poicy (Ranchi: Maitryee Publications, 1986), p136
①Koshi River, available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosi_River, [accessed on December 10th, 2008]
②Avtar Singh Bhasin (ed): Nepal-India, Nepal-China Relations: Documents, 1947-2005 June (New Delhi: Geetika Publishers, 2005), pp1325-1330
③Ibid
①尼兰詹·巴塔拉伊著,刘建、王宏纬、陈明、马维光译:《尼泊尔与中国》,天津人民出版社,2007,第134页
①Deeptima Shukla:“Nepal’s Relations with India: Perception and Role of Monarchy”, India and Nepal: Aspects of Interdependent Relations, Ramakant & B.C.Upreti eds (Delhi: Kalinga Publications, 2001), pp334-336
②Shiva Bahadur Singh: Indo-Nepalese Relations: Discord and Harmony (Varanasi: Ganga Kaveri Publishing House, 1994), p50
①Deeptima Shukla:“Nepal’s Relations with India: Perception and Role of Monarchy”, India and Nepal: Aspects of Interdependent Relations, Ramakant and B.C. Upreti eds (Delhi: Kalinga Publications, p331
②尼兰詹·巴塔拉伊著,刘建、王宏纬、陈明、马维光译:《尼泊尔与中国》,天津人民出版社,2007,第134页
①M. D. Dharamdasani: India and Nepal: Big Power-Small Power Relations in South Asia (New Delhi: South Asian Publishers Pvt Ltd., 2001), p71
②Indu Bala: Compulsions of A Land-locked State: A Study of Nepal- India Relations (New Delhi: Batra Book Service, 2001), p51
③尼兰詹·巴塔拉伊著,刘建、王宏纬、陈明、马维光译:《尼泊尔与中国》,天津人民出版社,2007,第136页。
④Narayan Khadka: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal, New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd., 1997, p109,p321
⑤1953年,美国决定向巴基斯坦提供军事援助;54年5月19日,不顾尼赫鲁的坚决反对,美国同巴基斯坦签订了《巴美共同防御援助协定》(Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement),印度对此提出强烈抗议。1954年9月8日,巴基斯坦加入了以美国为首的东南亚条约组织,随后于1955年加入以英国为首的中央条约组织。印度对此非常不满,向美国和英国提出强烈抗议。
①苏联与印度于1947年4月13日正式建交。以斯大林为首的苏联领导集团对尼赫鲁领导的印度新政府在国内实行多党议会民主制,对外保留在英联邦之内的做法表示不满,认为印度走资本主义道路,奉行不结盟政策,其实是帝国主义的附庸,因而一度对印度进行过攻击性宣传,支持印共反对国大党政府的活动,两国关系十分冷淡。参见吴瑕著:《俄罗斯与印度——影响世界政局的大国关系》,解放军出版社,2004年版,第90至第122页
②Alexander deConde: A History of American Foreign Policy, Vol. II (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1978), p291
③S. Duncan:“the Soviet Union and India”, The Yogi and the Bear: A Study of Indo-Soviet Relations by S.N. Singh (New Delhi: Allied Publishers, 1986), p16
①Shiva Bahadur Singh: Indo-Nepalese Relations: Discord and Harmony (Varanasi: Ganga Kaveri Publishing House, 1994), p50
①M.D.Dharamdasani: India and Nepal: Big Powers-Small Powers Relations in South Asia (New Delhi: South Asian Publishers PVT Ltd, 2001), p51-55
②Raj Kumar Jha: The Himalayan Kingdoms in Indian Foreign Policy (Ranchi: Maitryee Publications, 1986), p198
①M.D.Dharamdasani: India and Nepal: Big Powers-Small Powers Relations in South Asia (New Delhi: South Asian Publishers PVT Ltd, 2001), p55
②Bishwa Pradhan: Diplomatic Strategy for Nepal (Kathmandu: Mrs. Durga Devi Pradhan, 2003), p152
③Ibid
④转引自王宏纬主编:《尼泊尔》,社会科学文献出版社,2004年版,第377页
⑤S.D. Muni: India and Nepal: A Changing Relationship (Delhi: Konark Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 1995), p21
⑥Kumar Jha Raj: The Himalayan Kingdom in Indian Foreign Policy (Ranchi: Maitryee Publications, 1986), p87
①Richard E.Feinberg and Ratchik M. Avakov(ed): U.S. and Soviet Aid to Developing Countries : From Confrontation to Cooperation (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1991), p12
②David Morawetz: Twenty-Five Years of Economic Development: 1950-1975 (Washington D.C.: The World Bank, 1977), p20, p78
①以上数据参见Narayan Khadka: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd, 1997), pp207-209
②孙士海、江亦丽主编:《二战后南亚国家对外关系研究》,方志出版社,2007年版,第95页。
①班纳吉(印)著:《印度通史》,商务印书馆,1972年,第741-742页。
②从地缘政治的角度来考察,印度具有得天独厚的优越条件:印度远离冷战时期两大集团冲突的中心——欧洲大陆;位于交通要冲,四通八达,既可联系中东、非洲和欧洲,又可沟通动东南亚、远东和太平洋,具有居中调节的回旋余地。尼赫鲁曾经说过,印度是东南亚和近东的门户,所以南亚、东南亚、波斯湾、西亚及印度洋地区发生的所有事情都会触及印度。没有印度参加,无法研究任何与东南亚有关的问题,远东地区也是如此。近东地区与东南亚没有直接联系,但却都与印度有关系。参见周柏青、游巧荣著:《英·甘地传》,长江文艺出版社,1997年,第168-175页。
③贾瓦哈拉尔·尼赫鲁著:《印度的发现》,世界知识出版社,1956年,第57页。
④J.N. Dixit: India’s Foreign Policy: 1947-2003 (New Delhi: Picus Books, 2003), p81
①Bharat Mohan Adhikari:“Nepal-India Economic Relations”, India-Nepal Relaitons: The Challenge Ahead, Observer Research Foundation (New Delhi: Rupa & Co, 2004), p250
②Piers Blaikie, John Cameron and David Seddon: Nepal in Crisis (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1983), p80
③S.K. Chaturvedi:“Systemic Interdependence and Role of India’s Economic Aid Towards a Sustainable Development in Nepal”, India and Nepal: Aspects of Interdependent Relations, Ramakant and B.C. Upreti eds (Delhi: Kalinga Publications, 2001), p158
①S.K. Chaturvedi:“Systemic Interdependence and Role of India’s Economic Aid Towards a Sustainable Development in Nepal”, India and Nepal: Aspects of Interdependent Relations, Ramakant and B.C. Upreti eds (Delhi: Kalinga Publications, 2001), p161
①以上数据参见Gandaki River, available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandaki_River, Gandaki River, available: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/225166/Gandak-River, accessed on December 19th, 2008
②《甘达基协议》的具体内容参见Avtar Singh Bhasin (ed): Nepal-India, Nepal-China Relations: Documents, 1947-2005 June (New Delhi: Geetika Publishers, 2005), pp1325-1330
①Bhubanesh Kumar Pradhan:“Personal Reflections: Nepal-India Water Relations”, The Nepal-India Water Relationship: Challenges, Dwarika N. Dhungel and Santa B. Pun eds (Institute for Integrated Development Studies, IIDS) (Kathmandu: Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 2009), pp247-248
②Ibid
①Bhubanesh Kumar Pradhan:“Personal Reflections: Nepal-India Water Relations”, The Nepal-India Water Relationship: Challenges, Dwarika N. Dhungel and Santa B. Pun eds (Institute for Integrated Development Studies, IIDS) (Kathmandu: Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 2009), pp247-248
②E.B. Mihaly: Foreign Aid and Politics in Nepal (London: Oxford University Press, 1965), p81
①Ram Prasad Rajbahak: Nepal-India Open Border: A Bond of Shared Aspirations (New Delhi: Lancer Publishers Pvt. Ltd.), p113
②Jagat S. Mehta:“India and Nepal Relations: A Victim of Politics”, India-Nepal Relations: The Challenge Ahead by Observer Research Foundation (New Delhi: Rupa & Co, 2004), p39
③Dwarika N. Dhungel and Santa B. Pun: The Nepal-India Water Relationship: Challenges (Kathmandu: Springer Science + Business B.V., 2009), p3
④Kumar Jha, Raj: The Himalayan Kingdom in Indian Foreign Policy (Ranchi: Maitryee Publications, 1986),p189
①G.V. Ambekar and V.D. Divekar (ed):Documents on China’s Relations with South and Southeast Asia: 1949-1962 (Bombay: Orient Longman, 1964), pp207-209
②Shiva Bahadur Singh: Indo-Nepalese Relations: Discord and Harmony (Varanasi: Ganga Kaveri Publishing House, 1994), p93
①59年宪法的序言中宣称,该宪法的宗旨是“通过建立反映人民意愿的君主制形式的政府以确保政治稳定”,国王“依据国家的传统和习惯行使尊敬的祖先留给我们的最高权力”。此外,该宪法还赋予了国王任命首席法官和其他法官及其他广泛的军事和外交方面的权力。在行政方面,该宪法规定,内阁具有对尼泊尔政府实行总的指导和管理的职责,并集体向下院负责,但同时又规定:“国家的行政权属于国王”。从这些规定可以看出,国王不仅是国家元首,也是政府的实际首脑。参见王宏纬主编:《尼泊尔》,社会科学文献出版社,2004年版,第141页。
②S.D. Muni(ed): Nepal: An Assertive Monarchy (New Delhi: Chetana Publications, 1977), p70
①Ramakant and B.C. Upreti: India and Nepal: Aspects of Interdependent Relations (Delhi: Kalinga Publications, 2001), p330
②M.D. Dharamdasani: India-Nepal Partnership and South Asian Resurgence (New Delhi: Kanishka Publishers, 2000), p61
③S.D. Muni (ed): Nepal: An Assertive Monarchy (New Delhi: Chetana Publications, 1977), p71
①评议会民主制度源于自古就存在于尼泊尔农村的“五老会”组织,即以自然村落为单位,由每个村最年长的五名男子组成议事机构,为村民排解纠纷并处理本村的一切公务,具有基层政权形式的雏形。参见王宏纬编著:《尼泊尔》,社会科学文献出版社,2004年版,第141-142页。
①Narayan Khadka: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd., 1997), p289
②即中尼公路,亦称阿尼哥公路,全长114公里,是尼泊尔与中国西藏的主要交通要道,总造价7000万尼泊尔卢比,1963年6月动工,1965年5月全线通车。
①M.D. Dharamdasani (ed): India and Nepal: Big Power-Small Power Relations in South Asia (New Delhi: South Asian Publishers Pvt Ltd, 2001), p78
②Ibid, p91
③Narayan Khadka: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd., 1997), p171
④Department of State: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958-1960, Vol. XV (South and South East Asia), Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1992), pp612-613
①E.B. Mihaly: Foreign Aid and Politics in Nepal: A Case Study (London: Oxford University Press, 1965), p122
②B.L. Joshi and Leo E. Rose: Democratic Innovations in Nepal (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966), p449
③Ibid
④Hamilton F. A rmstrong:“Where India Faces China”, Foreign Affairs, July 1959, Vol.37, No.4, p62
①Andrei I. Chekhutov, Nataliya A. Ushakova and Leon Z. Zevein: Economic Assisstance to Developing Countries”, Richard E. Feinberg and Ratchik M. Avakov (ed): U.S. and Soviet Aid to Developing Countries : From Confrontation to Cooperation (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1991), pp189-190
②Ibid, p192
①上述内容中的具体数字和时间参见Narayan Khadka: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd., 1997), Richard E. Feinberg and Ratchik M. Avakov (ed): U.S. and Soviet Aid to Developing Countries : From Confrontation to Cooperation (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1991), B. E Mihaly.: Foreign Aid and Politics in Nepal: A Case Study (London: Oxford University Press, 1965), Christa A Skerry, Kerry Moran and Kay M Calavan: Four Decades of Development: The History of U.S. Assistance to Nepal (1951-1991) (Kathmandu: USAID, 1991),王宏纬编著:《尼泊尔》(社会科学文献出版社,2004年版)等书中的相关内容。
①上述内容中的具体数字和时间参见Narayan Khadka: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd., 1997), Richard E. Feinberg and Ratchik M. Avakov (ed): U.S. and Soviet Aid to Developing Countries : From Confrontation to Cooperation (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1991), B. E Mihaly.: Foreign Aid and Politics in Nepal: A Case Study (London: Oxford University Press, 1965), Christa A Skerry, Kerry Moran and Kay M Calavan: Four Decades of Development: The History of U.S. Assistance to Nepal (1951-1991) (Kathmandu: USAID, 1991),王宏纬编著:《尼泊尔》(社会科学文献出版社,2004年版)等书中的相关内容。
①上述内容中的具体数字和时间参见Narayan Khadka: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd., 1997), Richard E. Feinberg and Ratchik M. Avakov (ed): U.S. and Soviet Aid to Developing Countries : From Confrontation to Cooperation (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1991), B. E Mihaly.: Foreign Aid and Politics in Nepal: A Case Study (London: Oxford University Press, 1965),王宏纬编著:《尼泊尔》(社会科学文献出版社,2004年版)等书中的相关内容。
②S. N. Singh.: The Yogi and the Bear: A Study of Indo-Soviet Relations (New Delhi: Allied Publishers, 1986), p201
①Bama Dev Sigdel: Nepal’s Relations with Japan and China (Kathmandu: Hishi Offset Printers (P) Ltd., 2003), pp31-32
①尼赫鲁总统于1964年5月27日逝世,随后,由国大党的吉尔扎里·拉尔·南达(Gulzari Lal Nanda)任代总理,至64年6月9日; 1964年6月9日,国大党的拉尔·巴哈杜尔·夏斯特里出任政府总理,直至其于1966年1月11日突然逝世;1966年1月11日-1966年1月24日,吉尔扎里·拉尔·南达再次出任代总理,直至英迪拉·甘地于66年1月24日成为印度联邦政府总理。
②R. S. Chauhan:“Indo-Nepalese Relations Under Indira Gandhi”, Indian Foreign Policy: The Indira Gandhi Years edited by A. K. Damodaran and U. S. Bajpai (New Delhi: Radiant Publishers, 1990), p162
③Ibid
④P. L. Bhola: Foreign Policies of India, Pakistan and China (Jaipur: Motherland Printing Press, 2001), p151
①J.N. Dixit: India’s Foreign Policy and Its Neighbours (New Delhi: Gyan Publishing House, 2001), pp120-121
②印度于1952年派遣了一支军事使团前往尼泊尔。使团的任务帮助“训练及重组尼泊尔军队”,使之现代化;1958年,使团被改编成一个军事顾问小组,这大大削弱了使团的力量;1963年,小组进一步改组并被重新命名为印度军事联络小组。除了帮助尼泊尔训练部队、提供军事方面的建议之外,联络小组的作用还包括维持印度向尼泊尔提供军事补给这方面的联系。从1947年开始,尼泊尔的武器、补给和战争原料等都来自印度。印度在62年中印边界之战中失败,借此机会,尼泊尔于1963年6月照会印度,要将自己的国防体系现代化并提高军队的战斗力。由于所需装备数量有限,印度完全可以满足尼泊尔的要求;但是,考虑到此举可能会招致中国方面的误解,印度没有提供任何的援助。随着尼印关系的不断降温,尼泊尔不希望再由印度来满足自己的军事需求,于是尼泊尔开始转向美国和英国寻求可能的军事援助,对此,印度并没有表示反对。事实上,美国和英国在得到印度理解的情况下向尼泊尔提供了武器和装备等军事援助。但另一方面,印度也同意以赠与的方式提供军火来现代化尼泊尔的武装部队,并表示“如果印度提供的赠与无法满足要求,将由英国和美国来补齐漏缺,补缺的细节问题将在合适的时间通过军事协调完成”。其实,印度的这种做法就是要变相设置一个能够完成同尼泊尔之间的军事协调的机制来取代最初的军事使团及后来的军事顾问小组、印度军事联络小组。鉴于此,尼泊尔加紧步伐多元化自己的军事供给来源。根据美、印、尼三方于1965年签署的一份协议,将由三方共同组成的一个联合委员会负责处理美国提供给尼泊尔的军事援助。再实际的操作中,印度在这个三方协议中的位置形同虚设。尼泊尔完全可以自由选择所需的军事装备的来源。对此,尼方的解释是,1950年条约和1965年协议所牵涉的只是从印度进口的军需品,对从其它渠道,比如中国进口军事用品并没有做出任何限定。
③Bama Dev Sigdel: Nepal’s Relations with Japan and China (Kathmandu: Hishi Offset Printers (P) Ltd., 2003), pp61-70
①J.N. Dixit: India’s Foreign Policy: 1947-2003 (New Delhi: Picus Books, 2003), pp91-102
②R. S. Chauhan:“Indo-Nepalese Relations Under Indira Gandhi”, Indian Foreign Policy: The Indira GandhiYears, A. K. Damodaran and U. S. Bajpai eds (New Delhi: Radiant Publishers, 1990), pp173-174
①R. S. Chauhan:“Indo-Nepalese Relations Under Indira Gandhi”, Indian Foreign Policy: The Indira Gandhi Years, A. K. Damodaran and U. S. Bajpai eds (New Delhi: Radiant Publishers, 1990), p174
②Kumar Jha, Raj: The Himalayan Kingdom in Indian Foreign Policy (Ranchi: Maitryee Publications, 1986), p169
①Dwarika Nath Dhungel:“Historical Eye View”, The Nepal-India Water Relationship: Challenges, Dwarika N. Dhungel and Santa B. Pun eds (Kathmandu: Springer Science + Business B.V., 2009), p26
②Narayan Khadka: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd., 1997), p188
①Leo E. Rose:“India’s Foreign Relations: Reassessing Basic Policies”, Marshall M. Bouton and Philip Oldenburg (ed): India Briefing (Boulder: Westview Press, 1990), p63
①Dr B. H. Nepal: Managing Nepalese Waters, available at http://www.southasianmedia.net/Magazine/Journal/8_nepalese_water.htm, accessed on March 4th , 2008
②孙士海,江亦丽主编:《二战后南亚国家对外关系研究》,方志出版社,2007年版,第64页
②孙士海,江亦丽主编:《二战后南亚国家对外关系研究》,方志出版社,2007年版,第64-25页
③吴瑕著:《俄罗斯与印度——影响世界政局的大国关系》,解放军出版社,2004年版,第128页。
①英迪拉·甘地认为印度的对外政策不能拘泥于不结盟这个词的含义,她主张独立地判断一切问题,从50年代“消极的不结盟”向“积极的不结盟”转变。。参见雷启淮主编:《当代印度》,四川人民出版社,2000年版,第367页。
②Ramakant and B.C. Upreti: India and Nepal: Aspects of Interdependent Relations (Delhi: Kalinga Publications, 2001), p92
③Ramakant and B.C. Upreti: India and Nepal: Aspects of Interdependent Relations (Delhi: Kalinga Publications, 2001), p92
①M.D. Dharamdasani: India and Nepal: Big Power-Small Power Relations in South Asia (New Delhi: South Asian Publishers Pvt Ltd., 2001), p67
①早在1955年,尼赫鲁对苏联进行国事访问的时候,苏联方面就曾提议:以签署协定的形式巩固两国之间业已建立起来的友好关系。尼赫鲁表示原则上同意签署这样一份条约,但签约时间有待商榷。后来,苏联方面又多次向印度提出签署条约的建议,但印度方面的态度始终不是很积极。参见吴瑕著:《俄罗斯与印度——影响世界政局的大国关系》,解放军出版社,2004年版,第131页。
①1971年7月,美国国家安全事务顾问基辛格访问印度时表示,假如中国干预东巴危机而引起中印之间的冲突,美国将不会给予印度任何支持。参见吴瑕著:《俄罗斯与印度——影响世界政局的大国关系》,解放军出版社,2004年版,第132页。
②S. N. Singh: The Yogi and the Bear: A Study of Indo-Soviet Relations (New Delhi: Allied Publishers, 1986), pp90-102
③吴瑕著:《俄罗斯与印度——影响世界格局的大国关系》,解放军出版社,2004年版,第135-136页。
①周柏青、游巧荣著:《英·甘地传》,长江文艺出版社,1997年版,第289页。
②吴瑕著:《俄罗斯与印度——影响世界格局的大国关系》,解放军出版社,2004年版,第136页。
①M. Ataman Aksoy and Helena Tang:“Imports , exports , and industrial performance in India , 1970-88”, available at www.brookings.edu/views/papers/20060803india.pdf, accessed on January 23rd, 2009
②“History of the Republic of India”, available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_India, accessed on February 22nd, 2009
①孙士海、江亦丽主编:《二战后南亚国家对外关系研究》,方志出版社,2007年版,第68页。
①胡格利河位于印度,是恒河的一条支流,长约260千米,它在Baharampur市附近从恒河分叉出去,向南穿越西孟加拉邦,流经双子城加尔各答和豪拉,最后注入孟加拉湾。它最有名的2条支流是Damodar河和Rupnarayan河,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooghly_River,最近查询2009年5月12日。
②Harun Ur Rashid: Indo-Bangladesh Relations: An Insider’s View (Varanasi: Rishi Publications, 2001), pp34-35
③Singh, Abhay Kumar: India and Bangladesh (Delhi: Anmol Publications, 1987), p91
①B. M. Abass: The Ganges Water Disputes (Dhaka: Vikas Publications House Pvt. Ltd., 1982), pp52-55
②Rekha Saha: India-Bangladesh Relations (Calcutta: Minerva Associates Publications Pvt. Ltd., 2000), p35
①Saha Rekha: India-Bangladesh Relations (Calcutta: Minerva Associations (Publications) Pvt. Ltd., 2000), p121
②Lawrence Ziring: Bangladesh From Mujib to Ershad (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1992), p161
③Harun Ur Rashid: Indo-Bangladesh Relations: An Insider’s View (New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications Pvt. Ltd., 2002), pp55-56
④Craig Baxter: Bangladesh: A New Nation in an Old Setting (Colorado: Westview Press Inc., 1984), p89
①Kathryn Jacques: Bangladesh, India and Pakistan: International Relations and Regional Tensions in South Asia (New York: St. Martin’s Press, Inc., 2000), p79
②Harun Ur Rashid: Indo-Bangladesh Relations: An Insider’s View (New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications Pvt. Ltd., 2002), p56
①Deeptima Shukla:“Nepal’s Relations with India: Perception and Role of Monarchy”, India and Nepal: Aspects of Interdependent Relations, by Ramakant & B.C.Upreti (Delhi: Kalinga Publications, 2001), pp336-337
②Adams, Barbara: Nepal, Crisis Unlimited: Reflections from the Crucial Years (New Delhi: Adroit Publishers, 2006), p71-78
①Ram Prasad Rajbahak: Nepal-India Open Border: A Bond of Shared Aspirations (New Delhi: Lancer Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 1992), pp131-136
②Ashok Kapur and A. Jeyaratnam Wilson: Foreign Policies of India and Her Neighbours (New York: Sr Martin’s Press, Inc., 1996), p109
③Shiva Bahadur Singh: Indo-Nepalese Relations: Discord and Harmony (Varanasi: Ganga Kaveri Publishing House, 1994), p61
①Ramakant and B.C. Upreti: India and Nepal: Aspects of Interdependent Relations (Delhi: Kalinga Publications, 2001, p73)
②L.S. Baral:“India and Nepal”, India’s Foreign Policy: Studies in Continuity and Change edited by Bimal Prasad (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd., 1979), p170
①Indu Bala: Compulsions of a Land-locked State: A Study of Nepal-India Relations (New Delhi: Batra Book Service, 2001), p91
②L.R. Baral: The Politics of Balanced Interdependence: Nepal and SAARC (New Delhi: Adroit Publications, 1988), pp29-30
③Ibid
④Bishwa Pradhan: Nepal: A Peace Zone (Kathmandu: Printhouse, 1982), pp111-114
①Bishwa Pradhan: Nepal: A Peace Zone (Kathmandu: Printhouse, 1982), pp111-114
②L.R. Baral: Nepal: Political Parties and Parliament (New Delhi: Adroit Publications, 2004), p49
①Bishwa Pradhan: Nepal: A Peace Zone (Kathmandu: Printhouse, 1982), p115
②当该计划首次被公开的时候,许多人的感觉是比兰德拉国王想得到国际上的保证,那就是在该地区爆发战争的时候,要保证这个内陆王国的独立和主权,其形式与瑞士颇为相似。一份在尼泊尔发行的英文报纸《祖国》就通过把和平区构想的本质特点刻划为“虽多次提及,但从未认真想过要将尼泊尔变成东方的瑞士”来婉转描述和平区理念的实质。但是,一些学者认为,考虑到其特殊的地理位置,经济发展的形式以及不同的历史背景,尼泊尔不能同瑞士相提并论,这样就排除了尼泊尔仿效瑞士中立模式的可能性。为了消除类似的疑虑和误解,尼首相图尔斯·吉里(Tulsi Giri)在1976年1月接受法新社的采访时曾明确表示:“尼泊尔的和平区绝不等同于中立。作为不结盟组织的一个创始国和积极成员,尼泊尔从未有过要让自己形成中立的局面的愿望,也没有要保持孤立、让自己远离世界事务的尘嚣之外的想法。我们之所以不选择中立或者是赞成中立政策的原因,可以归结至国王陛下在阿尔及利亚开会时所做的发言。不结盟峰会已经很明确地指出‘在存在允许世界上的每一个国家都能在各自所关心的问题上采取独立的立场并在完全平等的基础上参与到有着全球效应的国际问题的裁决的条件时,实现的和平的前景就能无比光明和远大’。”
③Shiva Bahadur Singh: Indo-Nepalese Relations: Discord and Harmony (Varanasi: Ganga Kaveri Publishing House, 1994), p131
①Lok Raj Baral:“Democracy and Indo-Nepalese Relations”, India-Nepal Relations: The Challenge Ahead by Observer Research Foundation (New Delhi: Rupa & Co., 2004), p67
①【尼】尼兰詹·巴塔拉伊著,刘建、王宏纬、陈明、马维光译:《尼泊尔与中国》,天津人民出版社,2007年版,第143页。
②Upendra Gautam:“China-South Asia political relations: A view from Nepal”, available at http://nation.ittefaq.com/artman/publish/article_24622.shtml, accessed on February 11st, 2009
③Kathryn Jacques: Bangladesh, India and Pakistan: International Relations and Regional Tensions in South Asia (New York: St. Martin’s Press, Inc., 2000), p72
④Mike Bowker:“Explaining Soviet Foreign Policy Behavior in the 1980s”, From Cold War to Collapse: Theory and World Politics in the 1980s ed by Robin Brown (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), p89
⑤Narayan Khadka: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal, New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd., 1997, p109,p325
⑥Shiva Bahadur Singh: Indo-Nepalese Relations: Discord and Harmony (Varanasi: Ganga Kaveri Publishing House, 1994), pp145-146
①Donald C. Hellman (ed): Southern Asia: The Politics of Poverty and Peace: Critical Choices for Americans (Lexington: Lexington Books, 1976), p6
②Narayan Khadka: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 1997), pp130-131
③Ibid
④Ibid
⑤Ibid
①Narayan Khadka: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 1997), pp130-131
②Dipak Gyawali and Ajaya Dixit:“The Mahakali Impasse And Indo-Nepal Water Conflict”, Peace Processes and Peace Accords,Samir Kumar Das ed (New Delhi: Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd, 2005), p257
①Dipak Gyawali:“Nepal-India Water Resource Relations”, Power and Negotiation edited by William Zartman and Jeffrey Z. Rubin (Michigan: The University of Michigan Press, 2000), p139
①Dwarika N. Dhungel and Santa B. Pun: The Nepal-India Water Relationship: Challenges (Kathmandu: Springer Science + Business B.V., 2009), p31
①Dwarika Nath Dhungel:“Historical Eye View”, The Nepal-India Water Relationship: Challenges, Dwarika N. Dhungel and Santa B. Pun eds (Kathmandu: Springer Science + Business B.V., 2009), p28
②Bama Dev Sigdel: Nepal’s Relations with Japan and China (Kathmandu: Hishi Offset Printers (P) Ltd., 2003), p32
③A.S. Bhasin: Nepal’s Relations with India and China: Documents 1947-1992 (Delhi: Siba Exim. Pvt. Ltd., 2002), p57
④Ibid, p61
①A.S. Bhasin: Nepal’s Relations with India and China: Documents 1947-1992 (Delhi: Siba Exim. Pvt. Ltd., 2002), p57
②K. D. Adhikary , Khalilur Rahman, G. K. Ahmad, R. Rangachari, S. K. Malla, K. B. Rasheed, Sajjadur, B. B. Pradhan and B. G. Verghese(ed): Cooperation on the Eastern Himalayan Rivers: Opportunities and Challenges (Delhi: Konark Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 2000), p167
③Ibid
①K. D. Adhikary , Khalilur Rahman, G. K. Ahmad, R. Rangachari, S. K. Malla, K. B. Rasheed, Sajjadur, B. B. Pradhan and B. G. Verghese(ed): Cooperation on the Eastern Himalayan Rivers: Opportunities and Challenges (Delhi: Konark Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 2000), p171
②Ibid
①Dwarika Nath Dhungel:“Historical Eye View”The Nepal-India Water Relationship: Challenges, Dwarika Nath Dhungel and Santa B. Pun eds (Kathmandu: Springer Science + Business B.V., 2009), p39
②Bhubanesh Kumar Pradhan:“Personal Reflections: Nepal-India Water Relations”, The Nepal-India Water Relationship: Challenges, Dwarika N. Dhungel and Santa B. Pun eds (Institute for Integrated Development Studies, IIDS) (Kathmandu: Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 2009), p249
①K. D. Adhikary , Khalilur Rahman, G. K. Ahmad, R. Rangachari, S. K. Malla, K. B. Rasheed, Sajjadur, B. B. Pradhan and B. G. Verghese(ed): Cooperation on the Eastern Himalayan Rivers: Opportunities and Challenges (Delhi: Konark Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 2000), p169
②Bhubanesh Kumar Pradhan:“Personal Reflections: Nepal-India Water Relations”, The Nepal-India Water Relationship: Challenges, Dwarika N. Dhungel and Santa B. Pun eds (Institute for Integrated Development Studies, IIDS) (Kathmandu: Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 2009), p249
③特里苏里河发源于西藏地区,在由海拔1830米的尼泊尔中部拉苏瓦(Rasuwa)地区的拉苏佳利(Rasugarhi)进入尼泊尔之前,在喜马拉雅山区的流域面积达2600平方公里。特里苏里水电工程(Trishuli Hydel Project)是印、尼两国政府54年合作项目的一部分,工程设计的发电量为21000兆瓦,耗资1.288亿印度卢比,于1971年完工。
①Bhubanesh Kumar Pradhan:“Personal Reflections: Nepal-India Water Relations”, The Nepal-India Water Relationship: Challenges, Dwarika N. Dhungel and Santa B. Pun eds (Institute for Integrated Development Studies, IIDS) (Kathmandu: Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 2009), p256
②Ibid
①S.D. Muni:“India and Regionalism in South Asia: A Political Perspective”, India’s Foreign Policy: Studies in Continuity and Change edited by Bimal Prasad (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd., 1979), pp116-117
①L. S. Baral:“India and Nepal”, India’s Foreign Policy: Studies in Continuity and Change, Bimal Prasad (ed) (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd., 1979), pp170-172
①L.S.Baral:“India and Nepal”, India’s Foreign Policy: Studies in Continuity and Change edited by Bimal Prasad (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd., 1979), p186
②Ibid, p187
③Ibid
④Shiva Bahadur Singh: Indo-Nepalese Relations: Discord and Harmony (Varanasi: Ganga Kaver Publishing House, 1994), p78
①S.D. Muni:“India and Regionalism in South Asia: A Political Perspective”, India’s Foreign Policy: Studies in Continuity and Change edited by Bimal Prasad (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 1979), p118
②Singh K.: India and Bangladesh (Delhi: Anmol Publications, 1987), p56
③Harun Ur Rashid: Indo-Bangladesh Relations: An Insider’s View (New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications Pvt. Ltd., 2002), p65
①哈伦·乌尔·拉什德,1976-1979年任孟加拉外务部的主席(Director General),86-87年任部长助理(Additional Secretary)。在20世纪70、80年代,拉什德几乎参加了孟加拉同印度之间所有的双边问题的谈判。1981-82年,出任孟加拉共和国驻尼泊尔大使;82-84年,出任孟加拉共和国驻澳大利亚大使,84-86年出任孟加拉共和国驻菲律宾大使;87-91年,被派往孟加拉共和国驻日内瓦欧盟使团。
②Harun Ur Rashid: Indo-Bangladesh Relations: An Insider’s View (New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications Pvt. Ltd., 2002), p67
①Kathryn Jacques: Bangladesh, India and Pakistan: International Relations and Regional Tensions in South Asia (New York: St. Martin’s Press, Inc., 2000), p126
①中国境内称雅鲁藏布江,孟加拉境内称贾木纳河(Jamuna)。雅鲁藏布江在巴昔卡出中国国境后,在老萨地亚(Sadiya)城西北进入印度阿萨姆邦。该河段称为迪汉(Diheng)河。在萨地亚城与迪班(Dibaing)河、卢希(Luhit)河汇合后始称布拉马普特拉河,然后自东向西(略偏南)流,处在印度阿萨姆邦内,至图布尔附近转为向南流,然后进入印、孟边境和孟加拉国境内,在戈阿隆多与恒河汇合。迪汉河出口,年径流量约2000亿m3,布拉马普特拉河全长约1000km,其中印度阿萨姆邦内725余km,孟加拉国境内274km。迪汉河与布拉马普特拉河总流域面积29.2万km2。
②S. Ghosh: The Role of India in the Emergence of Bangladesh (Calcutta: Minerva Associates, 1983), p41
③Harun Ur Rashid: Indo-Bangladesh Relations: An Insider’s View (New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications Pvt. Ltd., 2002), pp68-69
①Bhubanesh Kumar Pradhan:“Personal Reflections: Nepal-India Water Relations”, The Nepal-India Water Relationship: Challenges, Dwarika N. Dhungel and Santa B. Pun eds (Institute for Integrated Development Studies, IIDS) (Kathmandu: Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 2009), pp258-259
①L.S. Baral:“India and Nepal”, India’s Foreign Policy: Studies in Continuity and Change edited by Bimal Prasad (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd., 1979), p191
②S. D. Muni:“India and Regionalism in South Asia: A Political Perspective”, India’s Foreign Policy: Studies in Continuity and Change edited by Bimal Prasad (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd., 1979), p126
③L.S. Baral:“India and Nepal”, India’s Foreign Policy: Studies in Continuity and Change edited by Bimal Prasad (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd., 1979), p191
④Ibid
①L.S. Baral:“India and Nepal”, India’s Foreign Policy: Studies in Continuity and Change edited by Bimal Prasad (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd., 1979), p191
②Bhubanesh Kumar Pradhan:“Personal Reflections: Nepal-India Water Relations”, The Nepal-India Water Relationship: Challenges, Dwarika N. Dhungel and Santa B. Pun eds (Institute for Integrated Development Studies, IIDS) (Kathmandu: Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 2009), p252
①Narayan Khadka: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 1997), p117
②Ibid
③Shiva Bahadur Singh: Indo-Nepalese Relations: Discord and Harmony (Varanasi: Ganga Kaver Publishing House, 1994), p78
①Ashok Kapur and A. Jeyaratnam Wilson: Foreign Policies of India and Her Neighbours (New York: ST. Martin’s Press, Inc., 1996), p80
②Ibid
③Ibid
①S.D. Muni: India and Nepal: A Changing Relationship (Delhi: Konark Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 1995), p154
②Narayan Khadka: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 1997), pp201-202
③Ibid
①Narayan Khadka: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 1997), p197
②Ibid, p216
③Ibid, p217
①Shriman Narayan: India and Nepal: An Exercise in Open Diplomacy (Kathmandu: CEDA, 1987), P81
②Narayan Khadka: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 1997), p217
①Thomas P. Thornton:“U.S. Strategic Interests in South Asia”, Determinants of National Security and Cooperation in India and Pakistan edited by Hafeez Malik (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993), p35
②Vinod Kumar:“Great Powers and Nepal”, Nepal: An Assertive Monarchy edited by S.D. Muni (New Delhi: Chetana Publications, 1977), p152
③Christa A Skerry, Kerry Moran and Kay M. Calavan: Four Decades of Development: The History of U.S. Assistance to Nepal (1951-1991) (Kathmandu: USAID, 1991), p221
④Ibid, p224
①Christa A Skerry, Kerry Moran and Kay M. Calavan: Four Decades of Development: The History of U.S. Assistance to Nepal (1951-1991) (Kathmandu: USAID, 1991), p224
②Narayan Khadka: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 1997), p124
③Ibid, p117
④Ibid
⑤Ibid
⑥Vinod Kumar:“Great Powers and Nepal”, Nepal: An Assertive Monarchy, S.D. Muni ed (New Delhi: Chetana Publications, 1977), p155
①Donald C. Hellman: Southern Asia: The Politics of Poverty and Peace: Critical Choices for Americans (Lexington: Lexington Books, 1976), p21
②Narayan Khadka: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 1997), p126-127
③以上数据参见Narayan Khadka: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 1997), p126、p137
①George M. Guess: The Politics of the United States Foreign Aid (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1987), p182
①Dipak Gyawali: Rivers, Technology and Society: Learning the Lessons of Water Management in Nepal (Kathmandu: Himal Books, 2003), p148
①Dipak Gyawali: Rivers, Technology and Society: Learning the Lessons of Water Management in Nepal (Kathmandu: Himal Books, 2003), p68
②Ibid, p69
③Ibid, pp69-70
①Alfred Escher:“World Bank Withdraws from Arun III Project at Inspection Panel's Recommendation”, available at http://www.wcl.american.edu/hrbrief/v3i1/wldbnk31.htm, accessed on March 19th, 2009
②Ibid
③Dipak Gyawali: Rivers, Technology and Society: Learning the Lessons of Water Management in Nepal (Kathmandu: Himal Books, 2003), p72
④Ratna Sansar Shrestha:“Arun III Project: Nepal’s Electricity Crisis and it’s Role in Current Load Shedding and the Potential Role 10 Years Hence”, available at http://nepaliperspectives.blogspot.com/2009/03/arun-iii-project-nepals-electricity.html, accessed on April 2nd, 2009
①Alfred Escher:“World Bank Withdraws from Arun III Project at Inspection Panel's Recommendation”, available at http://www.wcl.american.edu/hrbrief/v3i1/wldbnk31.htm, accessed on March 19th, 2009
①Narayan Khadka: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 1997), p193
②Ibid, p194
①Rekha Chowdhary: Ideology and Politics of Ruling Parties in India (New Delhi: DEEP & DEEP Publications, 1991), p86
②Ibid
③Ibid
④Narayan Khadka: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 1997), p174
⑤M. D. Dharamdasani: Nepal’s Foreign Policy (New Delhi: Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd., 2005), p92
⑥Ibid
①Narayan Khadka: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 1997), p174-175
②Ibid
③M. D. Dharamdasani: Nepal’s Foreign Policy (New Delhi: Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd., 2005), p96
①Rekha Chowdhary: Ideology and Politics of Ruling Parties in India (New Delhi: DEEP & DEEP Publications, 1991), p86
②Ibid
①J.S. Mehta:“India-Nepal Relations: A Victim of Politics”, India-Nepal Relations: The Challenges Ahead,Observer Research Foundation (New Delhi: Rupa & Co., 2004), p67
①Andrew Nickson: Democratisation and the Growth of Communism in Nepal: A Peruvian Scenario in the Making. 1992,转引自Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: the Printhouse, 2003), pp53-54
①Arjun Karki and David Seddon: The People’s War in Nepal: Left Perspectives (Delhi: Konark Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 2003), p67
②R. Andrew Nickson:“Democratisation and the Growth of Communism in Nepal: A Peruvian Scenario in the Making”, Understanding the Maoist Movement of Nepal, Deepak Thapa ed (Kathmandu: Martin Chautari Center for Social Research and Development, 2003), p5
①R. Andrew Nickson:“Democratisation and the Growth of Communism in Nepal: A Peruvian Scenario in the Making”, Understanding the Maoist Movement of Nepal, Deepak Thapa ed (Kathmandu: Martin Chautari Center for Social Research and Development, 2003), p6
①R. Andrew Nickson:“Democratisation and the Growth of Communism in Nepal: A Peruvian Scenario in the Making”, Understanding the Maoist Movement of Nepal, Deepak Thapa ed (Kathmandu: Martin Chautari Center for Social Research and Development, 2003), p7
②Baburam Bhattarai: Nepal: A Marxist View (Kathmandu: Jhilko Publications, 1990), p24
①R. Andrew Nickson:“Democratisation and the Growth of Communism in Nepal: A Peruvian Scenario in the Making”, Understanding the Maoist Movement of Nepal, Deepak Thapa ed (Kathmandu: Martin Chautari Center for Social Research and Development, 2003), p11
①Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: the Printhouse, 2003), p29
②R. Andrew Nickson:“Democratisation and the Growth of Communism in Nepal: A Peruvian Scenario in the Making”, Understanding the Maoist Movement of Nepal, Deepak Thapa ed (Kathmandu: Martin Chautari Center for Social Research and Development, 2003), p11
③Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: the Printhouse, 2003), p30
④Ibid
①Christa A, Skerry Kerry Moran and Kay M Calavan.: Four Decades of Development: The History of U.S. Assistance to Nepal (1951-1991) (Kathmandu: USAID, 1991), p201
②Li Onesto: Dispaches from the People’s War in Nepal (Chicago: Pluto Press, 2005), p142
①R. Andrew Nickson:“Democratisation and the Growth of Communism in Nepal: A Peruvian Scenario in the Making”, Understanding the Maoist Movement of Nepal, Deepak Thapa ed (Kathmandu: Martin Chautari Center for Social Research and Development, 2003), p13
②Ibid, p14
③R. Andrew Nickson:“Democratisation and the Growth of Communism in Nepal: A Peruvian Scenario in the Making”, Understanding the Maoist Movement of Nepal, Deepak Thapa ed (Kathmandu: Martin Chautari Center for Social Research and Development, 2003), p13
①Shiva Bahadur Singh: Indo-Nepalese Relations: Discord and Harmony (Varanasi: Ganga Kaveri Publishing House, 1994), p106
②Ibid
①Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: the Printhouse, 2003), p35
②T Louise Brown: The Challenge to Democracy in Nepal: A Political History (London: Routledge, 1996), p154
①R. Andrew Nickson:“Democratisation and the Growth of Communism in Nepal: A Peruvian Scenario in the Making”, Understanding the Maoist Movement of Nepal, Deepak Thapa ed (Kathmandu: Martin Chautari Center for Social Research and Development, 2003), p17
①R. Andrew Nickson:“Democratisation and the Growth of Communism in Nepal: A Peruvian Scenario in the Making”, Understanding the Maoist Movement of Nepal, Deepak Thapa ed (Kathmandu: Martin Chautari Center for Social Research and Development, 2003), p18
②尼共(马克思)(CPN(Marxist))成立于1987年,由萨哈娜·普拉德汉领导的普什帕·拉尔派与曼·莫汉·阿迪卡里派合并而成。
③Pracha N Maharjan:“The Maoist Insurgency and Crisis of Governability in Nepal”, Domestic Conflict and Crisis of Governability in Nepal, Dhruba Kumar ed (Kathmandu: Center for Nepal and Asian Studies, 2000), p93
④R. Andrew Nickson:“Democratisation and the Growth of Communism in Nepal: A Peruvian Scenario in the Making”, Understanding the Maoist Movement of Nepal, Deepak Thapa ed (Kathmandu: Martin Chautari Center for Social Research and Development, 2003), p18
①S.D. Muni: Maoist Insurgency in Nepal: The Challenge and the Response (New Delhi: Rupa & Co., 2003), p129
①R. Andrew Nickson:“Democratisation and the Growth of Communism in Nepal: A Peruvian Scenario in the Making”, Understanding the Maoist Movement of Nepal, Deepak Thapa ed (Kathmandu: Martin Chautari Center for Social Research and Development, 2003), pp18-19
②以上数据参见Blaikie Piers, John Cameron and David Seddon: Nepal in Crisis: Growth and Stagnation at the Periphery (Delhi: Adroit Publishers, 2001), p157
③R. Andrew Nickson:“Democratisation and the Growth of Communism in Nepal: A Peruvian Scenario in the Making”, Understanding the Maoist Movement of Nepal, Deepak Thapa ed (Kathmandu: Martin Chautari Center for Social Research and Development, 2003), pp24-25
①Pracha N Maharjan:“The Maoist Insurgency and Crisis of Governability in Nepal”, Domestic Conflict and Crisis of Governability in Nepal, Dhruba Kumar ed (Kathmandu: Center for Nepal and Asian Studies, 2000), p106
①Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: the Printhouse, 2003), p39
②Krishna Hachhethu: Party Building in Nepal: Organization, Leadership and People (Kathmandu: Mandala Book Print, 2002), p68
①Dipak Gyawali and Ajaya Dixit: The Mahakali Impasse And Indo-Nepal Water Conflict, Peace Processes and Peace Accords,Samir Kumar Das ed (New Delhi: Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd, 2005), p258
①Dipak Gyawali and Ajaya Dixit:“The Mahakali Impasse And Indo-Nepal Water Conflict”, Peace Processes and Peace Accords,Samir Kumar Das ed (New Delhi: Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd, 2005), p260
①Dipak Gyawali and Ajaya Dixit:“The Mahakali Impasse And Indo-Nepal Water Conflict”, Peace Processes and Peace Accords,Samir Kumar Das ed (New Delhi: Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd, 2005), p260
②Dipak Gyawali: Rivers, Technology and Society: Learning the Lessons of Water Management in Nepal (Kathmandu: Himal Books, 2003), p139
①Chandralekha Upadhyaya: India’s Foreign Policy: A Study in South Asian Perspective (Delhi: Independent Publishing Company, 2003), p102
①Ganesh Man Singh:“There is No Alternative to National Consensus”,信件具体内容参见Dhruba Kumar:“Parliament and Public Policy Making: A Case Study of the Mahakali Treaty”, Nepal: Political Parties and Parliament, Lok Raj Baral ed (New Delhi: Adroit Publications, 2004), Dipak Gyawali and Ajaya Dixit: The Mahakali Impasse And Indo-Nepal Water Conflict, Peace Processes and Peace Accords,Samir Kumar Das ed (New Delhi: Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd, 2005)
②Dipak Gyawali and Ajaya Dixit: The Mahakali Impasse And Indo-Nepal Water Conflict, Peace Processes and Peace Accords,Samir Kumar Das ed (New Delhi: Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd, 2005), p266
①Dhruba Kumar:“Parliament and Public Policy Making: A Case Study of the Mahakali Treaty”, Nepal: Political Parties and Parliament, Lok Raj Baral ed (New Delhi: Adroit Publications, 2004), p156
②Dipak Gyawali and Ajaya Dixit:“The Mahakali Impasse And Indo-Nepal Water Conflict”, Peace Processes and Peace Accords,Samir Kumar Das ed (New Delhi: Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd, 2005), p267
①Dipak Gyawali:“Nepal-Indian Water Resource Relations”, Power and Negotiation, edited by I. William Zartman & Jeffery Z. Rubin (Michigan: The University of Michigan Press, 2000), p142
②Ibid
③Dipak Gyawali and Ajaya Dixit:“The Mahakali Impasse And Indo-Nepal Water Conflict”, Peace Processes and Peace Accords,Samir Kumar Das ed (New Delhi: Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd, 2005), p267
④Dhruba Kumar:“Parliament and Public Policy Making: A Case Study of the Mahakali Treaty”, Nepal: Political Parties and Parliament, Lok Raj Baral ed (New Delhi: Adroit Publications, 2004), p157
①Dipak Gyawali and Ajaya Dixit:“The Mahakali Impasse And Indo-Nepal Water Conflict”, Peace Processes and Peace Accords,Samir Kumar Das ed (New Delhi: Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd, 2005), p267
①Dipak Gyawali and Ajaya Dixit:“The Mahakali Impasse And Indo-Nepal Water Conflict”, Peace Processes and Peace Accords,Samir Kumar Das ed (New Delhi: Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd, 2005), p268
②Ibid, 269
①Dhruba Kumar:“Parliament and Public Policy Making: A Case Study of the Mahakali Treaty”, Nepal: Political Parties and Parliament, Lok Raj Baral ed (New Delhi: Adroit Publications, 2004), p160
②Ibid
③B.G.Verghese:“Harnessing of Water Resources: India-Nepal Relations”, India-Nepal Relations: The Challenges Ahead,Observer Research Foundation (New Delhi: Rupa & Co., 2004), p213
①Dipak Gyawali and Ajaya Dixit:“The Mahakali Impasse And Indo-Nepal Water Conflict”, Peace Processes and Peace Accords,Samir Kumar Das ed (New Delhi: Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd, 2005), p270
②Ibid, p271
③Ibid
④Ibid, p273
①Dhruba Kumar:“Parliament and Public Policy Making: A Case Study of the Mahakali Treaty”, Nepal: Political Parties and Parliament, Lok Raj Baral ed (New Delhi: Adroit Publications, 2004), p162
②Ibid
①Dhruba Kumar:“Parliament and Public Policy Making: A Case Study of the Mahakali Treaty”, Nepal: Political Parties and Parliament, Lok Raj Baral ed (New Delhi: Adroit Publications, 2004), p163
②Dipak Gyawali and Ajaya Dixit:“The Mahakali Impasse And Indo-Nepal Water Conflict”, Peace Processes and Peace Accords,Samir Kumar Das ed (New Delhi: Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd, 2005), p274
①Dipak Gyawali and Ajaya Dixit:“The Mahakali Impasse And Indo-Nepal Water Conflict”, Peace Processes and Peace Accords,Samir Kumar Das ed (New Delhi: Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd, 2005), p274
②Ibid, p276
①Dipak Gyawali and Ajaya Dixit:“The Mahakali Impasse And Indo-Nepal Water Conflict”, Peace Processes and Peace Accords,Samir Kumar Das ed (New Delhi: Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd, 2005), pp275-276
②Ibid, p276
③“Mahakali Treaty As Good As Dead”, Nepal, Crisis Unlimited: Reflections from the Crucial Years, Barbara Adams (New Delhi: Adroit Publishers, 2006), p102
①Dipak Gyawali and Ajaya Dixit:“The Mahakali Impasse And Indo-Nepal Water Conflict”, Peace Processes and Peace Accords,Samir Kumar Das ed (New Delhi: Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd, 2005), pp277
②Ibid, pp277-278
①Dipak Gyawali and Ajaya Dixit:“The Mahakali Impasse And Indo-Nepal Water Conflict”, Peace Processes and Peace Accords,Samir Kumar Das ed (New Delhi: Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd, 2005), pp279
①Dhruba Kumar:“Parliament and Public Policy Making: A Case Study of the Mahakali Treaty”, Nepal: Political Parties and Parliament, Lok Raj Baral ed (New Delhi: Adroit Publications, 2004), p165
①Dhruba Kumar:“Parliament and Public Policy Making: A Case Study of the Mahakali Treaty”, Nepal: Political Parties and Parliament, Lok Raj Baral ed (New Delhi: Adroit Publications, 2004), p164
①Rajendra Dahal:“From Darkness to Light”, available at http://www.himalmag.com/2007/september/india_hydropower.htm, accessed on March 4th, 2008
①“Nepal’s Maoists: Their Aims, Structure and Strategy”, International Crisis Group (Asia Report N°104– 27 October 2005), available at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/asia/south_asia/104_nepal_s_maoists_their_aims_structure_and_strategy.pdf, accessed on December 26th, 2008
②Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: the Printhouse, 2003), p43
①Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: the Printhouse, 2003), p45
②Ibid
③Ibid
①“Nepal: From People Power to Peace?”International Crisis, Asia Report N°115– 10 May 2006, available at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/asia/south_asia/115_nepal_from_people_power_to_peace.pdf, accessed on December 26th, 2008
②Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: the Printhouse, 2003), p48
③Pancha Maharjan:“The Maoist Insurgency and Crisis of Governability in Nepal”, Domestic Conflict and Crisis of Governability in Nepal, Dhruba Kumar ed (Kathmandu: Center for Nepal and Asian Studies, 2000), p168
①Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: the Printhouse, 2003), p86
②Ibid
①Pancha Maharjan:“The Maoist Insurgency and Crisis of Governability in Nepal”, Domestic Conflict and Crisis of Governability in Nepal, Dhruba Kumar ed (Kathmandu: Center for Nepal and Asian Studies, 2000), p168
②Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: the Printhouse, 2003), p89
③1、对毛主义的形成过程、组织架构、战略方针和未来计划做出了全面的分析;2、报告给政府提出的应对建议在很大程度上能够满足毛主义者要求的社会经济改革;3、报告承认尼警方的行为是非人道的、残酷的,许多无辜的群众因此失去生命;4、强调将尼共(毛主义)纳入宪法程序的重要性并正式向UPFN领袖巴塔拉伊提出谈判请求。参见Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: the Printhouse, 2003), p90
①Harka Gurung, Ananda Aditya, Surendra K.C., Chuda Bahadur Shrestha and Sudheer Sharma: An Overview of Recent Armed Conflict in Nepal (Kathmandu: New Era, 2001), p45
②这三点要求是:1、公布此前被定为“失踪”的毛主义中央委员会委员和其他成员的下落;2、释放被逮捕的工人以及同情毛主义运动的人士;3、结束国家暴力行为,开始调查卢孔地区发生的纵火和屠杀事件,向受害人家属支付赔偿金并惩罚肇事者。参见Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: the Printhouse, 2003), p95
③Pancha Maharjan:“The Maoist Insurgency and Crisis of Governability in Nepal”, Domestic Conflict and Crisis of Governability in Nepal, Dhruba Kumar ed (Kathmandu: Center for Nepal and Asian Studies, 2000), p168
①Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: the Printhouse, 2003), p96
①“A Great Leap Forward: The Inevitable Necessity of History”,参见Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: the Printhouse, 2003), p113
②1、成立制宪会议,组建过渡政府,成立共和国;2、解决与广大百姓密切相关的问题以并妥善处理同印度签署的不平等条约以及所有牵涉印度的有损国家主权和利益的不平等政策;3、要求政府为和谈创造“有利的氛围”。参见参见Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: the Printhouse, 2003), p117
①Andrew Nickson: Democratisation and the Growth of Communism in Nepal: A Peruvian Scenario in the Making. 1992,转引自Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: the Printhouse, 2003), pp53-54
②Ibid
①以上数据参见Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: the Printhouse, 2003),“Nepal’s Maoists: Their Aims, Structure and Strategy”, International Crisis Group (Asia Report N°104– 27 October 2005), available at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/asia/south_asia/104_nepal_s_maoists_their_aims_structure_and_strategy.pdf, accessed on December 26th, 2008
①以上数据参见Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: the Printhouse, 2003),“Nepal’s Maoists: Their Aims, Structure and Strategy”, International Crisis Group (Asia Report N°104– 27 October 2005), available at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/asia/south_asia/104_nepal_s_maoists_their_aims_structure_and_strategy.pdf, accessed on December 26th, 2008
②本段内容中的观点和数据参见下述文章:Mani Nepal、Alok K. Bohara & Kishore Gawande:“Inequality, Polarization and Violent Conflict: The Maoist Insurgency in Nepal”, available at https://repository.unm.edu/dspace/handle/1928/3295 accessed on June 8th, 2008; Bishwa Nath Tiwari:“An Assessment of the Causes of Conflict in Nepal”; available at: https://repository.unm.edu/dspace/handle/1928/3294, accessed on June 8th, 2008; William Easterly:“Can Institutions Resolve Ethnic Conflict”, available at http://www.nyu.edu/fas/institute/dri/Easterly/File/can%20institutions%20resolve%20ethnic%20conflict.pdf, accessed on February 22nd, 2009; Nishchal Nath Pandey:“Nepal’s Maoist Movement and Implications for India and China”, available at http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0QLQ/is_2006_Feb/ai_n16068663/, accessed on February 22nd, 2009; Shahid Md. Parwez:“An Empirical Analysis of the Conflict in Nepal”, available at: http://igov.berkeley.edu/workingpapers/series2/No12_Iyer.pdf, accessed on February 22nd, 2009
①新马克思主义对“中心”和“边缘”这一组概念的定义及分析可以用来解释尼泊尔国内地区发展不均衡、区域分化现象严重的原因所在。源于中心和边缘的结构性不均衡使得中心可以从边缘那里获取附加利益来满足自身所需,同时还能确保对边缘的操控和边缘对自己的依赖。参见T. V. Paul, James J. Wirtz and Michel Fortmann(ed): Balance of Power: Theory and Practice in the 21st Century (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004)
②国秀:《尼共(毛主义)主席熟读毛泽东著作》,环球网,http://world.huanqiu.com/talk/2008-06/129734.html,最近查询:2009年4月1日
③Narayan Khadka: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal, New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd., 1997, p109,p156
①Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: the Printhouse, 2003), p66
①Nepal: Dealing with A Human Rights Crisis, International Crisis Group, Asia Report N°94– 24 March 2005, available at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/asia/south_asia/094_nepal_dealing_with_a_human_rights_crisis.pdf, accessed on December 26th, 2008
②Ibid
①“Nepal: From People Power to Peace?”International Crisis, Asia Report N°115– 10 May 2006, available at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/asia/south_asia/115_nepal_from_people_power_to_peace.pdf, accessed on December 26th, 2008
②Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: the Printhouse, 2003), p74
①Shobha Gautam: Women and Children in the Periphery of People’s War (Kathmandu: Institute of Human Rights Communications, 2001), p134
②国秀:《尼共(毛主义)主席熟读毛泽东著作》,环球网,http://world.huanqiu.com/talk/2008-06/129734.html,最近查询:2009年4月1日
①Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: the Printhouse, 2003), p76
①Sohail Jawaid: The Naxalite Movement in India (Origin and Failure of the Maoist Revolutionary Strategy in West Bengal, 1967-1971), (New Delhi: Associated Publishing House, 1979), p67
①Sailen Chaudhuri: Maoist Betrayal India: A Case Study (New Delhi: Sterling Publishers Pvt, Ltd., 1980), p90
②Arun Prosad Mukherjee: Maoist‘Spring Thunder’: The Naxalite Movement (1967-1972) (Kolkata: K P Bagchi & Company, 2007), p102
①Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: the Printhouse, 2003), p190
②Ibid
③Narayan Khadka: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal, New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd., 1997, p171
①Robyn Meredith: The Elephant and The Tiger: The Rise of India and China and What It Means for All of Us (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2007), p152
②Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: the Printhouse, 2003), p191
①Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: the Printhouse, 2003), p190
②Ibid, pp191-192
③Sushil Sharma:“Nepal Row Over US Support”, available at: https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south-asia/1564467.stm, accessed on December 17th, 2008
④S.D. Muni: Maoist Insurgency in Nepal: The Challenge and the Response (New Delhi: Rupa & Co., 2003), p58
①S.D. Muni: Maoist Insurgency in Nepal: The Challenge and the Response (New Delhi: Rupa & Co., 2003), p59
②Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: the Printhouse, 2003), p193
①南方网及南都报笔下的尼共(毛主义):《盗用毛主席名字尼泊尔“毛派”影响我边境安全》,南方网,http://www.wyzxsx.com/Article/Class20/200806/41055.html,最近查询:2009年4月14日
②同上
③Nishchal Nath Pandey: Nepal’s Maoist Movement and Implications for India and China (Regional Center for Strategic Studies Policy Studies 27) (New Delhi: Manohar Publishers & Distributors, 2005), pp157-159
①宋志辉:《尼泊尔政局发展及其前景》,《南亚季刊研究》,2005年第1期,第49页。
②这五大政党是尼大会党、尼共(联合马列)、人民阵线(the People’s Front)、尼泊尔工农党和尼泊尔亲善党,参见Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: the Printhouse, 2003), p184
③Ibid, p185
①Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: the Printhouse, 2003), p196
②宋志辉:《贾南德拉国王亲政失败对尼泊尔政局的影响》,《南亚研究季刊》,2007年第2期,第35页。
③同上
①国秀:《尼共(毛主义)主席熟读毛泽东著作》,环球网,http://world.huanqiu.com/talk/2008-06/129734.html,最近查询:2009年4月1日。
②《尼共(毛主义)高官称想向中国学习发展经济经验》,中华硕博网,http://ss.china-b.com/gwxwrd/631784.html,最近查询:2009年4月12日。
③《尼共(毛主义)正式决定领导组建新政府》,中国评论新闻,http://gb.chinareviewnews.com/doc/1007/0/8/3/100708377.html?coluid=7&kindid=0&docid=100708377,最近查询:2009年4月12日。
①章建华、陈乔炎:《尼泊尔撤消前政府对尼共(毛主义)的指控》,新华网,http://news.xinmin.cn/world/opinion/2008/10/28/1406833.html,最近查询:2009年3月26日。
②王鹏权:《尼共(毛主义)将着力解决民生与军队问题》,国际共运网,http://www.gjgy.org/Article_Show.asp?ArticleID=4679,最近查询:2009年3月26日。
③《尼联共(毛主义)举行会议改组中央机构》,新华社,http://www.chinamil.com.cn/site1/xwpdxw/2009-01/17/content_1622655.htm,最近查询:2009年4月1日。
①现年61岁的政府军参谋长卡特瓦尔曾指挥政府军与尼联共(毛主义)领导的“人民解放军”做过殊死斗争,在政府军中培植了众多亲信。尼政府希望将“人民解放军”编入政府军,但是以卡特瓦尔为首的尼政府军高级官员不愿与昔日的敌手为伍,生怕军队大权旁落。
②《普拉昌达辞去总理职务,尼泊尔和平进程面临中断》,凤凰咨询,http://news.ifeng.com/world/200905/0504_16_1139209.shtml,最近查询:2009年5月11日。
③《尼联共(毛主义)主席普拉昌达宣布辞去总理职务》,新华网,http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2009-05/04/content_11312457.htm,最近查询:2009年5月11日。
④选举举行前,尼联共(毛主义)议会党团副召集人普拉卡什在制宪会议发言时说,该党不支持在外国势力影响下成立的新政府。随后,尼联共(毛主义)和其他两个小党的制宪会议代表宣布抵制总理选举,在选举程序启动前退出制宪会议大厅。《尼共(联合马列)领导人内帕尔当选尼泊尔新总理》,新华网,http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2009-05/23/content_11425101.htm,最近查询:2009年6月2日。
①Dipak Gyawali:“Epilogue: Re-imagining Nepal’s Water: Institutional Blind Spots, Development BIind Alleys and the Lessons of the Century Past”, The Nepal-India Water Relationship: Challenges, Dwarika N. Dhungel and Santa B. Pun eds (Kathmandu: Springer Science + Business B.V., 2009), p307
①Rajendra Dahal:“From Darkness to Light”, available at http://www.himalmag.com/2007/september/india_hydropower.htm, accessed on March 4th, 2008
②Ibid
①Bhubanesh Kumar Pradhan:“Personal Reflections: Nepal-India Water Relations”, The Nepal-India Water Relationship: Challenges, Dwarika N. Dhungel and Santa B. Pun eds (Kathmandu: Springer Science + Business B.V., 2009), p261
①转引自Bhubanesh Kumar Pradhan:“Personal Reflections: Nepal-India Water Relations”, The Nepal-India Water Relationship: Challenges, Dwarika N. Dhungel and Santa B. Pun eds (Kathmandu: Springer Science + Business B.V., 2009), p256
班纳吉(印)著:《印度通史》,商务印书馆,1972年版
宫少朋、朱立群、周启朋主编:《冷战后国际关系》,世界知识出版社,1999年版。
贾瓦哈拉尔·尼赫鲁(印)著:《印度的发现》,世界知识出版社,1956年版
莫德·巴洛、托尼·克拉克(加)著,张岳、卢莹译:《水资源战争——向窃取世界水资源的公司宣战》,当代中国出版社,2008年版
尼兰詹·巴塔拉伊(尼)著,刘建、王宏纬、陈明、马维光译:《尼泊尔与中国》,天津人民出版社,2007年版
盛愉、周岗著:《现代国际水法概论》,法律出版社,1986年版
孙士海主编:《南亚的政治、国际关系及安全》,中国社会科学出版社,1998年版
孙士海,葛维钧主编:《印度》,社会科学文献出版社, 2003年版
孙士海,江亦丽主编:《二战后南亚国家对外关系研究》, 2006年版
王宏纬主编:《尼泊尔》,社会科学文献出版社, 2004年版
王宏纬著:《尼泊尔——人民和文化》,昆仑出版社, 2007年版
吴瑕著:《俄罗斯与印度——影响世界政局的大国关系》,解放军出版社, 2004年版
薛克翘著:《中国与南亚文化交流志》,上海人民出版社, 1998年版
张蕴岭主编:《中国与周边国家:构建新型伙伴关系》,社会科学文献出版社,2008年版
周柏青、游巧荣著:《英·甘地传》,长江文艺出版社,1997年版
朱和海著:《中东,为水而战》,世界知识出版社,2007年版
贾鹏:《尼泊尔和平进程的新阶段对其政局的影响深远——尼共(毛主义)加入尼临时政府》,载《当代世界》,2007年第5期。
康秀英:《日益活跃的尼泊尔共产党(毛主义)》,载《当代世界》,2001年第8期。
刘善国:《尼泊尔2003～2004年度经济发展述评》,载《南亚研究》,2004年第2期。
刘善国:《试论尼泊尔反政府武装及其对该国政局的影响》,载《南亚研究》,2005年第1期。
若茗:《尼泊尔国王贾南德拉‘亲政’失败》,载《亚非纵横》,2006年第4期。
宋志辉:《贾南德拉国王亲政失败对尼泊尔政局的影响》,载《南亚研究季刊》,2007年第2 期。
宋志辉:《尼泊尔政局发展及其前景》,载《南亚研究季刊》,2005年第1期。
宋志辉:《试析尼泊尔反政府武装的历史根源及现实影响》,载《南亚研究季刊》,2005年第4期。
王宏纬:《尼泊尔反政府武装的兴起及其对我国安全的影响》,载《当代亚太》,2004年第1 期。
王建树:《浅析当前尼泊尔政局》,载《南亚研究季刊》,2007年第2期。
王伟、蓝建学:《尼泊尔共产党(毛派):从丛林走向议会》,载《南亚研究》,2006年第2期。
颜从文:《美国与尼泊尔关系升温之原因探析及展望》,载《南亚研究季刊》,2003年第1期。
张惠兰:《尼泊尔对外政策的特点及形成因素》,载《当代亚太》,2006年第5期。
张惠兰:《尼泊尔多党民主制面临困境》,载《当代亚太》,2003年第8期。
赵建达编译:《尼泊尔水电发展政策》,载《水利水电快报》,2007年10月刊。
国秀:《尼共(毛主义)主席熟读毛泽东著作》,环球网, http://world.huanqiu.com/talk/2008-06/129734.html
南方网及南都报笔下的尼共(毛主义):《盗用毛主席名字尼泊尔“毛派”影响我边境安全》,
南方网,http://www.wyzxsx.com/Article/Class20/200806/41055.html
(尼)S.Neupane著,马建礼译:《小水电为尼泊尔偏远地区带来社会效益》,http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1993/jun/17/nepal-arun-iii-project
(尼) Com. Gaurav :《尼共(毛主义)的对外关系正在发展中》,http://www.wyzxsx.com/Article/Class20/200712/29388.html
王鹏权:《尼共(毛主义)将着力解决民生与军队问题》,国际共运网,http://www.gjgy.org/Article_Show.asp?ArticleID=4679
魏中海,王秋成,《印度能源战略》,http://www.dygbzy.com/html/hqss/2006-6/5/14_34_20_761.html
文建:《印度出台能源安全新政策,倡导使用清洁可再生能源》,新华网,http://news.hexun.com/2008-12-27/112825984.html
章建华、陈乔炎:《尼泊尔撤消前政府对尼共(毛主义)的指控》,新华网,http://news.xinmin.cn/world/opinion/2008/10/28/1406833.html
《第三届世界水论坛国家报告——尼泊尔》,水信息网,http://www.hwcc.com.cn/newsdisplay/newsdisplay.asp?Id=110208
《关于尼共(毛主义)的一些常识》,http://ido.thethirdmedia.com/article/frame.aspx?turl=http%3a//ido.3mt.com.cn/article/200806/show989390c14p1.ibod&rurl=&title=%u5173%u4E8E%u5C3C%u5171%20%u6BDB%u4E3B%u4E49%20%u7684%u4E00%u4E9B%u5E38%u8BC6_%u653E%u5F03%u66B4%u529B%u540E%uFF1A%u7F8E%u56FD%u5BA3%u5E03%u4FEE%u6539%u5BF9%u5C3C%u5171%20%u6BDB%u4E3B%u4E49%20%u653F%u7B56%20%u8F6C%u8D34%20---%20ido.3mt.com.cn
《美印紧盯尼泊尔政局变化担心新政府倒向中国》,2008年4月28日,环球时报,http://news.eastday.com/w/20080428/u1a3558763.html
《尼泊尔首相正式要求尼共(毛主义)组建新政府》,新华网,http://news.eastday.com/w/20080525/u1a3611670.html
《尼共(联合马列)领导人内帕尔当选尼泊尔新总理》,新华网,http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2009-05/23/content_11425101.htm
《尼共(毛主义)高官称想向中国学习发展经济经验》,中华硕博网,http://ss.china-b.com/gwxwrd/631784.html
《尼共(毛主义)上台会步柬共后尘吗?》,http://blackstar365.blog.hexun.com/19690235_d.html
《尼共(毛主义)正式决定领导组建新政府》,中国评论新闻,http://gb.chinareviewnews.com/doc/1007/0/8/3/100708377.html?coluid=7&kindid=0&docid=100708377
《尼泊尔总统要求尼共(毛主义)组阁》,中国西藏新闻网, http://news.eastday.com/w/20080525/u1a3611670.html
《尼联共(毛主义)举行会议改组中央机构》,新华社,http://www.chinamil.com.cn/site1/xwpdxw/2009-01/17/content_1622655.htm
《尼联共(毛主义)主席普拉昌达宣布辞去总理职务》,新华网,http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2009-05/04/content_11312457.htm
《普拉昌达辞去总理职务,尼泊尔和平进程面临中断》,凤凰咨询,http://news.ifeng.com/world/200905/0504_16_1139209.shtml
《全球能源战阴影下的中国、印度和东南亚》,乌有之乡,http://www.wyzxsx.com/Article/Class20/200810/53240.html
《水资源将是21世纪最紧俏资源:中印美面临水危机》,中国能源网,http://www.in-en.com/article/html/energy_20062006061515928.html
《水资源印度引发危机》,中国自动化网,http://www.ca800.com/news/html/2008-4-16/n82126.html
《印度“第十一个五年(2007-2012年)计划”能源政策评析》,江西省科学网,http://www.cn1n.com/world/in/2007429/2375018688.htm
《印度面临长期缺水危机》,山东黄河网,http://www.sdhh.gov.cn/news/Article_Print.asp?ArticleID=801
《中国阴谋利用水资源来折磨印度》,http://www.wangchao.net.cn/bbsdetail_947640.html
《中国与尼泊尔的关系》,东方网,http://news.eastday.com/epublish/gb/paper134/36/class013400004/hwz400855.htm
Abbas, B. M.: The Ganges Waters Dispute Dhaka: Vikas Publications House Pvt Ltd., 1982
Adams, Barbara: Nepal, Crisis Unlimited: Reflections from the Crucial Years New Delhi: Adroit Publishers, 2006
Adeney, Katharine and Sáez (ed): Coalition Politics and Hindu Nationalism (Routledge Advances in South Asian Studies) New York: Routledge, 2005
Adhikary, K. D., Rahman, Khalilur, Ahmad, G. K., Rangachari, R., Malla, S. K., Rasheed, K. B. Sajjadur, Pradhan, B. B. and Verghese, B. G. (ed): Cooperation on the Eastern Himalayan Rivers: Opportunities and Challenges Delhi: Konark Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 2000
Alagh, Yoginder K., Pangare, Ganesh and Gujja, Biksham (ed): Interlinking of Rivers in India: Overview and Ken-Betwa Link New York: Academic Foundation, 2006
Ambekar, G.V. and Divekar, V.D.: Documents on China’s Relations with South and Southeast Asia: 1949-1962 Bombay: Orient Longman, 1964
Bahadur, Kalim and Lama, Mahendra P (ed): New Perspectives on India-Nepal Relations New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications, 1995
Bala, Indu: Compulsions of a Lank-Locked State: A Study of Nepal-India Relations New Delhi: Batra Book Service, 2001
Baral, Lok Raj: The Politics of Balanced Interdependence: Nepal and SAARC New Delhi: Adroit Publications, 1988
Baral, Lok Raj (ed): Nepal: Political Parties and Parliament New Delhi: Adroit Publications, 2004
Baral, Lok Raj, Hachhethu, Krishna, Khanal, Krishna P., Kumar, Dhruba and Sharma, Hari (eds): Nepal: Local Leadership and Governance New Delhi: Adroit Publishers, 2004
Barnds, William J: India, Pakistan and the Great Powers New York: Prager Publisers, 1972
Baxter, Craig: Bangladesh: A New Nation in an Old Setting Colorado: Westview Press, Inc., 1984
Baxter, Craig, Malik, Yogendra K., Kennedy, Charles H. and Oberst, Robert C.: Government and Politics in South Asia (5th edition) Colorado: Westview Press, 2002
Berger, Thomas V., Mochizuki, Mike M. and Tsuchiyama, Jitsuo (ed): Japan in International Politics: The Foreign Policies of an Adaptive State Colorado: Lynn Rienner Publishers, Inc, 2007
Bhasin, Avtar Singh (ed): Nepal’s Relations with India and China: Documents 1947-1992 Delhi: Siba Exim. Pvt. Ltd., 2002
----------: Nepal-India, Nepal-China Relations: Documents, 1947-2005 June New Delhi: Geetika Publishers, 2005
Bhattarai, Baburam: Nepal: A Marxist View Kathmandu: Jhilko Publications, 1990
Bhola, P. L.: Foreign Policies of India, Pakistan and China, Jaipur: Motherland Printing Press, 2001
Blaikie, Piers, Cameron, John and Seddon, David: Nepal in Crisis: Growth and Stagnation at the Periphery Delhi: Adroit Publishers, 2001
Bouton, Marshall M. and Oldenburg, Philip (ed): India Briefing Boulder: Westview Press, 1990
Brown, Robin (ed): From Cold War to Collapse: Theory and World Politics in the 1980s Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993
Brown, T Louise: The Challenge to Democracy in Nepal: A Political HistoryLondon: Routledge, 1996
Chakrabarty, Bidyut: Forging Power: Coalition Politics in India Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006
Chaudhuri, Sailen: Maoist Betrayal India: A Case Study New Delhi: Sterling Publishers Pvt, Ltd., 1980
Chowdhary, Rekha: Ideology and Politics of Ruling Parties in India New Delhi: DEEP & DEEP Publications, 1991
Conca Ken: Governing Water: Contentious Transnational Politics and Global Institution Building Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2006
Damodaran, A. K. and Bajpai, U. S. (ed): Indian Foreign Policy: The Indira Gandhi Years New Delhi: Radiant Publishers, 1990
Das, Samir Kumar (ed): Peace Processes and Peace Accords New Delhi: Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd, 200n5
Deconde, Alexander: A History of American Foreign Policy, Vol. II New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1978
Department of State: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958-1960, Vol. XV (South and South East Asia), Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1992
Dettman, Paul R.: India Changes Course: Golden Jubilee to Millennium Wesport: Praeger Publishers, 2001
Dharamdasani, M. D. (ed): Asia’s Role in Global Politics, Center for Asian & European Studies (Jaipur, 2007) New Delhi: SBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd., 2007
----------: India and Nepal: Big Power-Small Power Relations in South Asia New Delhi: South Asian Publishers Pvt Ltd., 2001
---------: Nepal’s Foreign Policy New Delhi: Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd., 2005
----------: Role of Japan and Nepal in Asian Politics New Delhi: Gyan Publishing House, 2005
Dhungel, Dwarika N. and Pun, Santa B.: The Nepal-India Water Relationship: Challenges Kathmandu: Springer Science + Business B.V., 2009
Dixit, J. N.: India’s Foreign Policy: 1947-2003 New Delhi: Picus Books, 2003
----------: India’s Foreign Policy and Its Neighbours New Delhi: Gyan PublishingHouse, 2001
----------: India Foreign Service: History and Challenge Delhi: Konark Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 2005
Domroes, Manfred (ed): Translating Development: The Case of Nepal New Delhi: Social Science Press, 2003
Feinberg, Richard E. and Avakov, Ratchik M. (ed): U.S. and Soviet Aid to Developing Countries : From Confrontation to Cooperation New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1991
Gaan, Narottam: Environmental Degradation and Conflict: The Case of Bangladesh-India New Delhi: South Asian Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 1998
Ganguly, Sumit (ed): South Asia New York: New York University Press, 2006
Gautam Shobha: Women and Children in the Periphery of People’s War Kathmandu: Institute of Human Rights Communications, 2001
George, Sundir Jacob (ed): Intra and Inter-State Conflicts in South Asia New Delhi: South Asian Publishers Pvt Ltd., 2001
Ghassemi, Fereidoun and White, Ian: Inter-Basin Water Transfer: Case Studies from Australia, United States, Canada, China and India Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007
Ghosh, Sucheta: The Role of India in the Emergence of Bangladesh Calcutta: Minerva Associates, 1983
Ghosh, Partha S.: BJP and the Evolution of Hindu Nationalism: From Periphery to Center New Delhi: Manohar Publishers & Distributors, 1999
Gregor, A. James: The Search for Neofascism: The Use and Abuse of Social Science New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006
Guess, George M.: The Politics of the United States Foreign Aid New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1987
Gurung, Harka, Ananda Aditya, Surendra K.C., Chuda Bahadur Shrestha and Sudheer Sharma: An Overview of Recent Armed Conflict in Nepal Kathmandu: New Era, 2001
Gyawali, Dipak: Rivers, Technology and Society: Learning the Lessons of Water Management in Nepal New York: Zed Books Ltd, 2003
Hachhethu, Krishna: Party Building in Nepal: Organization, Leadership and People Kathmandu: Mandala Book Print, 2002
Hagerty, Devin T. (ed): South Asia in World Politics Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2006
Hasan, Zoya (ed): Parties and Party Politics in India Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002
Hellman, Donald C (ed): Southern Asia: The Politics of Poverty and Peace: Critical Choices for Americans Lexington: Lexington Books, 1976
Hettne, Bj?rn, Inotai, András and Sunkel, Osvaldo (ed): The New Regionalism and The Future of Security and Development New York: St. Martin’s Press, Inc., 2000
Husain, Asad: British India’s Relations with the Kingdom of Nepal 1857-1947: A Diplomatic History of Nepal New Delhi: George Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1970
Hydropolitics in the Third World: Conflict and Cooperation in International River Basins Washington: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1999
Ingram, Helen: Water Politics: Continuity and Change New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press, 1990
Iyer, Ramaswamy R.: Water: Perspectives, Issues, Concerns New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2003
Jacques, Kathryn: Bangladesh, India and Pakistan: International Relations and Regional Tensions in South Asia New York: St. Martin’s Press, Inc., 2000
Jawaid, Sohail: The Naxalite Movement in India (Origin and Failure of the Maoist Revolutionary Strategy in West Bengal, 1967-1971) New Delhi: Associated Publishing House, 1979
Jha, Nalini Kant: Domestic Imperatives in India’s Foreign Policy New Delhi: South Asian Publishers Pvt Ltd., 2002
Jha, Raj Kumar: The Himalayan Kingdom in Indian Foreign Policy Ranchi: Maitryee Publications, 1986
Joshi, B. L. and Rose, Leo E.: Democratic Innovations in Nepal Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966
Joshi, P. C.: Marxism and Social Revolution in India and Other Essays (2ed edition)New Delhi: Manak Publications Pvt. Ltd., 2002
Just, Richard and Netanyahu, Sinaia (ed): Conflict and Cooperation on Trans-Boundary Water Resources Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998
Kalpakian, Jack: Identity, Conflict and Cooperation in International River Systems Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2004
Kapur, Ashok and Wilson, A. Jeyaratnam: Foreign Policies of India and Her Neighbours New York: ST. Martin’s Press, Inc., 1996
Karki, Arjun and Seddon, David: The People’s War in Nepal: Left Perspectives Delhi: Konark Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 2003
Khadka, Narayan: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd., 1997
Kher, R. S.: SAARC: Political and Economic Aspects New Delhi: Dominant Publishers and Distributors, 2004
Lal, Rollie: Understanding China and India: Security Implications for the United States and the World CT: Praeger Security International, 2006
Lawoti, Mahendra: Towards a Democratic Nepal: Inclusive Political Institutions for a Multicultural Society New Delhi: Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd., 2005
Lehmann, Jennifer M. and Dahms, Harry F. (ed): Globalization between the Cold War and Neo-imperialism San Diego: Elsevier Ltd., 2006
Malik, Hafeez (ed): Determinants of National Security and Cooperation in India and Pakistan New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993
Masood, Ross: Towards a New Regional Order in South Asia Delhi: Media House, 2004 McGuire, John and Copland Ian (ed): Hindu Nationalism and Governance Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007
Meredith, Robyn: The Elephant and The Tiger: The Rise of India and China and What It Means for All of Us New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2007
Mihaly, B. E.: Foreign Aid and Politics in Nepal: A Case Study London: Oxford University Press, 1965
Mohanty, Manoranjan: Revolutionary Violence: A Study of the Maoist Movement in India New Delhi: Sterling Publishers Pvt, Ltd., 1977
Morawetz, David: Twenty-Five Years of Economic Development: 1950-1975 Washington D.C.: The World Bank, 1977
Mukherjee, Arun Prosad: Maoist‘Spring Thunder’: The Naxalite Movement (1967-1972) Kolkata: K P Bagchi & Company, 2007
Muni, S.D. (ed): India and Nepal: A Changing Relationship Delhi: Konark Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 1995
----------: Nepal: An Assertive Monarchy New Delhi: Chetana Publications, 1977
----------: Maoist Insurgency in Nepal: The Challenge and the Response New Delhi: Rupa & Co., 2003
Nanda, B. R. (ed) : Indian Foreign Policy: the Nehru Years New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd., 1976
Narayan, Shriman: India and Nepal: An Exercise in Open Diplomacy Kathmandu: CEDA, 1987
Pandey, Nishchal Nath: Nepal’s Maoist Movement and Implications for India and China New Delhi: Manohar Publishers & Distributors, 2005
Pathak, Bishnu: Politics of People’s War and Human Rights in Nepal Kathmandu: BIMIPA Publications, 2005
Paul, T. V., Wirtz, James J. and Fortmann, Michel (ed): Balance of Power: Theory and Practice in the 21st Century Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004
Pearce, Fred: When the Rivers Run Dry: Water---The Defining Crisis of the Twenty-First Century Boston: Beacon Press, 2006
Pillai, K. Raman: Indian Foreign Policy in the 1990s New Delhi: Radiant Publishers, 1997
Postel, S.: Troubled Waters Science March NY Academy of Sciences, 2001
----------: The Last Oasis: Facing Water Scarcity New York: WW Norton, 1997
----------: Pillar of Sand: Can the Irrigation Miracle Last? New York: WW Norton, 1999
Pradhan, Bishwa: Nepal: A Peace Zone Kathmandu: Printhouse, 1982
----------: Diplomatic Strategy for Nepal Kathmandu: Mrs. Durga DeviPradhan, 2003
Prasad, Bimal (ed): India’s Foreign Policy: Studies in Continuity and Change New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd., 1979
Puri, Geeta: Hindutva Politics in India: Genesis, Political Strategies and Growth of Bharatiya Janata Party New Delhi: UBS Publishers’Distributors Pvt. Ltd., 2005
Rajbahak, Ram Prasad: Nepal-India Open Border: A Bond of Shared Aspirations New Delhi: Lancer Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 1992
Ramakant and Upreti, B. C.: India and Nepal: Aspects of Interdependent Relations Delhi: Kalinga Publications, 2001
Rashid, Harun Ur: Foreign Relations of Bangladesh Varanasi: Rishi Publications, 2001
----------: Indo-Bangladesh Relations: An Insider’s View New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications Pvt Ltd., 2002
Saha Rekha: India-Bangladesh Relations Calcutta: Minerva Associations (Publications) Pvt. Ltd., 2000
Sharma, R. R. (ed): India and Emerging Asia New Delhi: Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd., 2005
Shukla Vatsala: India’s Foreign Policy in the New Millennium: the Role of Power New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, 2006
Siddiqi, M.: India & SAARC Nations New Delhi: Maxford Books, 2006
Sigdel, Bama Dev: Nepal’s Relation with Japan and China Kathmandu: Hishi Offset Printers (P) Ltd, 2003
Singh, Abhay Kumar: India and Bangladesh Delhi: Anmol Publications, 1987
Singh, Gopal and Chauhan, Rameshk (ed): South Asia Today New Delhi: Anamika Publishers & Distributors (P) Ltd., 2005
Singh, S. (ed): Dynamics of Indian Foreign Policy New Delhi: Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd., 2006
----------: India and China: Mutual Relations New Delhi: Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd., 2006
Singh, Shiva Bahadur: Indo-Nepalese Relations: Discord and Harmony Varanasi: GangaKaver Publishing House, 1994
Singh, S. N.: The Yogi and the Bear: A Study of Indo-Soviet Relations New Delhi: Allied Publishers, 1986
Skerry, Christa A, Moran Kerry and Calavan, Kay M.: Four Decades of Development: The History of U.S. Assistance to Nepal (1951-1991) Kathmandu: USAID, 1991
Srestha, Ananda P. and Uprety, Hari: Cost of Armed Conflict in Nepal Kathmandu: Nepal Foundation for Advanced Studies (NEFAS), 2005
Thakurta, Paranjoy Guha and Raghuraman: A Time of Coalitions: Divided We Stand New Delhi: SAGE Publications, 2004
Thapa, Deepak (ed): Understanding the Maoist Movement of Nepal Kathmandu: Martin Chautari Center for Social Research and Development, 2003
Thapa, Deepak and Sijapati, Bandita: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996-2004 Kathmandu: Printhouse, 2004
The State of Human Rights in Ten Asian Nations-2005 Asian Human Rights Commission 2005
Upadhyaya, Chandralekha: India’s Foreign Policy: A Study in South Asian Perspective Delhi: Independent Publishing Company, 2003
Upreti, B. C.: Politics of Himalayan River Waters Jaipur and New Delhi: Nirala Publications, 1993
Upreti, B. C., Sharma, Mohan Lal and Kaushik, S. N.: India’s Foreign Policy: Emerging Challenges and Paradigms (Vol. 1 and 2) Delhi: Kalinga Publications, 2003
Upreti, Bishnu Raj: The Price of Neglect: From Resource Conflict to Maoist Insurgency in the Himalayan Kingdom Kathmandu: Bhrikuti Academic Publications, 2004
Verma, L. R. (ed): Natural Resources and Development in Himalaya New Delhi: Malhotra Publishing House, 2000
Wood, John R.: The Politics of Water Resource Development in India: The Narmada Dams Controversy New Delhi: Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd, 2007
Zartman, William and Rubin, Jeffery Z. (ed): Power and Negotiation Michigan: The University of Michigan Press, 2000
Ziring, Lawrence: Bangladesh From Mujib to Ershad Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1992
Aksoy, M. Ataman and Helena Tang:“Imports , exports , and industrial performance in India , 1970-88”, available at www.brookings.edu/views/papers/20060803india.pdf
Andersen, Walter:“South Asia Opens Up”, available at: http://www.sais-jhu.edu/pressroom/publications/saisphere/2007/andersen.htm
Andersen, Walter and Consolatore, Daniel:“South Asia Plays the Energy Game--Facing Off: The Region’s Booming Economies, Led by India. Will Cooperation or Competition Be the Winning Strategy?”available: http://www.sais-jhu.edu/pressroom/publications/saisphere/2005/andersen-consolatore.htm
Basnyat, Khilendra:“Bilateral Negotiation Needed”, available at http://www.nepalnews.com.np/contents/englishdaily/trn/2003/mar/mar22/features1.htm
Bhattarai, Binod:“Arun III is back: This time it is bigger, cheaper and being built by a foreign private investor”, available at: http://www.nepalitimes.com.np/issue/2000/07/19/Business/11083
Dahal, Rajendra:“From Darkness to Light”, available at http://www.himalmag.com/2007/september/india_hydropower.htm
Easterly, William:“Can Institutions Resolve Ethnic Conflict”, available at http://www.nyu.edu/fas/institute/dri/Easterly/File/can%20institutions%20resolve%20ethnic%20conflict.pdf
Escher, Alfred:“World Bank Withdraws from Arun III Project at Inspection Panel's
Recommendation”, available at http://www.wcl.american.edu/hrbrief/v3i1/wldbnk31.htm
Gautam, Upendra:“China-South Asia political relations: A view from Nepal”, available at http://nation.ittefaq.com/artman/publish/article_24622.shtml
Kumar,Rakesh, Singh, R. D. & Sharma, K. D.:“Water Resources of India”, Current Science, Vol 89, No. 5, 2005, pp794-795 (Roorkee: National Institute of Hydrology), available: http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/sep102005/794.pdf,
Nepal, B. H.:“Managing Nepalese Waters”, available at http://www.southasianmedia.net/Magazine/Journal/8_nepalese_water.htm,
Nepal, Mani、Alok K. Bohara & Kishore Gawande:“Inequality, Polarization and Violent Conflict: The Maoist Insurgency in Nepal”, available at https://repository.unm.edu/dspace/handle/1928/3295
Singh, Bhartendu Kumar:“Nepal poses policy challenges for India”, available at: http://www.indiapost.com/article/perspective/2714/
Sharma, Sushil:“Nepal Row Over US Support”, available at:https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south-asia/1564467.stm
Shrestha, Ratna Sansar:“Arun III Project: Nepal’s Electricity Crisis and it’s Role in Current Load Shedding and the Potential Role 10 Years Hence”, available at http://nepaliperspectives.blogspot.com/2009/03/arun-iii-project-nepals-electricity.html
Tiwari, Bishwa Nath:“An Assessment of the Causes of Conflict in Nepal”; available at: https://repository.unm.edu/dspace/handle/1928/3294
Pandey, Nishchal Nath:“Nepal’s Maoist Movement and Implications for India and China”, available at http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0QLQ/is_2006_Feb/ai_n16068663/
Parwez, Shahid Md.:“An Empirical Analysis of the Conflict in Nepal”, available at: http://igov.berkeley.edu/workingpapers/series2/No12_Iyer.pdf, “History of the Republic of India”, available at : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_India
“Nepal: Dealing With A Human Rights Crisis, Asia Report N°94– 24 March 2005, International Crisis Group, available at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/asia/south_asia/094_nepal_dealing_with_a_human_rights_crisis.pdf
“Nepal: Electing Chaos”, Asia Report N°111– 31 January 2006, International Crisis Group, available at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/asia/south_asia/111_nepal_electing_chaos.pdf
“Nepal: From People Power to Peace?, Asia Report N°115– 10 May 2006, International Crisis Group, available at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/asia/south_asia/115_nepal_from_people_power_to_peace.pdf
“Nepal Relations with China”, available at: http://www.country-studies.com/nepal/china.html “Nepal’s Constitutional Process”, Asia Report N°128– 26 February 2007, International Crisis Group, available at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/asia/south_asia/128_nepal_s_constitutional_process.pdf
“Nepal’s Election and Beyond”, Asia Report N°149– 2 April 2008, International Crisis Group, available at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/asia/south_asia/149_nepal_s_election_and_beyond.pdf
“Nepal’s Election: A Peaceful Revolution?”, Asia Report N°155– 3 July 2008, International Crisis Group, available at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/asia/south_asia/155_nepal_s_elections___a_peaceful_revolution.pdf
“Nepal's Hindu King Makes Royal Visit to US: King Birendra and Queen Aishwarya, MonarchsFor 13 Million Hindus, Meet President Ronald Reagan”, available at: http://www.hinduismtoday.com/archives/1984/01/1984-01-04.shtml
“Nepal’s Maoists: Purists or Pragmatists?”, Asia Report N°132– 18 May 2007, International Crisis Group, available at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/asia/south_asia/132_nepal_s_maoists___purists_or_pragmatists.pdf
“Nepal’s Maoists: Their Aims, Structure and Strategy”, Asia Report N°104– 27 October 2005, International Crisis Group, available at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/asia/south_asia/104_nepal_s_maoists_their_aims_structure_and_strategy.pdf
“Nepal’s New Alliance: The Mainstream Parties and the Maoists”, Asia Report N°106– 28 November 2005, International Crisis Group, available at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/asia/south_asia/106_nepal_s_new_alliance_the_mainstream_parties_and_the_maoists.pdf
“Nepal’s New Political Landscape”, Asia Report N°156– 3 July 2008, International Crisis Group, available at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/asia/south_asia/156_nepal_s_new_political_landscape.pdf
“Nepal’s Peace Agreement: Making It Work”, Asia Report N°126– 15 December 2006, International Crisis Group, available at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/asia/south_asia/126_nepals_peace_agreement___making_it_work.pdf
“Nepal’s Royal Coup: Making A Bad Situation Worse”, Asia Report N°91 -- 9 February 2005, International Crisis Group, available at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/asia/south_asia/091_nepal_royal_coup_making_a_bad_situation_worse.pdf
“Towards A Lasting Peace in Nepal: The Constitutional Issues”, Asia Report N°99– 15 June 2005, International Crisis Group, available at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/asia/south_asia/099_towards_a_lasting_peace_in_nepal_the_constitutional_issues.pdf
http://www.brookings.edu/
http://www.rand.org/
http://www.nbr.org/
http://www.aasianst.org/
http://www.csis.org/pacfor/
http://nepalstudycenter.unm.edu/
http://www.einaudi.cornell.edu/southasia/
http://www.sais-jhu.edu/
http://www.wilsoncenter.org/
http://www.iiss.org/
http://www.crisisgroup.org/
http://en.wikipedia.org/
①S. Singh: Dynamics of Indian Foreign Policy (New Delhi: Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd., 2006), p17
②Ram Prasad Rajbahak:Nepal-India Open Border: A Bond of Shared Aspirations( New Delhi: Lancer Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 1992), p39
①Shiva Bahadur Singh: Indo-Nepalese Relations: Discord and Harmony (Varanasi: Ganga Kaveri Publishing House, 1994), p21
②Ibid, pp39-71
①S.S. Negi: Himalayan Rivers, Lakes and Glaciers (New Delhi: Indus Publishing Company, 1999), pp9-11
②Avtar Singh Bhasin (ed): Nepal-India, Nepal-China Relations: Documents, 1947-2005 June (New Delhi: Geetika Publishers, 2005), pXII
③Rakesh Kumar, R. D. Singh & K. D. Sharma: Water Resources of India, Current Science, Vol 89, No. 5, 2005, pp794-795 (Roorkee: National Institute of Hydrology), available: http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/sep102005/794.pdf, accessed on December 26th, 2008
④Ibid
⑤Ibid
①Fred Pearce: When the Rivers Run Dry: Water—The Defining Crisis of the 21st Century (Boston: Beason Press, 2006), pp36-37
②Rakesh Kumar, R. D. Singh & K. D. Sharma: Water Resources of India, Current Science, Vol 89, No. 5, 2005, pp794-795 (Roorkee: National Institute of Hydrology), available: http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/sep102005/794.pdf, accessed on December 26th, 2008
③Dr B. H. Nepal: Managing Nepalese Waters, available at http://www.southasianmedia.net/Magazine/Journal/8_nepalese_water.htm, accessed on March 4th , 2008
①Narayan Khadka: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal, New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd., 1997, p109,p127
②2003年4月,美国将尼共(毛主义)收入“2002年全球恐怖组织形态”报告中的“其他恐怖组织”一列;2003年11月,美国政府宣布将按照13224号执行法案对镇压尼共(毛主义)的行为提供财政援助,原因就是后者的“若干行为构成了对美国友好的国家之稳定的威胁,并对美国国民、美国的国家安全和对外政策利益构成威胁;2004年4月,尼共(毛主义)被收入“消除恐怖主义名单”。参见Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: Printhouse, 2004), pp189-191
③《美印紧盯尼泊尔政局变化担心新政府倒向中国》,2008年4月28日,环球时报,http://news.eastday.com/w/20080428/u1a3558763.html,最近查询,2008年9月1日
④《中国与尼泊尔的关系》,东方网,http://news.eastday.com/epublish/gb/paper134/36/class013400004/hwz400855.htm,最近查询,2008年9月9日
①尼兰詹·巴塔拉伊著,刘建、王宏纬、陈明、马维光译:《尼泊尔与中国》,天津人民出版社,2007,第161页
②《美印紧盯尼泊尔政局变化担心新政府倒向中国》,2008年4月28日,环球时报,http://news.eastday.com/w/20080428/u1a3558763.html,最近查询,2008年9月1日
①参见下述文章:Mani Nepal、Alok K. Bohara & Kishore Gawande:“Inequality, Polarization and Violent Conflict: The Maoist Insurgency in Nepal”, available at https://repository.unm.edu/dspace/handle/1928/3295 accessed on June 8th, 2008; Bishwa Nath Tiwari:“An Assessment of the Causes of Conflict in Nepal”; available at: https://repository.unm.edu/dspace/handle/1928/3294, accessed on June 8th, 2008
②参见下述文章:William Easterly:“Can Institutions Resolve Ethnic Conflict”, available at http://www.nyu.edu/fas/institute/dri/Easterly/File/can%20institutions%20resolve%20ethnic%20conflict.pdf, accessed on February 22nd, 2009; Nishchal Nath Pandey:“Nepal’s Maoist Movement and Implications for India and China”, available at http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0QLQ/is_2006_Feb/ai_n16068663/, accessed on February 22nd, 2009; Shahid Md. Parwez:“An Empirical Analysis of the Conflict in Nepal”, available at: http://igov.berkeley.edu/workingpapers/series2/No12_Iyer.pdf, accessed on February 22nd, 2009
③Walter Andersen:“South Asia Opens Up”, available at: http://www.sais-jhu.edu/pressroom/publications/saisphere/2007/andersen.htm, accessed on May 11th, 2008
①Walter Andersen and Daniel Consolatore:“South Asia Plays the Energy Game——Facing Off: The Region’s Booming Economies, Led by India. Will Cooperation or Competition Be the Winning Strategy?”, available at http://www.sais-jhu.edu/pressroom/publications/saisphere/2005/andersen-consolatore.htm, accessed on May 16th, 2008
①Dr B. H. Nepal:“Managing Nepalese Waters”, available at http://www.southasianmedia.net/Magazine/Journal/8_nepalese_water.htm, accessed on March 4th , 2008
②Rajendra Dahal:“From Darkness to Light”, available at http://www.himalmag.com/2007/september/india_hydropower.htm, accessed on March 4th, 2008
③Khilendra Basnyat:“Bilateral Negotiation Needed”, available at http://www.nepalnews.com.np/contents/englishdaily/trn/2003/mar/mar22/features1.htm, accessed on March 4th, 2008
①,Dipak Gyawali:Rivers, Technology and Society: Learning the Lessons of Water Management in Nepal (New York: Zed Books Ltd, 2003), p179
①古印度佛教遗址,相传是释迦牟尼的故乡。也译作劫比罗伐窣堵、迦毗罗婆苏都、迦毗罗蟠窣都、迦毗罗、迦毗梨等。意译妙德城、黄头居处等。中国的法显、玄奘都曾到过此城,但两人对它的位置的记述有所不同。近代以来,虽经专家努力探索,但至今未能确定其原址。参见中国百科网,http://www.chinabaike.com/article/baike/fj/zg/2008/200803301305782.html
②龙树菩萨是大乘佛教的创始人。
③Shiva Bahadur Singh: Indo-Nepalese Relations: Discord and Harmony (Varanasi: Ganga Kaveri Publishing House, 1994), p7
④Ibid
①Shiva Bahadur Singh: Indo-Nepalese Relations: Discord and Harmony (Varanasi: Ganga Kaveri Publishing House, 1994), p9
②参见王宏纬主编:《尼泊尔》,社会科学文献出版社,2004年版,第27-29页。
③Walter Andersen:“South Asia Opens Up”, available at: http://www.sais-jhu.edu/pressroom/publications/saisphere/2007/andersen.htm, accessed on May 11th, 2008
①王宏纬著:《尼泊尔——人民和文化》,昆仑出版社,2007年版,第174页。
②王宏纬主编:《尼泊尔》,社会科学文献出版社,2004年版,第69页。
③Kalim Bahadur and Mahendra P Lama (ed): New Perspectives on India-Nepal Relations(New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications, 1995), p62
①Shiva Bahadur Singh: Indo-Nepalese Relations: Discord and Harmony (Varanasi: Ganga Kaveri Publishing House, 1994), p12
②Indu Bala: Compulsions of a Lank-Locked State: A Study of Nepal-India Relations (New Delhi: Batra Book Service, 2001), p29
③Ibid, p31
①参见Baral, Lok Raj:“Nepal Migration to India: Nature, Pattern and Consequence”, Upreti, B.C.: Indian Migration to Nepal: Nature, Role and Consequence”, India and Nepal: Aspects of Interdependent Relations by Ramakant and B.C. Upreti (Delhi: Kalinga Publications, 2001), pp65-87
②Ram Prasad Rajbahak: Nepal-India Open Border: A Bond of Shared Aspirations (New Delhi: Lancer Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 1992), p48
①Gopal Singh and Rameshk Chauhan (ed): South Asia Today (New Delhi: Anamika Publishers & Distributors (P) Ltd., 2005), p91
②Metha, Ram S.:“Security and Political Environment”, India-Nepal Relations: Challege Ahead, Observer Research Foundation (New Delhi: Rupa & Co, 2004), p22
③Shiva Bahadur Singh: Indo-Nepalese Relations: Discord and Harmony (Varanasi: Ganga Kaveri Publishing House, 1994), p16
①Shiva Bahadur Singh: Indo-Nepalese Relations: Discord and Harmony (Varanasi: Ganga Kaveri Publishing House, 1994), pp12-13
①《第三届世界水论坛国家报告——尼泊尔》,水信息网,http://www.hwcc.com.cn/newsdisplay/newsdisplay.asp?Id=110208,最近查询:2009年4月29日
②Avtar Singh Bhasin (ed): Nepal-India, Nepal-China Relations: Documents, 1947-2005 June (New Delhi: Geetika Publishers, 2005), pXII
③薛克翘:《中国与南亚文化交流志》,上海人民出版社,1998年版,第5页。
①刘必权:《尼泊尔》,福建人民出版社,2004年版,第9、10页。
②王宏纬主编:《尼泊尔》,社会科学文献出版社,2004年版,第16页。
③Dr B. H. Nepal: Managing Nepalese Waters, available at http://www.southasianmedia.net/Magazine/Journal/8_nepalese_water.htm, accessed on March 4th , 2008
①Dr B. H. Nepal: Managing Nepalese Waters, available at http://www.southasianmedia.net/Magazine/Journal/8_nepalese_water.htm, accessed on March 4th , 2008
①以上数据参见《第三届世界水论坛国家报告——尼泊尔》,水信息网,http://www.hwcc.com.cn/newsdisplay/newsdisplay.asp?Id=110208,K. D. Adhikary et al: Cooperation on the Eastern Himalayan Rivers: Opportunities and Challenges (Delhi: Konark Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 2000)
②横亘于南亚次大陆北部,是位于喜马拉雅山南麓并约略与之平行的低矮山脉,属于喜马拉雅山脉的支脉,海拔600-1500米,由第三纪砂页岩组成。北与喜马拉雅山主脉平行;南从印度河和恒河平原抬升,山势陡峻。自印度锡金邦蒂斯塔河(Tista)向西北方向延伸,经尼泊尔、印度西北部进入巴基斯坦北部;全长1600公里。该山脉在尼泊尔境内的部分楚里亚山脉(Chruia Range)。
③Dwarika N. Dhungel:“Nepal-India Water Resources Relationship: Looking Ahead”, India-Nepal Relations: Challege Ahead, Observer Research Foundation (New Delhi: Rupa & Co, 2004), pp177-178
①以上数据参见《第三届世界水论坛国家报告——尼泊尔》,水信息网,http://www.hwcc.com.cn/newsdisplay/newsdisplay.asp?Id=110208,最近查询:2009年4月29日
②Koshi River, available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosi_River, accessed on December 10th, 2008
①王宏纬主编:《尼泊尔》,社会科学文献出版社,2004年版,第17页。
①Gandaki River, available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandaki_River, accessed on December 19th, 2008
②刘必权:《尼泊尔》,福建人民出版社,2004年版,第19页。
①Gandaki River, available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandaki_River, accessed on December 19th, 2008
②王宏纬主编:《尼泊尔》,社会科学文献出版社,2004年版,第18页。
③Gandaki River, available: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/225166/Gandak-River, accessed on December 19th, 2008
①Gandaki River, available: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/225166/Gandak-River, accessed on December 19th, 2008
②刘必权:《尼泊尔》,福建人民出版社,2004年版,第19页。
③Karnali River, available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnali_River, accessed on December 23th, 2008
④王宏纬主编:《尼泊尔》,社会科学文献出版社,2004年版,第19页。
①Karnali River, available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnali_River, accessed on December 23th, 2008
②Mahakali encyclopedia, available: http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Mahakali-river, accessed on December 23ed, 2008
③玛雍旁错湖是位于中国西藏自治区内的一个淡水湖,距离自治区首府拉萨市约2000公里,西面是拉昂错湖(Lake Rakshastal),北面是凯拉什峰(Mount Kailash),是世界上海拔最高的大淡水湖。
④利普勒科山口位于中印边界,通往西藏地区,距离卡拉帕尼17公里。
⑤焦尔及比因在此举行的一年一度的商品交易会而闻名。
①Sarda river, available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarda_River, accessed on November 16th, 2008
②亚洲2007年人均GDP国际货币基金组织预测排名,http://tieba.baidu.com/f?kz=128731788,最近查询2008年12月17日
①《印度面临长期缺水危机》,山东黄河网,http://www.sdhh.gov.cn/news/Article_Print.asp?ArticleID=801,最近查询,2008年12月21日
②Rakesh Kumar, R. D. Singh & K. D. Sharma: Water Resources of India, Current Science, Vol 89, No. 5, 2005, pp794-795 (Roorkee: National Institute of Hydrology), available: http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/sep102005/794.pdf, accessed on December 26th, 2008
①以上数据参见Rakesh Kumar, R. D. Singh & K. D. Sharma: Water Resources of India, Current Science, Vol 89, No. 5, 2005, pp794-795 (Roorkee: National Institute of Hydrology), available: http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/sep102005/794.pdf, accessed on December 26th, 2008
②M. Lal: Climate change—Implications for India’s water resources, J. India Water Res. Soc., 2001, 21, pp102-103
③Rakesh Kumar, R. D. Singh & K. D. Sharma: Water Resources of India, Current Science, Vol 89, No. 5, 2005, pp794-795 (Roorkee: National Institute of Hydrology), available: http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/sep102005/794.pdf, accessed on December 26th, 2008
①莫德·巴洛、托尼·克拉克著,张岳、卢莹译:《水资源战争——向窃取世界水资源德公司宣战》,当代中国出版社,2008年版,第11页。②Fred Pearce: When the Rivers Run Dry: Water—The Defining Crisis of the 21st Century (Boston: Beason Press, 2006), pp36-37
①Rakesh Kumar, R. D. Singh & K. D. Sharma: Water Resources of India, Current Science, Vol 89, No. 5, 2005, pp794-795 (Roorkee: National Institute of Hydrology), available: http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/sep102005/794.pdf, accessed on December 26th, 2008
②Ibid
③《水资源印度引发危机》,中国自动化网,http://www.ca800.com/news/html/2008-4-16/n82126.html,最近查询:2008年12月20日
④《印度面临长期缺水危机》,山东黄河网,http://www.sdhh.gov.cn/news/Article_Print.asp?ArticleID=801,最近查询,2008年12月21日
⑤Rakesh Kumar, R. D. Singh & K. D. Sharma: Water Resources of India, Current Science, Vol 89, No. 5, 2005, p796 (Roorkee: National Institute of Hydrology), available: http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/sep102005/794.pdf, accessed on December 26th, 2008
⑥Rakesh Kumar, R. D. Singh & K. D. Sharma: Water Resources of India, Current Science, Vol 89, No. 5, 2005, pp794-795 (Roorkee: National Institute of Hydrology), available: http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/sep102005/794.pdf, accessed on December 26th, 2008
①Rajendra Dahal: From Darkness to Light, available at http://www.himalmag.com/2007/september/india_hydropower.htm, accessed on March 4th, 2008
②《印度“第十一个五年(2007-2012年)计划”能源政策评析》,江西省科学网,http://www.cn1n.com/world/in/2007429/2375018688.htm,最近查询:2008年12月31日
③魏中海,王秋成,《印度能源战略》,http://www.dygbzy.com/html/hqss/2006-6/5/14_34_20_761.html,最近查询:2008年12月31日
①魏中海,王秋成,《印度能源战略》,http://www.dygbzy.com/html/hqss/2006-6/5/14_34_20_761.html,最近查询:2008年12月31日
②文建:《印度出台能源安全新政策,倡导使用清洁可再生能源》,新华网,http://news.hexun.com/2008-12-27/112825984.html
③Walter Andersen & Daniel Consolatore: South Asia Plays the Energy Game--Facing Off: The Region’s Booming Economies, Led by India. Will Cooperation or Competition Be the Winning Strategy? available: http://www.sais-jhu.edu/pressroom/publications/saisphere/2005/andersen-consolatore.htm, accessed on May 16th, 2008
①盛愉、周岗著:《现代国际水法概论》,法律出版社,1986年版,第12页。
②朱和海著:《中东,为水而战》,世界知识出版社,2007年版,第12页。
①有关联合博弈的相关内容,参见Lynee L. Bennett, Shannon E. Ragland and Peter Yolles:“Facilitating International Agreements through an Interconnected Game Approach: The Case of River Basins”, Conflict and Cooperation on Trans-Boundary Water Resources, Richard Just and Sinaia Netanyahu eds (Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998), pp61-88
①Dwarika N. Dhungel:“Nepal-India Water Resources Relationship: Looking Ahead”, India-Nepal Relations: Challege Ahead, Observer Research Foundation (New Delhi: Rupa & Co, 2004), p2
②Ibid, pp178-179
③Dipak Gyawali:“Nepal-India Water Resource Relation”, Power and Negotiation, I. William Zartman and late Jeffery Z. Rubin eds (Michigan: The University of Michigan Press, 2000), 129
④Dipak Gyawali:“Nepal-Indian Water Resource Relations”, Power and Negotiation, William Zartman & Jeffrey Rubin, eds (Michigan: The University of Michigan Press, 2000), p136
①Dipak Gyawali and Ajaya Dixit: The Mahakali Impasse And Indo-Nepal Water Conflict, Peace Processes and Peace Accords,Samir Kumar Das ed (New Delhi: Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd, 2005), pp256-257
②Dipak Gyawali:“Nepal-Indian Water Resource Relations”, Power and Negotiation, William Zartman & Jeffrey Rubin, eds (Michigan: The University of Michigan Press, 2000), p136
①日媒:中国阴谋利用水资源来折磨印度,http://www.wangchao.net.cn/bbsdetail_947640.html,最近查询:2008年12月31日
①罗祖栋主编:《当代尼泊尔》,中国社会科学出版社,2000年版,第31页。
①Asad Husain: British India’s Relations with the Kingdom of Nepal 1857-1947: A Diplomatic History of Nepal (New Delhi: George Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1970), p132
②张惠兰:《尼泊尔多党民主制面临困境》,载《当代亚太》,2003年第8期。
③M. D. Dharamdasani,:Nepal’s Foreign Policy (New Delhi: Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd., 2005), p26
①Raj Kumar Jha: The Himalayan Kingdoms in Indian Foreign Policy (Ranchi: Maitryee Publications, 1986), p71
①Raj Kumar Jha: The Himalayan Kingdoms in Indian Foreign Policy (Ranchi: Maitryee Publications, 1986), p59
②J.N. Dixit: India Foreign Service: History and Challenge (Delhi: Konark Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 2005), pp19-23
③Raj Kumar Jha: The Himalayan Kingdoms in Indian Foreign Policy (Ranchi: Maitryee Publications, 1986), p67
④B. L. Joshi and Leo E. Rose: Democratic Innovations in Nepal (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966), p104
①S. D. Muni: Foreign Policies of Nepal (Delhi: Sterling Publishers Pvt, Ltd., 1977), p32
②Rishikesh Shaha:“Political Culture in India and Nepal: Impact on Bilateral Relations”, India and Nepal: Aspects of Interdependent Relations, Ramakant and B.C. Upreti eds (Delhi: Kalinga Publications, 2001), p316
③Raj Kumar Jha: The Himalayan Kingdoms in Indian Foreign Policy (Ranchi: Maitryee Publications, 1986), p62
①Raj Kumar Jha: The Himalayan Kingdoms in Indian Foreign Policy (Ranchi: Maitryee Publications, 1986), p67
②Shiva Bahadur Singh: Indo-Nepalese Relations: Discord and Harmony (Varanasi: Ganga Kaveri Publishing House, 1994), p47
③1954年5月,在外交大臣D.R.雷格米的陪同下,特里布文国王来到印度,同印度领导人协商正式将两国的对外政策统一协调起来的问题。在商讨的过程中,由印度政府起草的援助备忘录被递交给尼方领导人,但最终尼泊尔政府拒绝接受。
④Raj Kumar Jha: The Himalayan Kingdoms in Indian Foreign Policy (Ranchi: Maitryee Publications, 1986), p123
①托马斯·松顿指出,对美国在南亚地区的安全利益进行评估并不在美国的全球构想之中,更不用说制定一份南亚地区的安全政策。美国的领导人,主要是在埃森豪威尔时代之前,就未曾将南亚地区作为一个政治实体来看待,而是将其视作是美国的对东南亚或是西南亚政策的一部分。参见Thomas P. Thornton:“U.S. Strategic Interests in South Asia”, Determinants of National Security and Cooperation in India and Pakistan, edited by Hafeez Malik (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993), p35
②1947年3月,美国总统杜鲁门在写给特里布文国王的信中表示:“美国承认尼泊尔的独立地位”。1947年4月25日美国与尼泊尔建交并同拉纳政府签署了《商业及友好协议》(Agreement of Commerce and Friendship),这份协议成为两国外交、商务关系的基础。协议订立了美国公民在尼泊尔应享受待遇的标准,还就两国在未来的商业往来中的非歧视性行为做出相关规定。
③吴瑕著:《俄罗斯与印度——影响世界政局的大国关系》,解放军出版社,2004年版,第96页。
④孙士海、江亦丽主编:《二战后南亚国家对外关系研究》,方志出版社,2007年版,第63页。
①Thomas P. Thornton:“U.S. Strategic Interests in South Asia”, Determinants of National Security and Cooperation in India and Pakistan, edited by Hafeez Malik (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993), p35
②颜从文:《美国与尼泊尔关系升温之原因探悉及展望》,载《南亚季刊研究》,2003年第1期。
③Narayan Khadka: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd, 1997), pp125-127
①Narayan Khadka: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd, 1997), p205
②Narayan Khadka: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd, 1997), p205
③Koshi River, available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosi_River, [accessed on December 10th, 2008]
①Dipak Gyawali:“Nepal-India Water Resource Relation”, Power and Negotiation, I. William Zartman and late Jeffery Z. Rubin eds (Michigan: The University of Michigan Press, 2000), 131
②Dipak Gyawali:“Nepal-Indian Water Resource Relations”, Power and Negotiation, edited by I. William Zartman & Jeffery Z. Rubin (Michigan: The University of Michigan Press, 2000), p142
③参见Avtar Singh Bhasin (ed): Nepal-India, Nepal-China Relations: Documents, 1947-2005 June (New Delhi: Geetika Publishers, 2005), pp1319-1325
①Raj Kumar Jha: The Himalayan Kingdoms in Indian Foreign Poicy (Ranchi: Maitryee Publications, 1986), p136
①Koshi River, available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosi_River, [accessed on December 10th, 2008]
②Avtar Singh Bhasin (ed): Nepal-India, Nepal-China Relations: Documents, 1947-2005 June (New Delhi: Geetika Publishers, 2005), pp1325-1330
③Ibid
①尼兰詹·巴塔拉伊著,刘建、王宏纬、陈明、马维光译:《尼泊尔与中国》,天津人民出版社,2007,第134页
①Deeptima Shukla:“Nepal’s Relations with India: Perception and Role of Monarchy”, India and Nepal: Aspects of Interdependent Relations, Ramakant & B.C.Upreti eds (Delhi: Kalinga Publications, 2001), pp334-336
②Shiva Bahadur Singh: Indo-Nepalese Relations: Discord and Harmony (Varanasi: Ganga Kaveri Publishing House, 1994), p50
①Deeptima Shukla:“Nepal’s Relations with India: Perception and Role of Monarchy”, India and Nepal: Aspects of Interdependent Relations, Ramakant and B.C. Upreti eds (Delhi: Kalinga Publications, p331
②尼兰詹·巴塔拉伊著,刘建、王宏纬、陈明、马维光译:《尼泊尔与中国》,天津人民出版社,2007,第134页
①M. D. Dharamdasani: India and Nepal: Big Power-Small Power Relations in South Asia (New Delhi: South Asian Publishers Pvt Ltd., 2001), p71
②Indu Bala: Compulsions of A Land-locked State: A Study of Nepal- India Relations (New Delhi: Batra Book Service, 2001), p51
③尼兰詹·巴塔拉伊著,刘建、王宏纬、陈明、马维光译:《尼泊尔与中国》,天津人民出版社,2007,第136页。
④Narayan Khadka: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal, New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd., 1997, p109,p321
⑤1953年,美国决定向巴基斯坦提供军事援助;54年5月19日,不顾尼赫鲁的坚决反对,美国同巴基斯坦签订了《巴美共同防御援助协定》(Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement),印度对此提出强烈抗议。1954年9月8日,巴基斯坦加入了以美国为首的东南亚条约组织,随后于1955年加入以英国为首的中央条约组织。印度对此非常不满,向美国和英国提出强烈抗议。
①苏联与印度于1947年4月13日正式建交。以斯大林为首的苏联领导集团对尼赫鲁领导的印度新政府在国内实行多党议会民主制,对外保留在英联邦之内的做法表示不满,认为印度走资本主义道路,奉行不结盟政策,其实是帝国主义的附庸,因而一度对印度进行过攻击性宣传,支持印共反对国大党政府的活动,两国关系十分冷淡。参见吴瑕著:《俄罗斯与印度——影响世界政局的大国关系》,解放军出版社,2004年版,第90至第122页
②Alexander deConde: A History of American Foreign Policy, Vol. II (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1978), p291
③S. Duncan:“the Soviet Union and India”, The Yogi and the Bear: A Study of Indo-Soviet Relations by S.N. Singh (New Delhi: Allied Publishers, 1986), p16
①Shiva Bahadur Singh: Indo-Nepalese Relations: Discord and Harmony (Varanasi: Ganga Kaveri Publishing House, 1994), p50
①M.D.Dharamdasani: India and Nepal: Big Powers-Small Powers Relations in South Asia (New Delhi: South Asian Publishers PVT Ltd, 2001), p51-55
②Raj Kumar Jha: The Himalayan Kingdoms in Indian Foreign Policy (Ranchi: Maitryee Publications, 1986), p198
①M.D.Dharamdasani: India and Nepal: Big Powers-Small Powers Relations in South Asia (New Delhi: South Asian Publishers PVT Ltd, 2001), p55
②Bishwa Pradhan: Diplomatic Strategy for Nepal (Kathmandu: Mrs. Durga Devi Pradhan, 2003), p152
③Ibid
④转引自王宏纬主编:《尼泊尔》,社会科学文献出版社,2004年版,第377页
⑤S.D. Muni: India and Nepal: A Changing Relationship (Delhi: Konark Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 1995), p21
⑥Kumar Jha Raj: The Himalayan Kingdom in Indian Foreign Policy (Ranchi: Maitryee Publications, 1986), p87
①Richard E.Feinberg and Ratchik M. Avakov(ed): U.S. and Soviet Aid to Developing Countries : From Confrontation to Cooperation (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1991), p12
②David Morawetz: Twenty-Five Years of Economic Development: 1950-1975 (Washington D.C.: The World Bank, 1977), p20, p78
①以上数据参见Narayan Khadka: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd, 1997), pp207-209
②孙士海、江亦丽主编:《二战后南亚国家对外关系研究》,方志出版社,2007年版,第95页。
①班纳吉(印)著:《印度通史》,商务印书馆,1972年,第741-742页。
②从地缘政治的角度来考察,印度具有得天独厚的优越条件:印度远离冷战时期两大集团冲突的中心——欧洲大陆;位于交通要冲,四通八达,既可联系中东、非洲和欧洲,又可沟通动东南亚、远东和太平洋,具有居中调节的回旋余地。尼赫鲁曾经说过,印度是东南亚和近东的门户,所以南亚、东南亚、波斯湾、西亚及印度洋地区发生的所有事情都会触及印度。没有印度参加,无法研究任何与东南亚有关的问题,远东地区也是如此。近东地区与东南亚没有直接联系,但却都与印度有关系。参见周柏青、游巧荣著:《英·甘地传》,长江文艺出版社,1997年,第168-175页。
③贾瓦哈拉尔·尼赫鲁著:《印度的发现》,世界知识出版社,1956年,第57页。
④J.N. Dixit: India’s Foreign Policy: 1947-2003 (New Delhi: Picus Books, 2003), p81
①Bharat Mohan Adhikari:“Nepal-India Economic Relations”, India-Nepal Relaitons: The Challenge Ahead, Observer Research Foundation (New Delhi: Rupa & Co, 2004), p250
②Piers Blaikie, John Cameron and David Seddon: Nepal in Crisis (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1983), p80
③S.K. Chaturvedi:“Systemic Interdependence and Role of India’s Economic Aid Towards a Sustainable Development in Nepal”, India and Nepal: Aspects of Interdependent Relations, Ramakant and B.C. Upreti eds (Delhi: Kalinga Publications, 2001), p158
①S.K. Chaturvedi:“Systemic Interdependence and Role of India’s Economic Aid Towards a Sustainable Development in Nepal”, India and Nepal: Aspects of Interdependent Relations, Ramakant and B.C. Upreti eds (Delhi: Kalinga Publications, 2001), p161
①以上数据参见Gandaki River, available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandaki_River, Gandaki River, available: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/225166/Gandak-River, accessed on December 19th, 2008
②《甘达基协议》的具体内容参见Avtar Singh Bhasin (ed): Nepal-India, Nepal-China Relations: Documents, 1947-2005 June (New Delhi: Geetika Publishers, 2005), pp1325-1330
①Bhubanesh Kumar Pradhan:“Personal Reflections: Nepal-India Water Relations”, The Nepal-India Water Relationship: Challenges, Dwarika N. Dhungel and Santa B. Pun eds (Institute for Integrated Development Studies, IIDS) (Kathmandu: Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 2009), pp247-248
②Ibid
①Bhubanesh Kumar Pradhan:“Personal Reflections: Nepal-India Water Relations”, The Nepal-India Water Relationship: Challenges, Dwarika N. Dhungel and Santa B. Pun eds (Institute for Integrated Development Studies, IIDS) (Kathmandu: Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 2009), pp247-248
②E.B. Mihaly: Foreign Aid and Politics in Nepal (London: Oxford University Press, 1965), p81
①Ram Prasad Rajbahak: Nepal-India Open Border: A Bond of Shared Aspirations (New Delhi: Lancer Publishers Pvt. Ltd.), p113
②Jagat S. Mehta:“India and Nepal Relations: A Victim of Politics”, India-Nepal Relations: The Challenge Ahead by Observer Research Foundation (New Delhi: Rupa & Co, 2004), p39
③Dwarika N. Dhungel and Santa B. Pun: The Nepal-India Water Relationship: Challenges (Kathmandu: Springer Science + Business B.V., 2009), p3
④Kumar Jha, Raj: The Himalayan Kingdom in Indian Foreign Policy (Ranchi: Maitryee Publications, 1986),p189
①G.V. Ambekar and V.D. Divekar (ed):Documents on China’s Relations with South and Southeast Asia: 1949-1962 (Bombay: Orient Longman, 1964), pp207-209
②Shiva Bahadur Singh: Indo-Nepalese Relations: Discord and Harmony (Varanasi: Ganga Kaveri Publishing House, 1994), p93
①59年宪法的序言中宣称,该宪法的宗旨是“通过建立反映人民意愿的君主制形式的政府以确保政治稳定”,国王“依据国家的传统和习惯行使尊敬的祖先留给我们的最高权力”。此外,该宪法还赋予了国王任命首席法官和其他法官及其他广泛的军事和外交方面的权力。在行政方面,该宪法规定,内阁具有对尼泊尔政府实行总的指导和管理的职责,并集体向下院负责,但同时又规定:“国家的行政权属于国王”。从这些规定可以看出,国王不仅是国家元首,也是政府的实际首脑。参见王宏纬主编:《尼泊尔》,社会科学文献出版社,2004年版,第141页。
②S.D. Muni(ed): Nepal: An Assertive Monarchy (New Delhi: Chetana Publications, 1977), p70
①Ramakant and B.C. Upreti: India and Nepal: Aspects of Interdependent Relations (Delhi: Kalinga Publications, 2001), p330
②M.D. Dharamdasani: India-Nepal Partnership and South Asian Resurgence (New Delhi: Kanishka Publishers, 2000), p61
③S.D. Muni (ed): Nepal: An Assertive Monarchy (New Delhi: Chetana Publications, 1977), p71
①评议会民主制度源于自古就存在于尼泊尔农村的“五老会”组织,即以自然村落为单位,由每个村最年长的五名男子组成议事机构,为村民排解纠纷并处理本村的一切公务,具有基层政权形式的雏形。参见王宏纬编著:《尼泊尔》,社会科学文献出版社,2004年版,第141-142页。
①Narayan Khadka: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd., 1997), p289
②即中尼公路,亦称阿尼哥公路,全长114公里,是尼泊尔与中国西藏的主要交通要道,总造价7000万尼泊尔卢比,1963年6月动工,1965年5月全线通车。
①M.D. Dharamdasani (ed): India and Nepal: Big Power-Small Power Relations in South Asia (New Delhi: South Asian Publishers Pvt Ltd, 2001), p78
②Ibid, p91
③Narayan Khadka: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd., 1997), p171
④Department of State: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958-1960, Vol. XV (South and South East Asia), Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1992), pp612-613
①E.B. Mihaly: Foreign Aid and Politics in Nepal: A Case Study (London: Oxford University Press, 1965), p122
②B.L. Joshi and Leo E. Rose: Democratic Innovations in Nepal (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966), p449
③Ibid
④Hamilton F. A rmstrong:“Where India Faces China”, Foreign Affairs, July 1959, Vol.37, No.4, p62
①Andrei I. Chekhutov, Nataliya A. Ushakova and Leon Z. Zevein: Economic Assisstance to Developing Countries”, Richard E. Feinberg and Ratchik M. Avakov (ed): U.S. and Soviet Aid to Developing Countries : From Confrontation to Cooperation (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1991), pp189-190
②Ibid, p192
①上述内容中的具体数字和时间参见Narayan Khadka: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd., 1997), Richard E. Feinberg and Ratchik M. Avakov (ed): U.S. and Soviet Aid to Developing Countries : From Confrontation to Cooperation (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1991), B. E Mihaly.: Foreign Aid and Politics in Nepal: A Case Study (London: Oxford University Press, 1965), Christa A Skerry, Kerry Moran and Kay M Calavan: Four Decades of Development: The History of U.S. Assistance to Nepal (1951-1991) (Kathmandu: USAID, 1991),王宏纬编著:《尼泊尔》(社会科学文献出版社,2004年版)等书中的相关内容。
①上述内容中的具体数字和时间参见Narayan Khadka: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd., 1997), Richard E. Feinberg and Ratchik M. Avakov (ed): U.S. and Soviet Aid to Developing Countries : From Confrontation to Cooperation (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1991), B. E Mihaly.: Foreign Aid and Politics in Nepal: A Case Study (London: Oxford University Press, 1965), Christa A Skerry, Kerry Moran and Kay M Calavan: Four Decades of Development: The History of U.S. Assistance to Nepal (1951-1991) (Kathmandu: USAID, 1991),王宏纬编著:《尼泊尔》(社会科学文献出版社,2004年版)等书中的相关内容。
①上述内容中的具体数字和时间参见Narayan Khadka: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd., 1997), Richard E. Feinberg and Ratchik M. Avakov (ed): U.S. and Soviet Aid to Developing Countries : From Confrontation to Cooperation (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1991), B. E Mihaly.: Foreign Aid and Politics in Nepal: A Case Study (London: Oxford University Press, 1965),王宏纬编著:《尼泊尔》(社会科学文献出版社,2004年版)等书中的相关内容。
②S. N. Singh.: The Yogi and the Bear: A Study of Indo-Soviet Relations (New Delhi: Allied Publishers, 1986), p201
①Bama Dev Sigdel: Nepal’s Relations with Japan and China (Kathmandu: Hishi Offset Printers (P) Ltd., 2003), pp31-32
①尼赫鲁总统于1964年5月27日逝世,随后,由国大党的吉尔扎里·拉尔·南达(Gulzari Lal Nanda)任代总理,至64年6月9日; 1964年6月9日,国大党的拉尔·巴哈杜尔·夏斯特里出任政府总理,直至其于1966年1月11日突然逝世;1966年1月11日-1966年1月24日,吉尔扎里·拉尔·南达再次出任代总理,直至英迪拉·甘地于66年1月24日成为印度联邦政府总理。
②R. S. Chauhan:“Indo-Nepalese Relations Under Indira Gandhi”, Indian Foreign Policy: The Indira Gandhi Years edited by A. K. Damodaran and U. S. Bajpai (New Delhi: Radiant Publishers, 1990), p162
③Ibid
④P. L. Bhola: Foreign Policies of India, Pakistan and China (Jaipur: Motherland Printing Press, 2001), p151
①J.N. Dixit: India’s Foreign Policy and Its Neighbours (New Delhi: Gyan Publishing House, 2001), pp120-121
②印度于1952年派遣了一支军事使团前往尼泊尔。使团的任务帮助“训练及重组尼泊尔军队”,使之现代化;1958年,使团被改编成一个军事顾问小组,这大大削弱了使团的力量;1963年,小组进一步改组并被重新命名为印度军事联络小组。除了帮助尼泊尔训练部队、提供军事方面的建议之外,联络小组的作用还包括维持印度向尼泊尔提供军事补给这方面的联系。从1947年开始,尼泊尔的武器、补给和战争原料等都来自印度。印度在62年中印边界之战中失败,借此机会,尼泊尔于1963年6月照会印度,要将自己的国防体系现代化并提高军队的战斗力。由于所需装备数量有限,印度完全可以满足尼泊尔的要求;但是,考虑到此举可能会招致中国方面的误解,印度没有提供任何的援助。随着尼印关系的不断降温,尼泊尔不希望再由印度来满足自己的军事需求,于是尼泊尔开始转向美国和英国寻求可能的军事援助,对此,印度并没有表示反对。事实上,美国和英国在得到印度理解的情况下向尼泊尔提供了武器和装备等军事援助。但另一方面,印度也同意以赠与的方式提供军火来现代化尼泊尔的武装部队,并表示“如果印度提供的赠与无法满足要求,将由英国和美国来补齐漏缺,补缺的细节问题将在合适的时间通过军事协调完成”。其实,印度的这种做法就是要变相设置一个能够完成同尼泊尔之间的军事协调的机制来取代最初的军事使团及后来的军事顾问小组、印度军事联络小组。鉴于此,尼泊尔加紧步伐多元化自己的军事供给来源。根据美、印、尼三方于1965年签署的一份协议,将由三方共同组成的一个联合委员会负责处理美国提供给尼泊尔的军事援助。再实际的操作中,印度在这个三方协议中的位置形同虚设。尼泊尔完全可以自由选择所需的军事装备的来源。对此,尼方的解释是,1950年条约和1965年协议所牵涉的只是从印度进口的军需品,对从其它渠道,比如中国进口军事用品并没有做出任何限定。
③Bama Dev Sigdel: Nepal’s Relations with Japan and China (Kathmandu: Hishi Offset Printers (P) Ltd., 2003), pp61-70
①J.N. Dixit: India’s Foreign Policy: 1947-2003 (New Delhi: Picus Books, 2003), pp91-102
②R. S. Chauhan:“Indo-Nepalese Relations Under Indira Gandhi”, Indian Foreign Policy: The Indira GandhiYears, A. K. Damodaran and U. S. Bajpai eds (New Delhi: Radiant Publishers, 1990), pp173-174
①R. S. Chauhan:“Indo-Nepalese Relations Under Indira Gandhi”, Indian Foreign Policy: The Indira Gandhi Years, A. K. Damodaran and U. S. Bajpai eds (New Delhi: Radiant Publishers, 1990), p174
②Kumar Jha, Raj: The Himalayan Kingdom in Indian Foreign Policy (Ranchi: Maitryee Publications, 1986), p169
①Dwarika Nath Dhungel:“Historical Eye View”, The Nepal-India Water Relationship: Challenges, Dwarika N. Dhungel and Santa B. Pun eds (Kathmandu: Springer Science + Business B.V., 2009), p26
②Narayan Khadka: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd., 1997), p188
①Leo E. Rose:“India’s Foreign Relations: Reassessing Basic Policies”, Marshall M. Bouton and Philip Oldenburg (ed): India Briefing (Boulder: Westview Press, 1990), p63
①Dr B. H. Nepal: Managing Nepalese Waters, available at http://www.southasianmedia.net/Magazine/Journal/8_nepalese_water.htm, accessed on March 4th , 2008
②孙士海,江亦丽主编:《二战后南亚国家对外关系研究》,方志出版社,2007年版,第64页
②孙士海,江亦丽主编:《二战后南亚国家对外关系研究》,方志出版社,2007年版,第64-25页
③吴瑕著:《俄罗斯与印度——影响世界政局的大国关系》,解放军出版社,2004年版,第128页。
①英迪拉·甘地认为印度的对外政策不能拘泥于不结盟这个词的含义,她主张独立地判断一切问题,从50年代“消极的不结盟”向“积极的不结盟”转变。。参见雷启淮主编:《当代印度》,四川人民出版社,2000年版,第367页。
②Ramakant and B.C. Upreti: India and Nepal: Aspects of Interdependent Relations (Delhi: Kalinga Publications, 2001), p92
③Ramakant and B.C. Upreti: India and Nepal: Aspects of Interdependent Relations (Delhi: Kalinga Publications, 2001), p92
①M.D. Dharamdasani: India and Nepal: Big Power-Small Power Relations in South Asia (New Delhi: South Asian Publishers Pvt Ltd., 2001), p67
①早在1955年,尼赫鲁对苏联进行国事访问的时候,苏联方面就曾提议:以签署协定的形式巩固两国之间业已建立起来的友好关系。尼赫鲁表示原则上同意签署这样一份条约,但签约时间有待商榷。后来,苏联方面又多次向印度提出签署条约的建议,但印度方面的态度始终不是很积极。参见吴瑕著:《俄罗斯与印度——影响世界政局的大国关系》,解放军出版社,2004年版,第131页。
①1971年7月,美国国家安全事务顾问基辛格访问印度时表示,假如中国干预东巴危机而引起中印之间的冲突,美国将不会给予印度任何支持。参见吴瑕著:《俄罗斯与印度——影响世界政局的大国关系》,解放军出版社,2004年版,第132页。
②S. N. Singh: The Yogi and the Bear: A Study of Indo-Soviet Relations (New Delhi: Allied Publishers, 1986), pp90-102
③吴瑕著:《俄罗斯与印度——影响世界格局的大国关系》,解放军出版社,2004年版,第135-136页。
①周柏青、游巧荣著:《英·甘地传》,长江文艺出版社,1997年版,第289页。
②吴瑕著:《俄罗斯与印度——影响世界格局的大国关系》,解放军出版社,2004年版,第136页。
①M. Ataman Aksoy and Helena Tang:“Imports , exports , and industrial performance in India , 1970-88”, available at www.brookings.edu/views/papers/20060803india.pdf, accessed on January 23rd, 2009
②“History of the Republic of India”, available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_India, accessed on February 22nd, 2009
①孙士海、江亦丽主编:《二战后南亚国家对外关系研究》,方志出版社,2007年版,第68页。
①胡格利河位于印度,是恒河的一条支流,长约260千米,它在Baharampur市附近从恒河分叉出去,向南穿越西孟加拉邦,流经双子城加尔各答和豪拉,最后注入孟加拉湾。它最有名的2条支流是Damodar河和Rupnarayan河,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooghly_River,最近查询2009年5月12日。
②Harun Ur Rashid: Indo-Bangladesh Relations: An Insider’s View (Varanasi: Rishi Publications, 2001), pp34-35
③Singh, Abhay Kumar: India and Bangladesh (Delhi: Anmol Publications, 1987), p91
①B. M. Abass: The Ganges Water Disputes (Dhaka: Vikas Publications House Pvt. Ltd., 1982), pp52-55
②Rekha Saha: India-Bangladesh Relations (Calcutta: Minerva Associates Publications Pvt. Ltd., 2000), p35
①Saha Rekha: India-Bangladesh Relations (Calcutta: Minerva Associations (Publications) Pvt. Ltd., 2000), p121
②Lawrence Ziring: Bangladesh From Mujib to Ershad (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1992), p161
③Harun Ur Rashid: Indo-Bangladesh Relations: An Insider’s View (New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications Pvt. Ltd., 2002), pp55-56
④Craig Baxter: Bangladesh: A New Nation in an Old Setting (Colorado: Westview Press Inc., 1984), p89
①Kathryn Jacques: Bangladesh, India and Pakistan: International Relations and Regional Tensions in South Asia (New York: St. Martin’s Press, Inc., 2000), p79
②Harun Ur Rashid: Indo-Bangladesh Relations: An Insider’s View (New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications Pvt. Ltd., 2002), p56
①Deeptima Shukla:“Nepal’s Relations with India: Perception and Role of Monarchy”, India and Nepal: Aspects of Interdependent Relations, by Ramakant & B.C.Upreti (Delhi: Kalinga Publications, 2001), pp336-337
②Adams, Barbara: Nepal, Crisis Unlimited: Reflections from the Crucial Years (New Delhi: Adroit Publishers, 2006), p71-78
①Ram Prasad Rajbahak: Nepal-India Open Border: A Bond of Shared Aspirations (New Delhi: Lancer Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 1992), pp131-136
②Ashok Kapur and A. Jeyaratnam Wilson: Foreign Policies of India and Her Neighbours (New York: Sr Martin’s Press, Inc., 1996), p109
③Shiva Bahadur Singh: Indo-Nepalese Relations: Discord and Harmony (Varanasi: Ganga Kaveri Publishing House, 1994), p61
①Ramakant and B.C. Upreti: India and Nepal: Aspects of Interdependent Relations (Delhi: Kalinga Publications, 2001, p73)
②L.S. Baral:“India and Nepal”, India’s Foreign Policy: Studies in Continuity and Change edited by Bimal Prasad (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd., 1979), p170
①Indu Bala: Compulsions of a Land-locked State: A Study of Nepal-India Relations (New Delhi: Batra Book Service, 2001), p91
②L.R. Baral: The Politics of Balanced Interdependence: Nepal and SAARC (New Delhi: Adroit Publications, 1988), pp29-30
③Ibid
④Bishwa Pradhan: Nepal: A Peace Zone (Kathmandu: Printhouse, 1982), pp111-114
①Bishwa Pradhan: Nepal: A Peace Zone (Kathmandu: Printhouse, 1982), pp111-114
②L.R. Baral: Nepal: Political Parties and Parliament (New Delhi: Adroit Publications, 2004), p49
①Bishwa Pradhan: Nepal: A Peace Zone (Kathmandu: Printhouse, 1982), p115
②当该计划首次被公开的时候,许多人的感觉是比兰德拉国王想得到国际上的保证,那就是在该地区爆发战争的时候,要保证这个内陆王国的独立和主权,其形式与瑞士颇为相似。一份在尼泊尔发行的英文报纸《祖国》就通过把和平区构想的本质特点刻划为“虽多次提及,但从未认真想过要将尼泊尔变成东方的瑞士”来婉转描述和平区理念的实质。但是,一些学者认为,考虑到其特殊的地理位置,经济发展的形式以及不同的历史背景,尼泊尔不能同瑞士相提并论,这样就排除了尼泊尔仿效瑞士中立模式的可能性。为了消除类似的疑虑和误解,尼首相图尔斯·吉里(Tulsi Giri)在1976年1月接受法新社的采访时曾明确表示:“尼泊尔的和平区绝不等同于中立。作为不结盟组织的一个创始国和积极成员,尼泊尔从未有过要让自己形成中立的局面的愿望,也没有要保持孤立、让自己远离世界事务的尘嚣之外的想法。我们之所以不选择中立或者是赞成中立政策的原因,可以归结至国王陛下在阿尔及利亚开会时所做的发言。不结盟峰会已经很明确地指出‘在存在允许世界上的每一个国家都能在各自所关心的问题上采取独立的立场并在完全平等的基础上参与到有着全球效应的国际问题的裁决的条件时,实现的和平的前景就能无比光明和远大’。”
③Shiva Bahadur Singh: Indo-Nepalese Relations: Discord and Harmony (Varanasi: Ganga Kaveri Publishing House, 1994), p131
①Lok Raj Baral:“Democracy and Indo-Nepalese Relations”, India-Nepal Relations: The Challenge Ahead by Observer Research Foundation (New Delhi: Rupa & Co., 2004), p67
①【尼】尼兰詹·巴塔拉伊著,刘建、王宏纬、陈明、马维光译:《尼泊尔与中国》,天津人民出版社,2007年版,第143页。
②Upendra Gautam:“China-South Asia political relations: A view from Nepal”, available at http://nation.ittefaq.com/artman/publish/article_24622.shtml, accessed on February 11st, 2009
③Kathryn Jacques: Bangladesh, India and Pakistan: International Relations and Regional Tensions in South Asia (New York: St. Martin’s Press, Inc., 2000), p72
④Mike Bowker:“Explaining Soviet Foreign Policy Behavior in the 1980s”, From Cold War to Collapse: Theory and World Politics in the 1980s ed by Robin Brown (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), p89
⑤Narayan Khadka: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal, New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd., 1997, p109,p325
⑥Shiva Bahadur Singh: Indo-Nepalese Relations: Discord and Harmony (Varanasi: Ganga Kaveri Publishing House, 1994), pp145-146
①Donald C. Hellman (ed): Southern Asia: The Politics of Poverty and Peace: Critical Choices for Americans (Lexington: Lexington Books, 1976), p6
②Narayan Khadka: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 1997), pp130-131
③Ibid
④Ibid
⑤Ibid
①Narayan Khadka: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 1997), pp130-131
②Dipak Gyawali and Ajaya Dixit:“The Mahakali Impasse And Indo-Nepal Water Conflict”, Peace Processes and Peace Accords,Samir Kumar Das ed (New Delhi: Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd, 2005), p257
①Dipak Gyawali:“Nepal-India Water Resource Relations”, Power and Negotiation edited by William Zartman and Jeffrey Z. Rubin (Michigan: The University of Michigan Press, 2000), p139
①Dwarika N. Dhungel and Santa B. Pun: The Nepal-India Water Relationship: Challenges (Kathmandu: Springer Science + Business B.V., 2009), p31
①Dwarika Nath Dhungel:“Historical Eye View”, The Nepal-India Water Relationship: Challenges, Dwarika N. Dhungel and Santa B. Pun eds (Kathmandu: Springer Science + Business B.V., 2009), p28
②Bama Dev Sigdel: Nepal’s Relations with Japan and China (Kathmandu: Hishi Offset Printers (P) Ltd., 2003), p32
③A.S. Bhasin: Nepal’s Relations with India and China: Documents 1947-1992 (Delhi: Siba Exim. Pvt. Ltd., 2002), p57
④Ibid, p61
①A.S. Bhasin: Nepal’s Relations with India and China: Documents 1947-1992 (Delhi: Siba Exim. Pvt. Ltd., 2002), p57
②K. D. Adhikary , Khalilur Rahman, G. K. Ahmad, R. Rangachari, S. K. Malla, K. B. Rasheed, Sajjadur, B. B. Pradhan and B. G. Verghese(ed): Cooperation on the Eastern Himalayan Rivers: Opportunities and Challenges (Delhi: Konark Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 2000), p167
③Ibid
①K. D. Adhikary , Khalilur Rahman, G. K. Ahmad, R. Rangachari, S. K. Malla, K. B. Rasheed, Sajjadur, B. B. Pradhan and B. G. Verghese(ed): Cooperation on the Eastern Himalayan Rivers: Opportunities and Challenges (Delhi: Konark Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 2000), p171
②Ibid
①Dwarika Nath Dhungel:“Historical Eye View”The Nepal-India Water Relationship: Challenges, Dwarika Nath Dhungel and Santa B. Pun eds (Kathmandu: Springer Science + Business B.V., 2009), p39
②Bhubanesh Kumar Pradhan:“Personal Reflections: Nepal-India Water Relations”, The Nepal-India Water Relationship: Challenges, Dwarika N. Dhungel and Santa B. Pun eds (Institute for Integrated Development Studies, IIDS) (Kathmandu: Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 2009), p249
①K. D. Adhikary , Khalilur Rahman, G. K. Ahmad, R. Rangachari, S. K. Malla, K. B. Rasheed, Sajjadur, B. B. Pradhan and B. G. Verghese(ed): Cooperation on the Eastern Himalayan Rivers: Opportunities and Challenges (Delhi: Konark Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 2000), p169
②Bhubanesh Kumar Pradhan:“Personal Reflections: Nepal-India Water Relations”, The Nepal-India Water Relationship: Challenges, Dwarika N. Dhungel and Santa B. Pun eds (Institute for Integrated Development Studies, IIDS) (Kathmandu: Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 2009), p249
③特里苏里河发源于西藏地区,在由海拔1830米的尼泊尔中部拉苏瓦(Rasuwa)地区的拉苏佳利(Rasugarhi)进入尼泊尔之前,在喜马拉雅山区的流域面积达2600平方公里。特里苏里水电工程(Trishuli Hydel Project)是印、尼两国政府54年合作项目的一部分,工程设计的发电量为21000兆瓦,耗资1.288亿印度卢比,于1971年完工。
①Bhubanesh Kumar Pradhan:“Personal Reflections: Nepal-India Water Relations”, The Nepal-India Water Relationship: Challenges, Dwarika N. Dhungel and Santa B. Pun eds (Institute for Integrated Development Studies, IIDS) (Kathmandu: Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 2009), p256
②Ibid
①S.D. Muni:“India and Regionalism in South Asia: A Political Perspective”, India’s Foreign Policy: Studies in Continuity and Change edited by Bimal Prasad (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd., 1979), pp116-117
①L. S. Baral:“India and Nepal”, India’s Foreign Policy: Studies in Continuity and Change, Bimal Prasad (ed) (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd., 1979), pp170-172
①L.S.Baral:“India and Nepal”, India’s Foreign Policy: Studies in Continuity and Change edited by Bimal Prasad (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd., 1979), p186
②Ibid, p187
③Ibid
④Shiva Bahadur Singh: Indo-Nepalese Relations: Discord and Harmony (Varanasi: Ganga Kaver Publishing House, 1994), p78
①S.D. Muni:“India and Regionalism in South Asia: A Political Perspective”, India’s Foreign Policy: Studies in Continuity and Change edited by Bimal Prasad (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 1979), p118
②Singh K.: India and Bangladesh (Delhi: Anmol Publications, 1987), p56
③Harun Ur Rashid: Indo-Bangladesh Relations: An Insider’s View (New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications Pvt. Ltd., 2002), p65
①哈伦·乌尔·拉什德,1976-1979年任孟加拉外务部的主席(Director General),86-87年任部长助理(Additional Secretary)。在20世纪70、80年代,拉什德几乎参加了孟加拉同印度之间所有的双边问题的谈判。1981-82年,出任孟加拉共和国驻尼泊尔大使;82-84年,出任孟加拉共和国驻澳大利亚大使,84-86年出任孟加拉共和国驻菲律宾大使;87-91年,被派往孟加拉共和国驻日内瓦欧盟使团。
②Harun Ur Rashid: Indo-Bangladesh Relations: An Insider’s View (New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications Pvt. Ltd., 2002), p67
①Kathryn Jacques: Bangladesh, India and Pakistan: International Relations and Regional Tensions in South Asia (New York: St. Martin’s Press, Inc., 2000), p126
①中国境内称雅鲁藏布江,孟加拉境内称贾木纳河(Jamuna)。雅鲁藏布江在巴昔卡出中国国境后,在老萨地亚(Sadiya)城西北进入印度阿萨姆邦。该河段称为迪汉(Diheng)河。在萨地亚城与迪班(Dibaing)河、卢希(Luhit)河汇合后始称布拉马普特拉河,然后自东向西(略偏南)流,处在印度阿萨姆邦内,至图布尔附近转为向南流,然后进入印、孟边境和孟加拉国境内,在戈阿隆多与恒河汇合。迪汉河出口,年径流量约2000亿m3,布拉马普特拉河全长约1000km,其中印度阿萨姆邦内725余km,孟加拉国境内274km。迪汉河与布拉马普特拉河总流域面积29.2万km2。
②S. Ghosh: The Role of India in the Emergence of Bangladesh (Calcutta: Minerva Associates, 1983), p41
③Harun Ur Rashid: Indo-Bangladesh Relations: An Insider’s View (New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications Pvt. Ltd., 2002), pp68-69
①Bhubanesh Kumar Pradhan:“Personal Reflections: Nepal-India Water Relations”, The Nepal-India Water Relationship: Challenges, Dwarika N. Dhungel and Santa B. Pun eds (Institute for Integrated Development Studies, IIDS) (Kathmandu: Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 2009), pp258-259
①L.S. Baral:“India and Nepal”, India’s Foreign Policy: Studies in Continuity and Change edited by Bimal Prasad (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd., 1979), p191
②S. D. Muni:“India and Regionalism in South Asia: A Political Perspective”, India’s Foreign Policy: Studies in Continuity and Change edited by Bimal Prasad (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd., 1979), p126
③L.S. Baral:“India and Nepal”, India’s Foreign Policy: Studies in Continuity and Change edited by Bimal Prasad (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd., 1979), p191
④Ibid
①L.S. Baral:“India and Nepal”, India’s Foreign Policy: Studies in Continuity and Change edited by Bimal Prasad (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd., 1979), p191
②Bhubanesh Kumar Pradhan:“Personal Reflections: Nepal-India Water Relations”, The Nepal-India Water Relationship: Challenges, Dwarika N. Dhungel and Santa B. Pun eds (Institute for Integrated Development Studies, IIDS) (Kathmandu: Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 2009), p252
①Narayan Khadka: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 1997), p117
②Ibid
③Shiva Bahadur Singh: Indo-Nepalese Relations: Discord and Harmony (Varanasi: Ganga Kaver Publishing House, 1994), p78
①Ashok Kapur and A. Jeyaratnam Wilson: Foreign Policies of India and Her Neighbours (New York: ST. Martin’s Press, Inc., 1996), p80
②Ibid
③Ibid
①S.D. Muni: India and Nepal: A Changing Relationship (Delhi: Konark Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 1995), p154
②Narayan Khadka: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 1997), pp201-202
③Ibid
①Narayan Khadka: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 1997), p197
②Ibid, p216
③Ibid, p217
①Shriman Narayan: India and Nepal: An Exercise in Open Diplomacy (Kathmandu: CEDA, 1987), P81
②Narayan Khadka: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 1997), p217
①Thomas P. Thornton:“U.S. Strategic Interests in South Asia”, Determinants of National Security and Cooperation in India and Pakistan edited by Hafeez Malik (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993), p35
②Vinod Kumar:“Great Powers and Nepal”, Nepal: An Assertive Monarchy edited by S.D. Muni (New Delhi: Chetana Publications, 1977), p152
③Christa A Skerry, Kerry Moran and Kay M. Calavan: Four Decades of Development: The History of U.S. Assistance to Nepal (1951-1991) (Kathmandu: USAID, 1991), p221
④Ibid, p224
①Christa A Skerry, Kerry Moran and Kay M. Calavan: Four Decades of Development: The History of U.S. Assistance to Nepal (1951-1991) (Kathmandu: USAID, 1991), p224
②Narayan Khadka: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 1997), p124
③Ibid, p117
④Ibid
⑤Ibid
⑥Vinod Kumar:“Great Powers and Nepal”, Nepal: An Assertive Monarchy, S.D. Muni ed (New Delhi: Chetana Publications, 1977), p155
①Donald C. Hellman: Southern Asia: The Politics of Poverty and Peace: Critical Choices for Americans (Lexington: Lexington Books, 1976), p21
②Narayan Khadka: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 1997), p126-127
③以上数据参见Narayan Khadka: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 1997), p126、p137
①George M. Guess: The Politics of the United States Foreign Aid (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1987), p182
①Dipak Gyawali: Rivers, Technology and Society: Learning the Lessons of Water Management in Nepal (Kathmandu: Himal Books, 2003), p148
①Dipak Gyawali: Rivers, Technology and Society: Learning the Lessons of Water Management in Nepal (Kathmandu: Himal Books, 2003), p68
②Ibid, p69
③Ibid, pp69-70
①Alfred Escher:“World Bank Withdraws from Arun III Project at Inspection Panel's Recommendation”, available at http://www.wcl.american.edu/hrbrief/v3i1/wldbnk31.htm, accessed on March 19th, 2009
②Ibid
③Dipak Gyawali: Rivers, Technology and Society: Learning the Lessons of Water Management in Nepal (Kathmandu: Himal Books, 2003), p72
④Ratna Sansar Shrestha:“Arun III Project: Nepal’s Electricity Crisis and it’s Role in Current Load Shedding and the Potential Role 10 Years Hence”, available at http://nepaliperspectives.blogspot.com/2009/03/arun-iii-project-nepals-electricity.html, accessed on April 2nd, 2009
①Alfred Escher:“World Bank Withdraws from Arun III Project at Inspection Panel's Recommendation”, available at http://www.wcl.american.edu/hrbrief/v3i1/wldbnk31.htm, accessed on March 19th, 2009
①Narayan Khadka: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 1997), p193
②Ibid, p194
①Rekha Chowdhary: Ideology and Politics of Ruling Parties in India (New Delhi: DEEP & DEEP Publications, 1991), p86
②Ibid
③Ibid
④Narayan Khadka: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 1997), p174
⑤M. D. Dharamdasani: Nepal’s Foreign Policy (New Delhi: Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd., 2005), p92
⑥Ibid
①Narayan Khadka: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 1997), p174-175
②Ibid
③M. D. Dharamdasani: Nepal’s Foreign Policy (New Delhi: Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd., 2005), p96
①Rekha Chowdhary: Ideology and Politics of Ruling Parties in India (New Delhi: DEEP & DEEP Publications, 1991), p86
②Ibid
①J.S. Mehta:“India-Nepal Relations: A Victim of Politics”, India-Nepal Relations: The Challenges Ahead,Observer Research Foundation (New Delhi: Rupa & Co., 2004), p67
①Andrew Nickson: Democratisation and the Growth of Communism in Nepal: A Peruvian Scenario in the Making. 1992,转引自Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: the Printhouse, 2003), pp53-54
①Arjun Karki and David Seddon: The People’s War in Nepal: Left Perspectives (Delhi: Konark Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 2003), p67
②R. Andrew Nickson:“Democratisation and the Growth of Communism in Nepal: A Peruvian Scenario in the Making”, Understanding the Maoist Movement of Nepal, Deepak Thapa ed (Kathmandu: Martin Chautari Center for Social Research and Development, 2003), p5
①R. Andrew Nickson:“Democratisation and the Growth of Communism in Nepal: A Peruvian Scenario in the Making”, Understanding the Maoist Movement of Nepal, Deepak Thapa ed (Kathmandu: Martin Chautari Center for Social Research and Development, 2003), p6
①R. Andrew Nickson:“Democratisation and the Growth of Communism in Nepal: A Peruvian Scenario in the Making”, Understanding the Maoist Movement of Nepal, Deepak Thapa ed (Kathmandu: Martin Chautari Center for Social Research and Development, 2003), p7
②Baburam Bhattarai: Nepal: A Marxist View (Kathmandu: Jhilko Publications, 1990), p24
①R. Andrew Nickson:“Democratisation and the Growth of Communism in Nepal: A Peruvian Scenario in the Making”, Understanding the Maoist Movement of Nepal, Deepak Thapa ed (Kathmandu: Martin Chautari Center for Social Research and Development, 2003), p11
①Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: the Printhouse, 2003), p29
②R. Andrew Nickson:“Democratisation and the Growth of Communism in Nepal: A Peruvian Scenario in the Making”, Understanding the Maoist Movement of Nepal, Deepak Thapa ed (Kathmandu: Martin Chautari Center for Social Research and Development, 2003), p11
③Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: the Printhouse, 2003), p30
④Ibid
①Christa A, Skerry Kerry Moran and Kay M Calavan.: Four Decades of Development: The History of U.S. Assistance to Nepal (1951-1991) (Kathmandu: USAID, 1991), p201
②Li Onesto: Dispaches from the People’s War in Nepal (Chicago: Pluto Press, 2005), p142
①R. Andrew Nickson:“Democratisation and the Growth of Communism in Nepal: A Peruvian Scenario in the Making”, Understanding the Maoist Movement of Nepal, Deepak Thapa ed (Kathmandu: Martin Chautari Center for Social Research and Development, 2003), p13
②Ibid, p14
③R. Andrew Nickson:“Democratisation and the Growth of Communism in Nepal: A Peruvian Scenario in the Making”, Understanding the Maoist Movement of Nepal, Deepak Thapa ed (Kathmandu: Martin Chautari Center for Social Research and Development, 2003), p13
①Shiva Bahadur Singh: Indo-Nepalese Relations: Discord and Harmony (Varanasi: Ganga Kaveri Publishing House, 1994), p106
②Ibid
①Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: the Printhouse, 2003), p35
②T Louise Brown: The Challenge to Democracy in Nepal: A Political History (London: Routledge, 1996), p154
①R. Andrew Nickson:“Democratisation and the Growth of Communism in Nepal: A Peruvian Scenario in the Making”, Understanding the Maoist Movement of Nepal, Deepak Thapa ed (Kathmandu: Martin Chautari Center for Social Research and Development, 2003), p17
①R. Andrew Nickson:“Democratisation and the Growth of Communism in Nepal: A Peruvian Scenario in the Making”, Understanding the Maoist Movement of Nepal, Deepak Thapa ed (Kathmandu: Martin Chautari Center for Social Research and Development, 2003), p18
②尼共(马克思)(CPN(Marxist))成立于1987年,由萨哈娜·普拉德汉领导的普什帕·拉尔派与曼·莫汉·阿迪卡里派合并而成。
③Pracha N Maharjan:“The Maoist Insurgency and Crisis of Governability in Nepal”, Domestic Conflict and Crisis of Governability in Nepal, Dhruba Kumar ed (Kathmandu: Center for Nepal and Asian Studies, 2000), p93
④R. Andrew Nickson:“Democratisation and the Growth of Communism in Nepal: A Peruvian Scenario in the Making”, Understanding the Maoist Movement of Nepal, Deepak Thapa ed (Kathmandu: Martin Chautari Center for Social Research and Development, 2003), p18
①S.D. Muni: Maoist Insurgency in Nepal: The Challenge and the Response (New Delhi: Rupa & Co., 2003), p129
①R. Andrew Nickson:“Democratisation and the Growth of Communism in Nepal: A Peruvian Scenario in the Making”, Understanding the Maoist Movement of Nepal, Deepak Thapa ed (Kathmandu: Martin Chautari Center for Social Research and Development, 2003), pp18-19
②以上数据参见Blaikie Piers, John Cameron and David Seddon: Nepal in Crisis: Growth and Stagnation at the Periphery (Delhi: Adroit Publishers, 2001), p157
③R. Andrew Nickson:“Democratisation and the Growth of Communism in Nepal: A Peruvian Scenario in the Making”, Understanding the Maoist Movement of Nepal, Deepak Thapa ed (Kathmandu: Martin Chautari Center for Social Research and Development, 2003), pp24-25
①Pracha N Maharjan:“The Maoist Insurgency and Crisis of Governability in Nepal”, Domestic Conflict and Crisis of Governability in Nepal, Dhruba Kumar ed (Kathmandu: Center for Nepal and Asian Studies, 2000), p106
①Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: the Printhouse, 2003), p39
②Krishna Hachhethu: Party Building in Nepal: Organization, Leadership and People (Kathmandu: Mandala Book Print, 2002), p68
①Dipak Gyawali and Ajaya Dixit: The Mahakali Impasse And Indo-Nepal Water Conflict, Peace Processes and Peace Accords,Samir Kumar Das ed (New Delhi: Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd, 2005), p258
①Dipak Gyawali and Ajaya Dixit:“The Mahakali Impasse And Indo-Nepal Water Conflict”, Peace Processes and Peace Accords,Samir Kumar Das ed (New Delhi: Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd, 2005), p260
①Dipak Gyawali and Ajaya Dixit:“The Mahakali Impasse And Indo-Nepal Water Conflict”, Peace Processes and Peace Accords,Samir Kumar Das ed (New Delhi: Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd, 2005), p260
②Dipak Gyawali: Rivers, Technology and Society: Learning the Lessons of Water Management in Nepal (Kathmandu: Himal Books, 2003), p139
①Chandralekha Upadhyaya: India’s Foreign Policy: A Study in South Asian Perspective (Delhi: Independent Publishing Company, 2003), p102
①Ganesh Man Singh:“There is No Alternative to National Consensus”,信件具体内容参见Dhruba Kumar:“Parliament and Public Policy Making: A Case Study of the Mahakali Treaty”, Nepal: Political Parties and Parliament, Lok Raj Baral ed (New Delhi: Adroit Publications, 2004), Dipak Gyawali and Ajaya Dixit: The Mahakali Impasse And Indo-Nepal Water Conflict, Peace Processes and Peace Accords,Samir Kumar Das ed (New Delhi: Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd, 2005)
②Dipak Gyawali and Ajaya Dixit: The Mahakali Impasse And Indo-Nepal Water Conflict, Peace Processes and Peace Accords,Samir Kumar Das ed (New Delhi: Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd, 2005), p266
①Dhruba Kumar:“Parliament and Public Policy Making: A Case Study of the Mahakali Treaty”, Nepal: Political Parties and Parliament, Lok Raj Baral ed (New Delhi: Adroit Publications, 2004), p156
②Dipak Gyawali and Ajaya Dixit:“The Mahakali Impasse And Indo-Nepal Water Conflict”, Peace Processes and Peace Accords,Samir Kumar Das ed (New Delhi: Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd, 2005), p267
①Dipak Gyawali:“Nepal-Indian Water Resource Relations”, Power and Negotiation, edited by I. William Zartman & Jeffery Z. Rubin (Michigan: The University of Michigan Press, 2000), p142
②Ibid
③Dipak Gyawali and Ajaya Dixit:“The Mahakali Impasse And Indo-Nepal Water Conflict”, Peace Processes and Peace Accords,Samir Kumar Das ed (New Delhi: Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd, 2005), p267
④Dhruba Kumar:“Parliament and Public Policy Making: A Case Study of the Mahakali Treaty”, Nepal: Political Parties and Parliament, Lok Raj Baral ed (New Delhi: Adroit Publications, 2004), p157
①Dipak Gyawali and Ajaya Dixit:“The Mahakali Impasse And Indo-Nepal Water Conflict”, Peace Processes and Peace Accords,Samir Kumar Das ed (New Delhi: Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd, 2005), p267
①Dipak Gyawali and Ajaya Dixit:“The Mahakali Impasse And Indo-Nepal Water Conflict”, Peace Processes and Peace Accords,Samir Kumar Das ed (New Delhi: Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd, 2005), p268
②Ibid, 269
①Dhruba Kumar:“Parliament and Public Policy Making: A Case Study of the Mahakali Treaty”, Nepal: Political Parties and Parliament, Lok Raj Baral ed (New Delhi: Adroit Publications, 2004), p160
②Ibid
③B.G.Verghese:“Harnessing of Water Resources: India-Nepal Relations”, India-Nepal Relations: The Challenges Ahead,Observer Research Foundation (New Delhi: Rupa & Co., 2004), p213
①Dipak Gyawali and Ajaya Dixit:“The Mahakali Impasse And Indo-Nepal Water Conflict”, Peace Processes and Peace Accords,Samir Kumar Das ed (New Delhi: Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd, 2005), p270
②Ibid, p271
③Ibid
④Ibid, p273
①Dhruba Kumar:“Parliament and Public Policy Making: A Case Study of the Mahakali Treaty”, Nepal: Political Parties and Parliament, Lok Raj Baral ed (New Delhi: Adroit Publications, 2004), p162
②Ibid
①Dhruba Kumar:“Parliament and Public Policy Making: A Case Study of the Mahakali Treaty”, Nepal: Political Parties and Parliament, Lok Raj Baral ed (New Delhi: Adroit Publications, 2004), p163
②Dipak Gyawali and Ajaya Dixit:“The Mahakali Impasse And Indo-Nepal Water Conflict”, Peace Processes and Peace Accords,Samir Kumar Das ed (New Delhi: Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd, 2005), p274
①Dipak Gyawali and Ajaya Dixit:“The Mahakali Impasse And Indo-Nepal Water Conflict”, Peace Processes and Peace Accords,Samir Kumar Das ed (New Delhi: Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd, 2005), p274
②Ibid, p276
①Dipak Gyawali and Ajaya Dixit:“The Mahakali Impasse And Indo-Nepal Water Conflict”, Peace Processes and Peace Accords,Samir Kumar Das ed (New Delhi: Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd, 2005), pp275-276
②Ibid, p276
③“Mahakali Treaty As Good As Dead”, Nepal, Crisis Unlimited: Reflections from the Crucial Years, Barbara Adams (New Delhi: Adroit Publishers, 2006), p102
①Dipak Gyawali and Ajaya Dixit:“The Mahakali Impasse And Indo-Nepal Water Conflict”, Peace Processes and Peace Accords,Samir Kumar Das ed (New Delhi: Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd, 2005), pp277
②Ibid, pp277-278
①Dipak Gyawali and Ajaya Dixit:“The Mahakali Impasse And Indo-Nepal Water Conflict”, Peace Processes and Peace Accords,Samir Kumar Das ed (New Delhi: Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd, 2005), pp279
①Dhruba Kumar:“Parliament and Public Policy Making: A Case Study of the Mahakali Treaty”, Nepal: Political Parties and Parliament, Lok Raj Baral ed (New Delhi: Adroit Publications, 2004), p165
①Dhruba Kumar:“Parliament and Public Policy Making: A Case Study of the Mahakali Treaty”, Nepal: Political Parties and Parliament, Lok Raj Baral ed (New Delhi: Adroit Publications, 2004), p164
①Rajendra Dahal:“From Darkness to Light”, available at http://www.himalmag.com/2007/september/india_hydropower.htm, accessed on March 4th, 2008
①“Nepal’s Maoists: Their Aims, Structure and Strategy”, International Crisis Group (Asia Report N°104– 27 October 2005), available at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/asia/south_asia/104_nepal_s_maoists_their_aims_structure_and_strategy.pdf, accessed on December 26th, 2008
②Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: the Printhouse, 2003), p43
①Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: the Printhouse, 2003), p45
②Ibid
③Ibid
①“Nepal: From People Power to Peace?”International Crisis, Asia Report N°115– 10 May 2006, available at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/asia/south_asia/115_nepal_from_people_power_to_peace.pdf, accessed on December 26th, 2008
②Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: the Printhouse, 2003), p48
③Pancha Maharjan:“The Maoist Insurgency and Crisis of Governability in Nepal”, Domestic Conflict and Crisis of Governability in Nepal, Dhruba Kumar ed (Kathmandu: Center for Nepal and Asian Studies, 2000), p168
①Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: the Printhouse, 2003), p86
②Ibid
①Pancha Maharjan:“The Maoist Insurgency and Crisis of Governability in Nepal”, Domestic Conflict and Crisis of Governability in Nepal, Dhruba Kumar ed (Kathmandu: Center for Nepal and Asian Studies, 2000), p168
②Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: the Printhouse, 2003), p89
③1、对毛主义的形成过程、组织架构、战略方针和未来计划做出了全面的分析;2、报告给政府提出的应对建议在很大程度上能够满足毛主义者要求的社会经济改革;3、报告承认尼警方的行为是非人道的、残酷的,许多无辜的群众因此失去生命;4、强调将尼共(毛主义)纳入宪法程序的重要性并正式向UPFN领袖巴塔拉伊提出谈判请求。参见Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: the Printhouse, 2003), p90
①Harka Gurung, Ananda Aditya, Surendra K.C., Chuda Bahadur Shrestha and Sudheer Sharma: An Overview of Recent Armed Conflict in Nepal (Kathmandu: New Era, 2001), p45
②这三点要求是:1、公布此前被定为“失踪”的毛主义中央委员会委员和其他成员的下落;2、释放被逮捕的工人以及同情毛主义运动的人士;3、结束国家暴力行为,开始调查卢孔地区发生的纵火和屠杀事件,向受害人家属支付赔偿金并惩罚肇事者。参见Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: the Printhouse, 2003), p95
③Pancha Maharjan:“The Maoist Insurgency and Crisis of Governability in Nepal”, Domestic Conflict and Crisis of Governability in Nepal, Dhruba Kumar ed (Kathmandu: Center for Nepal and Asian Studies, 2000), p168
①Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: the Printhouse, 2003), p96
①“A Great Leap Forward: The Inevitable Necessity of History”,参见Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: the Printhouse, 2003), p113
②1、成立制宪会议,组建过渡政府,成立共和国;2、解决与广大百姓密切相关的问题以并妥善处理同印度签署的不平等条约以及所有牵涉印度的有损国家主权和利益的不平等政策;3、要求政府为和谈创造“有利的氛围”。参见参见Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: the Printhouse, 2003), p117
①Andrew Nickson: Democratisation and the Growth of Communism in Nepal: A Peruvian Scenario in the Making. 1992,转引自Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: the Printhouse, 2003), pp53-54
②Ibid
①以上数据参见Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: the Printhouse, 2003),“Nepal’s Maoists: Their Aims, Structure and Strategy”, International Crisis Group (Asia Report N°104– 27 October 2005), available at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/asia/south_asia/104_nepal_s_maoists_their_aims_structure_and_strategy.pdf, accessed on December 26th, 2008
①以上数据参见Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: the Printhouse, 2003),“Nepal’s Maoists: Their Aims, Structure and Strategy”, International Crisis Group (Asia Report N°104– 27 October 2005), available at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/asia/south_asia/104_nepal_s_maoists_their_aims_structure_and_strategy.pdf, accessed on December 26th, 2008
②本段内容中的观点和数据参见下述文章:Mani Nepal、Alok K. Bohara & Kishore Gawande:“Inequality, Polarization and Violent Conflict: The Maoist Insurgency in Nepal”, available at https://repository.unm.edu/dspace/handle/1928/3295 accessed on June 8th, 2008; Bishwa Nath Tiwari:“An Assessment of the Causes of Conflict in Nepal”; available at: https://repository.unm.edu/dspace/handle/1928/3294, accessed on June 8th, 2008; William Easterly:“Can Institutions Resolve Ethnic Conflict”, available at http://www.nyu.edu/fas/institute/dri/Easterly/File/can%20institutions%20resolve%20ethnic%20conflict.pdf, accessed on February 22nd, 2009; Nishchal Nath Pandey:“Nepal’s Maoist Movement and Implications for India and China”, available at http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0QLQ/is_2006_Feb/ai_n16068663/, accessed on February 22nd, 2009; Shahid Md. Parwez:“An Empirical Analysis of the Conflict in Nepal”, available at: http://igov.berkeley.edu/workingpapers/series2/No12_Iyer.pdf, accessed on February 22nd, 2009
①新马克思主义对“中心”和“边缘”这一组概念的定义及分析可以用来解释尼泊尔国内地区发展不均衡、区域分化现象严重的原因所在。源于中心和边缘的结构性不均衡使得中心可以从边缘那里获取附加利益来满足自身所需,同时还能确保对边缘的操控和边缘对自己的依赖。参见T. V. Paul, James J. Wirtz and Michel Fortmann(ed): Balance of Power: Theory and Practice in the 21st Century (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004)
②国秀:《尼共(毛主义)主席熟读毛泽东著作》,环球网,http://world.huanqiu.com/talk/2008-06/129734.html,最近查询:2009年4月1日
③Narayan Khadka: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal, New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd., 1997, p109,p156
①Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: the Printhouse, 2003), p66
①Nepal: Dealing with A Human Rights Crisis, International Crisis Group, Asia Report N°94– 24 March 2005, available at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/asia/south_asia/094_nepal_dealing_with_a_human_rights_crisis.pdf, accessed on December 26th, 2008
②Ibid
①“Nepal: From People Power to Peace?”International Crisis, Asia Report N°115– 10 May 2006, available at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/asia/south_asia/115_nepal_from_people_power_to_peace.pdf, accessed on December 26th, 2008
②Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: the Printhouse, 2003), p74
①Shobha Gautam: Women and Children in the Periphery of People’s War (Kathmandu: Institute of Human Rights Communications, 2001), p134
②国秀:《尼共(毛主义)主席熟读毛泽东著作》,环球网,http://world.huanqiu.com/talk/2008-06/129734.html,最近查询:2009年4月1日
①Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: the Printhouse, 2003), p76
①Sohail Jawaid: The Naxalite Movement in India (Origin and Failure of the Maoist Revolutionary Strategy in West Bengal, 1967-1971), (New Delhi: Associated Publishing House, 1979), p67
①Sailen Chaudhuri: Maoist Betrayal India: A Case Study (New Delhi: Sterling Publishers Pvt, Ltd., 1980), p90
②Arun Prosad Mukherjee: Maoist‘Spring Thunder’: The Naxalite Movement (1967-1972) (Kolkata: K P Bagchi & Company, 2007), p102
①Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: the Printhouse, 2003), p190
②Ibid
③Narayan Khadka: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers and Nepal, New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd., 1997, p171
①Robyn Meredith: The Elephant and The Tiger: The Rise of India and China and What It Means for All of Us (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2007), p152
②Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: the Printhouse, 2003), p191
①Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: the Printhouse, 2003), p190
②Ibid, pp191-192
③Sushil Sharma:“Nepal Row Over US Support”, available at: https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south-asia/1564467.stm, accessed on December 17th, 2008
④S.D. Muni: Maoist Insurgency in Nepal: The Challenge and the Response (New Delhi: Rupa & Co., 2003), p58
①S.D. Muni: Maoist Insurgency in Nepal: The Challenge and the Response (New Delhi: Rupa & Co., 2003), p59
②Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: the Printhouse, 2003), p193
①南方网及南都报笔下的尼共(毛主义):《盗用毛主席名字尼泊尔“毛派”影响我边境安全》,南方网,http://www.wyzxsx.com/Article/Class20/200806/41055.html,最近查询:2009年4月14日
②同上
③Nishchal Nath Pandey: Nepal’s Maoist Movement and Implications for India and China (Regional Center for Strategic Studies Policy Studies 27) (New Delhi: Manohar Publishers & Distributors, 2005), pp157-159
①宋志辉:《尼泊尔政局发展及其前景》,《南亚季刊研究》,2005年第1期,第49页。
②这五大政党是尼大会党、尼共(联合马列)、人民阵线(the People’s Front)、尼泊尔工农党和尼泊尔亲善党,参见Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: the Printhouse, 2003), p184
③Ibid, p185
①Deepak Thapa and Bandita Sijapati: A Kingdom Under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003 (Kathmandu: the Printhouse, 2003), p196
②宋志辉:《贾南德拉国王亲政失败对尼泊尔政局的影响》,《南亚研究季刊》,2007年第2期,第35页。
③同上
①国秀:《尼共(毛主义)主席熟读毛泽东著作》,环球网,http://world.huanqiu.com/talk/2008-06/129734.html,最近查询:2009年4月1日。
②《尼共(毛主义)高官称想向中国学习发展经济经验》,中华硕博网,http://ss.china-b.com/gwxwrd/631784.html,最近查询:2009年4月12日。
③《尼共(毛主义)正式决定领导组建新政府》,中国评论新闻,http://gb.chinareviewnews.com/doc/1007/0/8/3/100708377.html?coluid=7&kindid=0&docid=100708377,最近查询:2009年4月12日。
①章建华、陈乔炎:《尼泊尔撤消前政府对尼共(毛主义)的指控》,新华网,http://news.xinmin.cn/world/opinion/2008/10/28/1406833.html,最近查询:2009年3月26日。
②王鹏权:《尼共(毛主义)将着力解决民生与军队问题》,国际共运网,http://www.gjgy.org/Article_Show.asp?ArticleID=4679,最近查询:2009年3月26日。
③《尼联共(毛主义)举行会议改组中央机构》,新华社,http://www.chinamil.com.cn/site1/xwpdxw/2009-01/17/content_1622655.htm,最近查询:2009年4月1日。
①现年61岁的政府军参谋长卡特瓦尔曾指挥政府军与尼联共(毛主义)领导的“人民解放军”做过殊死斗争,在政府军中培植了众多亲信。尼政府希望将“人民解放军”编入政府军,但是以卡特瓦尔为首的尼政府军高级官员不愿与昔日的敌手为伍,生怕军队大权旁落。
②《普拉昌达辞去总理职务,尼泊尔和平进程面临中断》,凤凰咨询,http://news.ifeng.com/world/200905/0504_16_1139209.shtml,最近查询:2009年5月11日。
③《尼联共(毛主义)主席普拉昌达宣布辞去总理职务》,新华网,http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2009-05/04/content_11312457.htm,最近查询:2009年5月11日。
④选举举行前,尼联共(毛主义)议会党团副召集人普拉卡什在制宪会议发言时说,该党不支持在外国势力影响下成立的新政府。随后,尼联共(毛主义)和其他两个小党的制宪会议代表宣布抵制总理选举,在选举程序启动前退出制宪会议大厅。《尼共(联合马列)领导人内帕尔当选尼泊尔新总理》,新华网,http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2009-05/23/content_11425101.htm,最近查询:2009年6月2日。
①Dipak Gyawali:“Epilogue: Re-imagining Nepal’s Water: Institutional Blind Spots, Development BIind Alleys and the Lessons of the Century Past”, The Nepal-India Water Relationship: Challenges, Dwarika N. Dhungel and Santa B. Pun eds (Kathmandu: Springer Science + Business B.V., 2009), p307
①Rajendra Dahal:“From Darkness to Light”, available at http://www.himalmag.com/2007/september/india_hydropower.htm, accessed on March 4th, 2008
②Ibid
①Bhubanesh Kumar Pradhan:“Personal Reflections: Nepal-India Water Relations”, The Nepal-India Water Relationship: Challenges, Dwarika N. Dhungel and Santa B. Pun eds (Kathmandu: Springer Science + Business B.V., 2009), p261
①转引自Bhubanesh Kumar Pradhan:“Personal Reflections: Nepal-India Water Relations”, The Nepal-India Water Relationship: Challenges, Dwarika N. Dhungel and Santa B. Pun eds (Kathmandu: Springer Science + Business B.V., 2009), p256