竹笋多糖的制备、抗氧化活性及对中华绒螯蟹（Eriocheir sinensis）的免疫效应研究
|
摘要
以毛竹笋为原料,采用超声辅助提取技术,研究了水料比、提取温度、提取时间、超声功率和乙醇浓度对竹笋多糖得率的影响,在此基础上应用响应面法对提取工艺进行优化。结果表明,竹笋多糖的最佳提取工艺为：水料比30：1、提取温度50℃、提取时间35min、乙醇浓度90%,在此条件下,多糖得率的理论值为2.944%,实际得率为2.938%；通过理化性质、紫外及红外光谱分析,证明提取物为多糖并推测可能是一种α-吡喃葡聚糖；苯酚-硫酸法测得多糖含量为65.3%。
以Vc为对照,考察了0.1～10mg/mL的竹笋多糖对羟基自由基(·OH)、超氧阴离子(02-·)、过氧化氢(H1202)的清除效果及其脂质过氧化(LPO)抑制活性。结果显示,竹笋多糖对02-和H202的清除能力较强,高于同浓度的Vc；对清除·OH和抑制LPO的作用弱于Vc。由此表明,竹笋多糖具有较强的体外抗氧化活性。
以注射等体积的灭菌生理盐水为对照,以1、5、10和20mg/kg体质重的竹笋多糖对中华绒螯蟹进行体腔注射,在注射后第1、4、7、10d采样,进行一系列免疫学相关指标的测定,并在注射多糖后的第4d,从每个处理组中取蟹6只,以1.2×107cfu/kg体质重的剂量体腔注射接种中华绒螯蟹致病性嗜水气单胞菌CL99920菌株,记录接种7d后各组蟹的累积死亡率。结果显示：注射适量的竹笋多糖能显著地增加中华绒螯蟹的血细胞总数(THC)和血细胞吞噬活性,显著地增强血清酚氧化酶(PO)、过氧化物酶(POD)和溶菌酶(LSZ)活性及肝胰腺一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性,血清和肝胰腺超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性和总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)(P<0.05);对血细胞呼吸爆发活性(02-产量)没有显著影响(P<0.05)；在本试验条件下,竹笋多糖能明显增强中华绒螯蟹对嗜水气单胞菌的抗感染能力；从整体上看,以10mg/kg剂量的效果较佳。
The water-soluble polysaccharide was extracted from the shoots of Phyllostachys edulis with ultrasonic wave. The response surface methodology was applied to determine the optimum technological conditions. The results indicated that the optimum extraction conditions were as follows:the water-material ratio was30:1, extraction temperature was50℃, extraction time was35min, ethanol concentration was90%. Under the conditions mentioned above, the predicted yield of bamboo shoots polysaccharide was2.944%, and the experimental yield was2.938%. The physical and chemical properties, ultraviolet spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy showed that the extract was polysaccharide and presumably was a kind of α-pyran-glucan. The total sugar content of the polysaccharide was65.3%measured by phenol-sulfuric acid method.
The scavenging effects on hydroxyl radicals, superoxide anion radicals and hydrogen peroxide and the inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation of bamboo shoots polysaccharide on concentration0.1～10mg/mL were studied with ascorbic acid as a positive control. The results showed that bamboo shoots polysaccharide had significant scavenging effects on superoxide anion radicals and hydrogen peroxide which were higher than the same concentration of ascorbic acid. Otherwise, the scavenging effect on hydroxyl radicals and the inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation were lower than that of the ascorbic acid. This study indicated that bamboo shoots polysaccharide had strong in vitro antioxidant activity.
Crab were coelom injected at1,5,10and20mg/kg weight with bamboo shoots polysaccharide, with injected0.1mL sterile saline group as control. A series of immunology parameters were examined at1,4,7, and10days after administration of polysaccharide. Crab were challenged at1.2×107colony forming units (cfu)/kg weight with a virulent strain of Aeromonas hydrophila (CL99920) of E. sinensis at the second sampling time (4d), and mortalities were recorded over a7-day period. The results demonstrated that the total haemocyte count (THC), the haemocyte phagocytic activity, the phenoloxidase (PO), peroxidase (POD), lysozyme (LSZ) in serum, the nitrie oxide synthase (NOS) in hepatopancreas and the superoxide dismutase (SOD), acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in serum and hepatopancreas of E. sinensis were significant higher than those of the saline control group (P<0.05). However, no significant differences were observed in the respiratory burst (release of superoxide anion) in haemocyte of E. sinensis (P>0.05). Furthermore, the crabs administered with bamboo shoots polysaccharide were more resistant under the conditions of this experiment. On the whole, the crabs injected at10mg/kg weight with bamboo shoots polysaccharide had a stronger non-specific immune response and resistance to A. hydrophila.
以Vc为对照,考察了0.1～10mg/mL的竹笋多糖对羟基自由基(·OH)、超氧阴离子(02-·)、过氧化氢(H1202)的清除效果及其脂质过氧化(LPO)抑制活性。结果显示,竹笋多糖对02-和H202的清除能力较强,高于同浓度的Vc；对清除·OH和抑制LPO的作用弱于Vc。由此表明,竹笋多糖具有较强的体外抗氧化活性。
以注射等体积的灭菌生理盐水为对照,以1、5、10和20mg/kg体质重的竹笋多糖对中华绒螯蟹进行体腔注射,在注射后第1、4、7、10d采样,进行一系列免疫学相关指标的测定,并在注射多糖后的第4d,从每个处理组中取蟹6只,以1.2×107cfu/kg体质重的剂量体腔注射接种中华绒螯蟹致病性嗜水气单胞菌CL99920菌株,记录接种7d后各组蟹的累积死亡率。结果显示：注射适量的竹笋多糖能显著地增加中华绒螯蟹的血细胞总数(THC)和血细胞吞噬活性,显著地增强血清酚氧化酶(PO)、过氧化物酶(POD)和溶菌酶(LSZ)活性及肝胰腺一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性,血清和肝胰腺超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性和总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)(P<0.05);对血细胞呼吸爆发活性(02-产量)没有显著影响(P<0.05)；在本试验条件下,竹笋多糖能明显增强中华绒螯蟹对嗜水气单胞菌的抗感染能力；从整体上看,以10mg/kg剂量的效果较佳。
The water-soluble polysaccharide was extracted from the shoots of Phyllostachys edulis with ultrasonic wave. The response surface methodology was applied to determine the optimum technological conditions. The results indicated that the optimum extraction conditions were as follows:the water-material ratio was30:1, extraction temperature was50℃, extraction time was35min, ethanol concentration was90%. Under the conditions mentioned above, the predicted yield of bamboo shoots polysaccharide was2.944%, and the experimental yield was2.938%. The physical and chemical properties, ultraviolet spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy showed that the extract was polysaccharide and presumably was a kind of α-pyran-glucan. The total sugar content of the polysaccharide was65.3%measured by phenol-sulfuric acid method.
The scavenging effects on hydroxyl radicals, superoxide anion radicals and hydrogen peroxide and the inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation of bamboo shoots polysaccharide on concentration0.1～10mg/mL were studied with ascorbic acid as a positive control. The results showed that bamboo shoots polysaccharide had significant scavenging effects on superoxide anion radicals and hydrogen peroxide which were higher than the same concentration of ascorbic acid. Otherwise, the scavenging effect on hydroxyl radicals and the inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation were lower than that of the ascorbic acid. This study indicated that bamboo shoots polysaccharide had strong in vitro antioxidant activity.
Crab were coelom injected at1,5,10and20mg/kg weight with bamboo shoots polysaccharide, with injected0.1mL sterile saline group as control. A series of immunology parameters were examined at1,4,7, and10days after administration of polysaccharide. Crab were challenged at1.2×107colony forming units (cfu)/kg weight with a virulent strain of Aeromonas hydrophila (CL99920) of E. sinensis at the second sampling time (4d), and mortalities were recorded over a7-day period. The results demonstrated that the total haemocyte count (THC), the haemocyte phagocytic activity, the phenoloxidase (PO), peroxidase (POD), lysozyme (LSZ) in serum, the nitrie oxide synthase (NOS) in hepatopancreas and the superoxide dismutase (SOD), acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in serum and hepatopancreas of E. sinensis were significant higher than those of the saline control group (P<0.05). However, no significant differences were observed in the respiratory burst (release of superoxide anion) in haemocyte of E. sinensis (P>0.05). Furthermore, the crabs administered with bamboo shoots polysaccharide were more resistant under the conditions of this experiment. On the whole, the crabs injected at10mg/kg weight with bamboo shoots polysaccharide had a stronger non-specific immune response and resistance to A. hydrophila.
引文
[1]徐镇,姚鹃,陈昌福,等.免疫多糖(酵母细胞壁)对中华绒螯蟹抗病力的增强效果[J].华中农业大学学报,2005,24(4)：383-386.
[2]余水法,蔡春芳,宋学宏,等.p-葡聚糖对河蟹免疫功能的影响[J].中国饲料,2006,(5)：20-22.
[3]王雪良.酵母p-葡聚糖对中华绒螯蟹免疫功能的影响[D].江苏苏州：苏州大学,2008.
[4]Zhou J, Yong-Hong Wang Y H, Chu J, et al. Improvement of innate immune responses and defense activity in mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) by oral administration of β-glucan [J]. Biotechnol Lett,2008,30:1721-1725.
[5]沈锦玉,刘问,曹铮,等.免疫增强剂对中华绒螯蟹免疫功能的影响[J].浙江农业学报,2004,6(1)：25-29.
[6]谭夕东,李义,张红英,等.海藻酸钠对中华绒螯蟹免疫功能及抗病力的影响[J].饲料工业,2008,29(6)：24-27.
[7]谭夕东.海藻酸钠和壳聚糖对中华绒螯蟹免疫功能的影响[D].江苏苏州：苏州大学,2008.
[8]郑宗林,黄辉,刘鸿艳,等.壳聚糖对异育银鲫和中华绒螯蟹淋巴细胞部分特性的影响[J].中国水产科学,2009,16(2)：248-256.
[9]陈星.两种植物多糖的提取及对中华绒螯蟹免疫功能影响的研究[D].江苏苏州：苏州大学,2007.
[10]林倩,王强,刘红芝.竹笋深加工及其功能活性研究进展[J].天然产物研究与开发,2012,24(1)：136-141.
[11]Young R A. Flavour qualities of some edible oriental bamboos[J]. Econ Bot, 1954,8:377-386.
[12]Yamaguchi M. World vegetables:principles, production and nutritive values [M]. Avi Publishing, West Port, CT, USA,1983.
[13]Kumbhare V, Bhargava A. Effect of processing on nutritional value of central Indian Bamboo Shoots [J]. Food Sci Technol,2007,44(1):29-31.
[14]Satya S, Singhal S, Prabhu G, et al. Exploring the Nutraceutical potential and food safety aspect of bamboo shoot of some Indian species [A]. In:Proceedings of VIII World Bamboo Conference[C]. Bangkok, Thailand,2009,78-88.
[15]Satya S, Singhal P, Mohan Bal L, et al. Bamboo shoot:a potential source of food security [J]. Mediterr J Nutr Metab,2012,5:1-10.
[16]徐圣友,曹万友,宋曰钦,等.不同品种竹笋蛋白质与氨基酸的分析与评价[J].食品科学,2005,26(7)：222～227.
[17]胡春水,余红英,佘祥威,等.毛竹笋氨基酸含量的比较[J].竹子研究汇刊,2000,19(2)：44-48.
[18]丁之恩,周根土,胡芳名.腌制竹笋品质研究[J].经济林研究,2006,24(1)：11-15.
[19]胡超宗.毛竹不同笋龄营养成分变化[J].竹子研究汇刊,1986,5(1)：89-95.
[20]王波,汪奎宏,刘鹏.斑苦竹笋的营养成分分析及其评价[J].浙江林业科技,2011,31(3)：28-31.
[21]杨永峰,黄成林.三种苦竹属竹笋营养成分和矿质元素含量分析[J].植物资源与环境学报,2009,18(3)：94-96.
[22]黄伟素,陆柏益.竹笋深加工利用技术现状及趋势[J].林业科学,2008,44(8)：118-123.
[23]谢碧霞,谢涛,李安平,等.竹笋膳食纤维开发和主要功能性质的研究[J].经济林研究,2000,18(2)：8-11.
[24]邓安彬.竹笋及笋渣膳食纤维的提取工艺及其理化特性研究[D].四川雅安：四川农业大学,2008.
[25]李义.竹笋水溶性多糖提取工艺研究[J].林产化学与工业,2008,28(1)：99-102.
[26]陈蕾俊,王晓梅,张忠山.毛竹笋多糖水浸提工艺条件研究[J].中国酿造,2012,31(2)：144-146.
[27]Kato Y, Shiozawa R, Takeda S, et al. Structural investigation of a β-D-glucan and a xyloglucan from bamboo-shoot cell-walls [J]. Carbohydr Res,1982,109:233-248.
[28]Peng P, Peng F, Bian J, et al. Studies on the starch and hemicelluloses fractionated by graded ethanol precipitation from bamboo Phyllostachys bambusoides f. shouzhu Yi [J]. J Agric Food Chem,2011,59:2680-2688.
[29]Kweon M H, Hwang H J, Sung H C. Isolation and characterization of anticomplementary β-glucans from the shoots of bamboo Phyllostachys edulis [J]. Planta Med,2003,69(1):56-62.
[30]Ishii T, Hiroi T. Linkage of phenolic acids to cell-wall polysaccharides of bamboo shoot [J]. Carbohydr Res,1990,206:297-310.
[31]Ishii T, Hiroi T. Isolation and characterization of feruloylated arabinoxylan oligosaccharides from bamboo shoot cell-walls [J]. Carbohydr Res,1990,196:175-183.
[32]Ishii T, Hiroi T, Thomas J R.. Feruloylated xyloglucan and pcoumaroyl arabinoxylan oligosaccharides from bamboo shoot cell-walls [J]. Phytochemistry,1990, 29:1999-2003.
[33]Ishii T. Acetylation at O-2 of arabinofuranose residues in feruloylated arabinoxylan from bamboo shoot cell-walls [J]. Phytochemistry,1991,30:2317-2320.
[34]Ishii T. Isolation and characterization of a diferuloyl arabinoxylan hexasaccharide from bamboo shoot cell-walls [J]. Carbohydr Res,1991,219:15-22.
[35]Edashige Y, Ishii T. Hemicellulosic polysaccharides from bamboo shoot cell-walls [J]. Phytochemistry,1998,49:1675-1682.
[36]Kaneko S, Ishii T, Matsunaga T. A boron-rhamnogalacturonan-Ⅱ complex from bamboo shoot cell walls [J]. Phytochemistry,1997,44:243-248.
[37]杨永峰,黄成林.3种苦竹竹笋中黄酮类化合物的研究[J].竹子研究汇刊,2009,28(1)：56-60.
[38]王文文,袁艺,袁彩红,等.毛竹笋总黄酮的提取工艺研究[J].安徽农业大学学报,2011,38(2)：197-201.
[39]Wang H X, Ng T B. Dendrocin, a distinctive antifungal protein from bamboo shoots [J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2003,307:750-755.
[40]Fujimura M, Ideguchi M, Minami Y, et al. Amino acid sequence and antimicrobial activity of chitin-binding peptides, Pp-AMP 1 and Pp-AMP 2, from Japanese bamboo shoots (Phyllostachys pubescens) [J]. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 2005,69(3):642-645.
[41]张金萍,王敬文,杜孟浩.竹笋酪氨酸制备及其广阔应用前景[A].浙江省第二届林业科技周科技与林业产业论文集[C].浙江：林业科技局,2005：224-226.
[42]林倩,王强,刘红芝,等.酶法制备竹笋短肽的工艺优化[J].粮油加工,2011,(3)：98-101.
[43]Sarangthem K, Singh T N, Thongam W. Transformation of fermented bamboo (Dendrocalamus hamiltonii) shoots into phytosterols by microorganisms [J]. J Food Sci Technol,2003,40:622-625.
[44]陆柏益,鲍建峰,山琳,等.超临界C02萃取毛竹笋油的工艺及产品成分[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(8)：312-316.
[45]陈如寿,殷钟意,郑旭煦,等.响应面法优化竹笋剩余物甾醇的超声辅助提取工艺[J].食品科学,2012,33(14)：85-90.
[46]李安平,谢碧霞,陶俊奎,等.竹笋抗氧化活性比较研究[J].营养学报,2008,30(3)：321-323.
[47]王文文,袁艺,武静文.竹笋醇提取物对酪氨酸酶活力的影响[J].江苏农业学报,2010,26(6)：1197-1200.
[48]武静文,袁艺,王文文,等.不同种竹笋及笋壳提取物抗氧化活性的研究[J].激光生物学报,2011,20(2)：245-260.
[49]Zhang Z S, Wang X M, Yu S C, et al. Isolation and antioxidant activities of polysaccharides extracted from the shoots of Phyllostachys edulis (Carr.) [J]. Int J Biol Macromol,2011,49:454-457.
[50]刘彤云,舒思洁,舒慧,等.雷竹笋汁对糖尿病大鼠组织过氧化损伤的影响[J].浙江中西医结合杂志,2004,14(4)：225-226.
[51]李峰,曾德志,王国珍.雷竹笋提取液对大鼠实验性肝损伤的保护作用[J].现代中西医结合杂志,2012,21(9)：935-936.
[52]He Y H. The hypocholestolemic effect of bamboo shoots in vivo and in vitro (Phyllostachys edulis, Phytosterols) [D]. Dr. Paper of Rutgers University,1998.
[53]舒思洁,舒慧,林永生.雷竹笋汁对糖尿病大鼠血浆多种因子和肝糖原的影响[J].中国临床康复,2005,(19)：232-233.
[54]韩珍琼,明红梅,李艳.竹笋汁对食品腐败菌的抑菌效果研究[J].中国酿造,2009,(9)：72-74.
[55]陆柏益.竹笋中甾醇类化合物的研究[D].浙江杭州：浙江大学,2007.
[56]Suzuki S, Saito T, Uchiyama M, et al. Studies on the anti-tumor activity of polysaccharides. I. Isolation of hemicelluloses from Yakushima-bamboo and their growth inhibitory activities against sarcoma-180 solid tumor [J]. Chem Pharm Bull, 1968,16(10):2032-2039.
[57]李安平,谢碧霞.发酵竹笋膳食纤维改善小鼠胃肠道功能的实验研究[J].食品工业科技,2005,26(7)：171-173.
[58]汪小锋,樊廷俊.几种免疫促进剂对中国对虾血细胞数量、形态结构以及酚氧化酶产量和活性的影响[J].水产学报,2005,29(1)：66-73.
[59]谭北平,周歧存,郑石轩,等.p-1,3/1,6-葡聚糖制剂对凡纳对虾生长及免疫力的影响[J].高技术通讯,2004,(5)：73-77.
[60]黄正台.不同免疫激活物对白虾非特异性免疫反应及生理之影响[D].台湾基隆：台湾海洋大学,2005.
[61]Thanardkit P, Khunrae P, Suphantharika M, et al. Glucan from spent brewer's yeast:preparation, analysis and use as a potential immunostimulant in shrimp feed [J]. World J Microbiol Biotechnol,2002,18:527-539.
[62]李义.中华绒螯蟹新型免疫调节剂及其酚氧化酶的纯化和性质研究[D].江苏南京：南京农业大学,2007.
[63]江晓路,刘树青,张朝晖,等.多糖对中国对虾免疫功能的影响[J].中国水产科学,1999,6(1)：66-68.
[64]Itami T, Takahashi, tsnchihira E, et al. Enhancemnet of disease resistance of kuruma prawn Penaeus japonicus and increase in phagocytic activity of prawn hemocytes after oral administration of β-1,3-glucan Schizophyllan [A]. The Third Asian Fisheries Forum.Asian Fisheries Society [C]. Manila, Philippenes,1994,375-378.
[65]王兰,王茜,吉晋芳,等.低分子量壳聚糖对长江华溪蟹免疫功能的影响[J].山西大学学报,2009,32(4)：627-633.
[66]李红权,刘存歧,李志英,等.灰树花多糖对日本对虾免疫活性的影响[J].水生态学杂志,2008,1(2)：128-131.
[67]杨季芳,郭卢云,陈福生,等.2株南极海洋寡营养细菌(Alteromonas stellipolaris)脂多糖对三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)非特异性免疫活性的影 响[J].海洋与湖沼,2011,42(2)：294-299.
[68]何颖,陈忠伟,高建峰,等.马尾藻多糖对南美白对虾免疫调节作用[J].安徽农业科学,2008,36(31)：13664-13665,13680.
[69]昌鸣先,陈孝煊.两种多糖对日本沼虾酚氧化酶活力的影响[J].水生生物学报,2003,27(3)：269-272.
[70]Cheng W, Liu C H, Kuo C H, et al. Dietary administration of sodium alginate enhances the immune ability of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and its resistance against Vibrio alginolyticus [J]. Fish Shellfish Immunol,2005,18:1-12.
[71]习欠云,刘小龙,方淑娴,等.人参多糖复合物对南美白对虾免疫增强效果的研究[J].饲料工业,2009,30(6)：15-17.
[72]昌鸣先,陈孝煊,吴志新,等.虫草多糖对日本沼虾免疫机能的影响[J].华中农业大学学报,2001,20(3)：275-278.
[73]王秀华,宋晓玲,黄健.肽聚糖制剂对南美白对虾体液免疫因子的影响[J].中国水产科学,2004,11(1)：26-30.
[74]Takahashi Y, Kondo M, Itami T, et al. Enhancement of disease resistance against penaeid acute viraemia and induction of virus-inactivating activity in haemolymph of kuruma shrimp, Penaeus japonicus, by oral administration of Pantoea agglomerans lipopolysaccharide (LPS) [J]. Fish Shellfish Immunol,2000,10:555-558.
[75]陈昌福,姚鹃,陈萱,等.口服免疫多糖(酵母细胞壁)对南美白对虾抗哈维弧菌感染的作用[J].安徽农业大学学报,2004,31(4)：402-405.
[76]沈文英,阳会军,柯慧芬,等.β-葡聚糖对凡纳滨对虾免疫相关酶活性的影响[J].水产科学,2007,26(7)：381-383.
[77]许国焕,梁友光,吴月嫦,等.酵母葡聚糖对南美白对虾免疫功能的影响[J].饲料工业,2003,24(10)：53-54.
[78]宋理平.Vc、p-葡聚糖和藻粉对中国明对虾生长和免疫酶活性的影响[D].上海：上海水产大学,2005.
[79]杨福冈,周洪琪,黄旭雄.不同p-葡聚糖对凡纳滨对虾稚虾生长及非特异免疫功能的影响[J].上海水产大学学报,2005,14(3)：63-69.
[80]王秀华,宋晓玲,黄倢.肽聚糖制剂对日本对虾非特异免疫因子的作用[J].高技术通讯,2004,(5)：78-81.
[81]Huang X X, Zhou H Q, Zhang H. The effect of Sargassum fusiforme polysaccharide extracts on vibriosis resistance and immune activity of the shrimp, Fenneropenaeus chinensis [J]. Fish Shellfish Immunol,2006,20:750-757.
[82]王新霞.对虾免疫增强剂的研究与应用[D].山东青岛：中国海洋大学,2004.
[83]温俊,孙鸣,孙冬岩.合生素对南美白对虾肠道菌群和免疫机能的影响[J].饲料研究,2008,(10)：53-55.
[84]Wang Y C, Chang P S, Chen H Y. Differential time-series expression of immune-related genes of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in response to dietary inclusion of β-1,3-glucan [J]. Fish Shellfish Immunol,2008,24:113-121.
[85]Bae S H, Kim B R, Kang B J, et al. Molecular cloning of prophenoloxidase and the effects of dietary β-glucan and rutin on immune response in hemocytes of the fleshy shrimp, Fenneropenaeus chinensis [J]. Fish Shellfish Immunol,2012,33: 597-604.
[86]Zhao H X, Cao J M, Wang A L, et al. Effects of Dietary β-1,3-Glucan on Expression of Immune-related Genes of Litopenaeus vannamei Exposed to Nitrite-N [J]. J World Aquacult Soc,2012,43(3):400-410.
[87]Rattanachai A, Hirono I, Ohira T, et al. Peptidoglycan inducible expression of a serine proteinase homologue from kuruma shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicus) [J]. Fish Shellfish Immunol,2005,18:39-48.
[88]Fagutao F F, Yasuike M, Caipang C M, et al. Gene Expression Profile of Hemocytes of Kuruma Shrimp, Marsupenaeus japonicus Following Peptidoglycan Stimulation [J]. Mar Biotechnol,2008,10:731-740.
[89]Lin Y C, Vaseeharan B, Chen J C. Identification of the extracellular copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (ecCuZnSOD) gene of the mud crab Scylla serrata and its expression following β-glucan and peptidoglycan injections [J]. Molecul Immunol,2008,45:1346-1355.
[90]Okumura T. Effects of lipopolysaccharide on gene expression of antimicrobial peptides (penaeidins and crustin), serine proteinase and prophenoloxidase in haemocytes of the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei [J]. Fish Shellfish Immunol,2007,22:68-76.
[91]Lu K Y, Sung H.J, Liu C L, et al. Differentially enhanced gene expression in hemocytes from Macrobrachium rosenbergii challenged in vivo with lipopolysaccha-ride [J]. J Invert Pathol,2009,100:9-15.
[92]罗展,张继泉,李富花,等.凡纳滨对虾C-型凝集素LvLec2对不同刺激的免疫应答[J].海洋科学,2010,34(11)：103-110.
[93]Jin X K, Li W W, Cheng L, et al. Two novel short C-type lectin from Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis, are induced in response to LPS challenged [J]. Fish Shellfish Immunol,2012,33:1149-1158.
[94]Liu C H, Yeh S P, Kuo C M, et al. The effect of sodium alginate on the immune response of tiger shrimp via dietary administration:Activity and gene transcription [J]. Fish Shellfish Immunol,2006,21:442-452.
[95]Wang X X, Lu Z Q, Zhu L N, et al. Innate immune response and related gene expression in red swamp crayfish [Procambarus clarkii (Girard)], induced by selenium-enriched exopolysaccharide produced by bacterium Enterobacter cloacae Z0206 [J]. Aquacul Res; 2010,41:819-827.
[96]Liu X L, Xi Q Y, Yang L, et al. The effect of dietary Panax ginseng polysaccharide extract on the immune responses in whites hrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei [J]. Fish Shellfish Immunol,2011,30:495-500.
[97]Pholdaeng K, Pongsamart S. Studies on the immunomodulatory effect of polysaccharide gel extracted from Durio zibethinus in Penaeus monodon shrimp against Vibrio harveyi and WSSV [J]. Fish Shellfish Immunol,2010,28:555-561.
[98]李红权,刘燕,王安利.赤芝多糖对日本沼虾免疫功能的影响[J].中国兽药杂志,2006,40(8)：16-18.
[99]胡琳琳,房文红,高露姣,等.壳聚糖硫酸酯提高凡纳滨对虾抗白斑综合征病毒感染力的研究[J].海洋渔业,2008,30(3)：250-255.
[100]张惟杰.糖复合物生化研究技术(第2版)[M].浙江杭州：浙江大学出版社,1999.
[101]周裔彬,汪东风,宛晓春,等.茶多糖的纯化及结构分析[J].化学通报,2008,(9)：691-695.
[102]Azmi A F, Mustafa S, Hashim D M, et al. Prebiotic activity of polysaccharides extracted from Gigantochloa Levis (Buluh beting) shoots [J]. Molecules,2012,17:1635-1651.
[103]杨翠娴,李清彪,凌雪萍,等.应用微波前处理-热水浸提技术提取龙眼多糖[J].化工学报,2007,58(8)：2004-2009.
[104]Kacurakova M, Capek P, Sasinkova V, et al. FT-IR study of plant cell wall model compounds:pectic polysaccharides and hemicelluloses [J]. Carbohydr Polym, 2000,43(2):195-203.
[105]矫丽曼,纪纯阳,阚国仕,等.美味牛肝菌胞外多糖的分离纯化及组分分析[J].食品工业科技,2010,(5)：164-166.
[106]许瑞波,王新新,唐秋萍,等.花果山墨旱莲多糖的提取及体外抗氧化活性比较[J].食品科学,2011,32(22)：20-24.
[107]李晋,徐怀德,米林峰.洋葱多糖的分离纯化及单糖组成研究[J].中国食品学报,2012,12(2)：202-206.
[108]杨宝,赵谋明,刘洋,等.一种荔枝壳多糖的分离鉴定[J].食品科学,2006,27(2)；81-83.
[109]周裔彬,汪东风,宛晓春,等.茶多糖的纯化及结构分析[J].化学通报,2008,(9)：691-695.
[110]陈思,黄庆华,李娆玲,等.茶枝柑皮多糖的分离纯化及单糖组成分析[J].食品科学,2011,32(19)：88-91.
[111]王强,李盛钰,杨帆,等.玉竹中性多糖的分离纯化及单糖组成分析[J].食品科学,2010,31(15)：100-102.
[112]安晓娟,冯琳,宋红平,等.淫羊藿多糖的分离纯化及结构初步分析[J].生物学杂志,2012,29(3)：39-40,82.
[113]许瑞波,严丽莉,章蕊,等.青北五味子多糖的提取及其抗氧化活性[J].食品科学,2012,33(22)：85-89.
[114]何晋浙,邵平,孟祥河,等.灵芝多糖的结构特征分析[J].分析化学,2010,38(3)：372-376.
[115]陈历水,马莺,刘天一,等.一株抗氧化活性酵母菌产多糖的纯化与结构分析[J].分析化学,2010,38(3)：409-412.
[116]陈小强,叶阳,成浩,等.不同方法提制的茶叶粗多糖的光谱分析[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2009,29(4)：1083-1087.
[117]周鹏,谢明勇,傅博强.多糖的结构研究[J].南昌大学学报(理科版), 2001,25(2)：197-204.
[118]张昌军,原方圆,邵红兵.超声波法在提取多糖类化合物中的应用研究[J].化工时刊,2007,21(2)：54-56.
[119]赵鹏,李稳宏,朱骤海,等.超声提取款冬花多糖的响应面法工艺优化[J].精细化工,2009,26(6)：546-549.
[120]张琳,樊金玲,朱文学,等.响应面法优化超声波辅助提取甘草多糖工艺[J].食品科学,2010,31(16)：67-71.
[121]Cai W R, Gu X H, Tang J. Extraction, purification, and characterization of the polysaccharides from Opuntia milpaalta [J]. Carbohydr Polym,2008,71:403-410.
[122]关海宁,刁小琴,唐华,等.响应面法优化超声波辅助提取黑玉米多糖工艺研究[J].粮油加工,2011,(2)：135-138.
[123]Luo D. Optimization of total polysaccharide extraction from Dioscorea nipponica Makino using response surface methodology and uniform design [J]. Carbohyd Polym,2012:284-288.
[124]包怡红,秦蕾,王戈.沙棘叶多糖的提取工艺及抗氧化作用的研究[J].食品工业科技,2010,31(1)：286-290.
[125]李芳亮,王锐,孙磊,等.响应面法优化超声波提取沙棘叶水溶性多糖工艺研究[J].广东农业科学,2011,(12)：101-104.
[126]Kishk Y F M, Al-Sayed H M A. Free-radical scavenging and antioxidative activities of some polysaccharides in emulsions [J]. LWT Food Sci Technol,2007,40(2): 270-277.
[127]吐尔干乃义·吐尔逊,热衣木·马木提,阿不都拉·阿巴斯.中国树花中地衣多糖的抗氧化活性研究[J].食品与发酵工业,2009,35(11)：119-121.
[128]赵丰丽,张云鸽,宁良丹.红菇多糖的提取分离及其抗氧化活性的研究[J].中国酿造,2009,(11)：98-101.
[129]单承莺,任红荣,何海玲,等.毛胶薯蓣多糖的体外抗氧化活性研究[J].食品与发酵工业,2009,35(12)：86-89.
[130]薛福玲,蔺志铎,韩明,等.三种中药材多糖抗氧化性研究[J].食品科技,2010,35(2)：138-140,143.
[131]Ndhlala, A R, Chitindingu K, Mupure C, et al. Antioxidant properties of methanolic extracts from Diospyros mespiliformis (jackal berry), Flacourtia indica (Batoka plum), Uapaca kirkiana (wild loquat) and Ziziphus mauritiana (yellow berry) fruits [J]. Inter J Food Sci Technol,2008,43:284-288.
[132]Kil H Y, Seong E S, Ghimire B K, et al. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of crude sorghum extract [J]. Food Chem,2009,115:1234-1239.
[133]Sahreen S, Khan M R, Khan R A. Evaluation of antioxidant activities of various solvent extracts of Carissa opaca fruits [J]. Food Chem,2010,122:1205-1211.
[133]丁红秀,夏冬华.毛竹叶多糖体内抗氧化作用研究[J].食品科学,2008,29(5)：427-430.
[135]游育红,林志彬.灵芝多糖肽的抗氧化作用[J].药学学报,2003,8(2)：85-88.
[136]Capek P, Machova E, Turjan J. Scavenging and antioxidant activities of immunomodulating polysaccharides isolated from Salvia officinalis L [J]. Inter J Bio Macromol,2009,44:75-80.
[137]Luo A X, He X J, Zhou S D, et al. Purification, composition analysis and antioxidant activity of the polysaccharides from Dendrobium nobile Lind1 [J]. Carbohydr Polym,2010,79:1014-1019.
[138]Yuan J F, Zhang Z Q, Fan Z C, et al. Antioxidant effects and cytotoxicity of three purified polysaccharides from Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort [J]. Carbohydr Polym, 2008,74:822-827.
[139]Boligon A A, Pereira R P. Feltrin A C, et al. Antioxidant activities of flavonol derivatives from the leaves and stem bark of Scutia buxifolia Reiss [J]. Bioresour Technol,2009,100:6592-6598.
[140]罗建平,徐学玲,潘利华,等.菠萝皮渣多糖的提取与体外抗氧化活性研究[J].食品科学,2009,30(18)：172-175.
[141]Wang J L, Zhang J, Zhao B T. A comparison study on microwave-assisted extraction of Potentilla anserine L. polysaccharides with conventional method: Molecule weight and antioxidant activities evaluation [J]. Carbohydr Polym,2010,80: 84-93.
[142]Qi H M, Zhang Q B, Zhao T T, et al. Antioxidant activity of different sulfate content derivatives of polysaccharide extracted from Viva pertusa (Chlorophyta) in vitro [J]. Inter J Bio Macromol,2005,37:195-199.
[143]Simic M G. Mechanisms of inhibition of free-radical processes in mutagenesis and carcinogenesis [J]. Mutat Res,1998,202:377-386.
[144]Lai F R, Wen Q B, Li L, et al. Antioxidant activities of water-soluble polysaccharide extracted from mung bean(Vigna radiata L.) hull with ultrasonic assisted treatment [J]. Carbohydr Polym,2010,81:323-329.
[145]Chen Y, Xie M Y, Nie S P, et al. Purification, composition analysis and antioxidant activity of a polysaccharide from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma atrum [J]. Food Chem,2008,107:231-241.
[146]Duh P D, Du P C, Yen G C. Action of methanolic extract of mung bean hulls as inhibitors of lipid peroxidation and non-lipid oxidative damage [J]. Food Chem Toxicol,1999,37:1055-1061.
[147]金迪,梁英,郑文凤,等.黄芩多糖体外抗氧化活性研究[J].中兽医医药杂志,2012,(3)：33-37.
[148]殷军,葛青,毛建卫,等.竹叶多糖的组分及抗氧化活性分析[J].食品工业科技,2013,(2)：100-103.
[149]裴会鹏,黄俊,吴凯旋,等.参薯多糖检测及其体外抗氧化能力研究[J].河南农业科学,2011,40(11)：113-116.
[150]张可炜,徐誉泰,张举仁,等.银杏叶和柘树提取物的抗氧化作用[J].山东大学学报,2000,35(4)：469.
[151]吴冬青,安红钢,徐新建,等.甘肃临泽小枣多糖提取及抗氧化性[J].光谱实验室,2011,28(3)：1066-1077.
[152]Azmi A F, Mustafa S, Hashim D M, et al. Prebiotic Activity of Polysaccharides Extracted from Gigantochloa Levis (Buluh beting) Shoots [J]. Molecules,2012,17:1635-1651.
[153]蔡武城,李碧羽,李玉民.生物化学实验技术教程[M].上海：复旦大学出版社,1983,47
[154]朱忠勇.实用医学检验学[M].北京：人民军医出版社,1997,795-805.
[155]Song Y L, Hsieh Y T. Immunostimulation of tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) hemoeytes for generation of microbicidal substances:analysis of reactive oxygen species[J]. Dev Comp Immunol,1994,18:201-209.
[156]Ashida M. Purification and characterization of prophenoloxidase from hemolymph of the silkworm Bombyx mori [J]. Archs Biochem Biophys,1971,144: 749-762.
[157]史成银,黄捷,宋晓玲.对虾皮下及造血组织坏死杆状病毒单克隆抗体的ELISA快速检测[J].中国水产科学,1999,6(3)：116-118.
[158]Hultmark D, Seiner H. Insect immunity:Purification and properties of three inducible bactericidal proteins from hemolymph of immunized pupae of Hyalophera cecropia [J]. Eur J Biochem,1980,106:7-16.
[159]Le Moullac L G, Soyez C, Saulnier D, et al. Effect of hypoxia stress on the immune response and the resistance to vibriosis of the shrimp Penaeus stylirostris [J]. Fish Shellfish Immunol,1998,8:621-629.
[160]Bachere E, Mialhe E, Rodriguez J. Identification of defence effectors in the haemolymph of crustaceans with particular reference to the shrimp Penaeus japonicus (Bate):prospects and applications [J]. Fish Shellfish Immunol,1995,5:597-612.
[161]Zhang Z F, Shao M Y, Ho Kang K H. Changes of enzyme activity and hematopoiesis in Chinese prawn Fenneropenaeus chinensis (Osbeck) induced by white spot syndrome virus and zymosan A [J]. Aquacult Res,2005,36:674-681.
[162]Tania R R, Georgina E, Jorge H L, et al. Effects of Echerichia coli lipopolysaccharides and dissolved ammonia on immune response in southern white shrimp Litopenaeus schmitti [J]. Aquaculture,2008,247:118-125.
[163]Wang S H, Chen J C. The protective effect of chitin and chitosan against Vibrio alginolyticus in white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei [J]. Fish Shellfish Immunol, 2005,19:191-204.
[164]Lorenzona S, de Guarrini S, Smith V J, et al. Effects of LPS injection on circulating haemocytes in crustaceans in vivo [J]. Fish Shellfish Immunol,1999,9:31-50.
[165]李红权.真菌多糖对虾类免疫功能的影响[D].河北保定：河北大学,2001.
[166]Cheng W, Liu C H, Yeh S T, et al. The immune stimulatory effect of sodium alginate on the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and its resistance against Vibrio alginolyticus [J]. Fish Shellfish Immunol,2004,17:41-51.
[167]王海丽,黄幸雷,杨季芳.南极寡营养细菌ANT52的脂多糖对梭子蟹非特异性免疫功能的影响[J].浙江万里学院学报,2011,24(6)：78-83.
[168]宋晓玲,杨绪彤,偲瀚文.双歧杆菌细胞壁肽聚糖的分离及其对二种海产动物免疫活性的影响[J].水产学报,2005,29(3)：350-355.
[169]Franchini A, Conte A, Ottaviani E. Nitric oxide:an ancestral immunocyte effector molecule [J]. Adv Neuroimmunol,1995,5:463-478.
[170]刘倩.复合免疫增强剂对凡纳滨对虾生长、存活及非特异性免疫力的影响[D].山东青岛：中国海洋大学,2010.
[171]蒋锦坤,王际英,张利民,等.壳聚糖对虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)幼鱼生长性能、体组成及非特异性免疫的影响[J].海洋与湖沼,2012,43(4)：729-734.
[172]李红权,郭云霞,李术娜,等.灰树花多糖提取条件的优化及其对日本沼虾免疫功能影响的研究[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2009,(12)：105-108.
[173]刘树青,江晓路,牟海津,等.免疫多糖对日本对虾血清酶活性的影响[J].中国水产科学,1999,6(3)：107-113.
[174]刘树青,江晓路,牟海津,等.免疫多糖对中国对虾血清溶菌酶、磷酸酶和过氧化物酶的作用[J].海洋与胡沼,1999,30(3)：278-283.
[175]王芳.酵母细胞壁多糖对罗氏沼虾免疫相关同工酶的影响[D].上海：上海师范大学,2011.
[176]许第新,姚娟,陈昌福.注射免疫多糖(酵母细胞壁)对克氏原螯虾几种免疫相关酶活性的影响[J].淡水渔业,2004,34(5)：56-58.
[177]陈昌福,陈萱,陈超然,等.水产甲壳动物的免疫防御机能及其免疫预防研究进展[J].华中农业大学学报,2003,22(2)：197-203.
[178]Yao C L, Wu C G, Xiang J H, et al. The lysosome and lysozyme response in Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis to Vibrio anguillarum and laminarin stimulation [J]. J Exp Mar Bio Ecol,2008,363:124-129.
[2]余水法,蔡春芳,宋学宏,等.p-葡聚糖对河蟹免疫功能的影响[J].中国饲料,2006,(5)：20-22.
[3]王雪良.酵母p-葡聚糖对中华绒螯蟹免疫功能的影响[D].江苏苏州：苏州大学,2008.
[4]Zhou J, Yong-Hong Wang Y H, Chu J, et al. Improvement of innate immune responses and defense activity in mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) by oral administration of β-glucan [J]. Biotechnol Lett,2008,30:1721-1725.
[5]沈锦玉,刘问,曹铮,等.免疫增强剂对中华绒螯蟹免疫功能的影响[J].浙江农业学报,2004,6(1)：25-29.
[6]谭夕东,李义,张红英,等.海藻酸钠对中华绒螯蟹免疫功能及抗病力的影响[J].饲料工业,2008,29(6)：24-27.
[7]谭夕东.海藻酸钠和壳聚糖对中华绒螯蟹免疫功能的影响[D].江苏苏州：苏州大学,2008.
[8]郑宗林,黄辉,刘鸿艳,等.壳聚糖对异育银鲫和中华绒螯蟹淋巴细胞部分特性的影响[J].中国水产科学,2009,16(2)：248-256.
[9]陈星.两种植物多糖的提取及对中华绒螯蟹免疫功能影响的研究[D].江苏苏州：苏州大学,2007.
[10]林倩,王强,刘红芝.竹笋深加工及其功能活性研究进展[J].天然产物研究与开发,2012,24(1)：136-141.
[11]Young R A. Flavour qualities of some edible oriental bamboos[J]. Econ Bot, 1954,8:377-386.
[12]Yamaguchi M. World vegetables:principles, production and nutritive values [M]. Avi Publishing, West Port, CT, USA,1983.
[13]Kumbhare V, Bhargava A. Effect of processing on nutritional value of central Indian Bamboo Shoots [J]. Food Sci Technol,2007,44(1):29-31.
[14]Satya S, Singhal S, Prabhu G, et al. Exploring the Nutraceutical potential and food safety aspect of bamboo shoot of some Indian species [A]. In:Proceedings of VIII World Bamboo Conference[C]. Bangkok, Thailand,2009,78-88.
[15]Satya S, Singhal P, Mohan Bal L, et al. Bamboo shoot:a potential source of food security [J]. Mediterr J Nutr Metab,2012,5:1-10.
[16]徐圣友,曹万友,宋曰钦,等.不同品种竹笋蛋白质与氨基酸的分析与评价[J].食品科学,2005,26(7)：222～227.
[17]胡春水,余红英,佘祥威,等.毛竹笋氨基酸含量的比较[J].竹子研究汇刊,2000,19(2)：44-48.
[18]丁之恩,周根土,胡芳名.腌制竹笋品质研究[J].经济林研究,2006,24(1)：11-15.
[19]胡超宗.毛竹不同笋龄营养成分变化[J].竹子研究汇刊,1986,5(1)：89-95.
[20]王波,汪奎宏,刘鹏.斑苦竹笋的营养成分分析及其评价[J].浙江林业科技,2011,31(3)：28-31.
[21]杨永峰,黄成林.三种苦竹属竹笋营养成分和矿质元素含量分析[J].植物资源与环境学报,2009,18(3)：94-96.
[22]黄伟素,陆柏益.竹笋深加工利用技术现状及趋势[J].林业科学,2008,44(8)：118-123.
[23]谢碧霞,谢涛,李安平,等.竹笋膳食纤维开发和主要功能性质的研究[J].经济林研究,2000,18(2)：8-11.
[24]邓安彬.竹笋及笋渣膳食纤维的提取工艺及其理化特性研究[D].四川雅安：四川农业大学,2008.
[25]李义.竹笋水溶性多糖提取工艺研究[J].林产化学与工业,2008,28(1)：99-102.
[26]陈蕾俊,王晓梅,张忠山.毛竹笋多糖水浸提工艺条件研究[J].中国酿造,2012,31(2)：144-146.
[27]Kato Y, Shiozawa R, Takeda S, et al. Structural investigation of a β-D-glucan and a xyloglucan from bamboo-shoot cell-walls [J]. Carbohydr Res,1982,109:233-248.
[28]Peng P, Peng F, Bian J, et al. Studies on the starch and hemicelluloses fractionated by graded ethanol precipitation from bamboo Phyllostachys bambusoides f. shouzhu Yi [J]. J Agric Food Chem,2011,59:2680-2688.
[29]Kweon M H, Hwang H J, Sung H C. Isolation and characterization of anticomplementary β-glucans from the shoots of bamboo Phyllostachys edulis [J]. Planta Med,2003,69(1):56-62.
[30]Ishii T, Hiroi T. Linkage of phenolic acids to cell-wall polysaccharides of bamboo shoot [J]. Carbohydr Res,1990,206:297-310.
[31]Ishii T, Hiroi T. Isolation and characterization of feruloylated arabinoxylan oligosaccharides from bamboo shoot cell-walls [J]. Carbohydr Res,1990,196:175-183.
[32]Ishii T, Hiroi T, Thomas J R.. Feruloylated xyloglucan and pcoumaroyl arabinoxylan oligosaccharides from bamboo shoot cell-walls [J]. Phytochemistry,1990, 29:1999-2003.
[33]Ishii T. Acetylation at O-2 of arabinofuranose residues in feruloylated arabinoxylan from bamboo shoot cell-walls [J]. Phytochemistry,1991,30:2317-2320.
[34]Ishii T. Isolation and characterization of a diferuloyl arabinoxylan hexasaccharide from bamboo shoot cell-walls [J]. Carbohydr Res,1991,219:15-22.
[35]Edashige Y, Ishii T. Hemicellulosic polysaccharides from bamboo shoot cell-walls [J]. Phytochemistry,1998,49:1675-1682.
[36]Kaneko S, Ishii T, Matsunaga T. A boron-rhamnogalacturonan-Ⅱ complex from bamboo shoot cell walls [J]. Phytochemistry,1997,44:243-248.
[37]杨永峰,黄成林.3种苦竹竹笋中黄酮类化合物的研究[J].竹子研究汇刊,2009,28(1)：56-60.
[38]王文文,袁艺,袁彩红,等.毛竹笋总黄酮的提取工艺研究[J].安徽农业大学学报,2011,38(2)：197-201.
[39]Wang H X, Ng T B. Dendrocin, a distinctive antifungal protein from bamboo shoots [J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2003,307:750-755.
[40]Fujimura M, Ideguchi M, Minami Y, et al. Amino acid sequence and antimicrobial activity of chitin-binding peptides, Pp-AMP 1 and Pp-AMP 2, from Japanese bamboo shoots (Phyllostachys pubescens) [J]. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 2005,69(3):642-645.
[41]张金萍,王敬文,杜孟浩.竹笋酪氨酸制备及其广阔应用前景[A].浙江省第二届林业科技周科技与林业产业论文集[C].浙江：林业科技局,2005：224-226.
[42]林倩,王强,刘红芝,等.酶法制备竹笋短肽的工艺优化[J].粮油加工,2011,(3)：98-101.
[43]Sarangthem K, Singh T N, Thongam W. Transformation of fermented bamboo (Dendrocalamus hamiltonii) shoots into phytosterols by microorganisms [J]. J Food Sci Technol,2003,40:622-625.
[44]陆柏益,鲍建峰,山琳,等.超临界C02萃取毛竹笋油的工艺及产品成分[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(8)：312-316.
[45]陈如寿,殷钟意,郑旭煦,等.响应面法优化竹笋剩余物甾醇的超声辅助提取工艺[J].食品科学,2012,33(14)：85-90.
[46]李安平,谢碧霞,陶俊奎,等.竹笋抗氧化活性比较研究[J].营养学报,2008,30(3)：321-323.
[47]王文文,袁艺,武静文.竹笋醇提取物对酪氨酸酶活力的影响[J].江苏农业学报,2010,26(6)：1197-1200.
[48]武静文,袁艺,王文文,等.不同种竹笋及笋壳提取物抗氧化活性的研究[J].激光生物学报,2011,20(2)：245-260.
[49]Zhang Z S, Wang X M, Yu S C, et al. Isolation and antioxidant activities of polysaccharides extracted from the shoots of Phyllostachys edulis (Carr.) [J]. Int J Biol Macromol,2011,49:454-457.
[50]刘彤云,舒思洁,舒慧,等.雷竹笋汁对糖尿病大鼠组织过氧化损伤的影响[J].浙江中西医结合杂志,2004,14(4)：225-226.
[51]李峰,曾德志,王国珍.雷竹笋提取液对大鼠实验性肝损伤的保护作用[J].现代中西医结合杂志,2012,21(9)：935-936.
[52]He Y H. The hypocholestolemic effect of bamboo shoots in vivo and in vitro (Phyllostachys edulis, Phytosterols) [D]. Dr. Paper of Rutgers University,1998.
[53]舒思洁,舒慧,林永生.雷竹笋汁对糖尿病大鼠血浆多种因子和肝糖原的影响[J].中国临床康复,2005,(19)：232-233.
[54]韩珍琼,明红梅,李艳.竹笋汁对食品腐败菌的抑菌效果研究[J].中国酿造,2009,(9)：72-74.
[55]陆柏益.竹笋中甾醇类化合物的研究[D].浙江杭州：浙江大学,2007.
[56]Suzuki S, Saito T, Uchiyama M, et al. Studies on the anti-tumor activity of polysaccharides. I. Isolation of hemicelluloses from Yakushima-bamboo and their growth inhibitory activities against sarcoma-180 solid tumor [J]. Chem Pharm Bull, 1968,16(10):2032-2039.
[57]李安平,谢碧霞.发酵竹笋膳食纤维改善小鼠胃肠道功能的实验研究[J].食品工业科技,2005,26(7)：171-173.
[58]汪小锋,樊廷俊.几种免疫促进剂对中国对虾血细胞数量、形态结构以及酚氧化酶产量和活性的影响[J].水产学报,2005,29(1)：66-73.
[59]谭北平,周歧存,郑石轩,等.p-1,3/1,6-葡聚糖制剂对凡纳对虾生长及免疫力的影响[J].高技术通讯,2004,(5)：73-77.
[60]黄正台.不同免疫激活物对白虾非特异性免疫反应及生理之影响[D].台湾基隆：台湾海洋大学,2005.
[61]Thanardkit P, Khunrae P, Suphantharika M, et al. Glucan from spent brewer's yeast:preparation, analysis and use as a potential immunostimulant in shrimp feed [J]. World J Microbiol Biotechnol,2002,18:527-539.
[62]李义.中华绒螯蟹新型免疫调节剂及其酚氧化酶的纯化和性质研究[D].江苏南京：南京农业大学,2007.
[63]江晓路,刘树青,张朝晖,等.多糖对中国对虾免疫功能的影响[J].中国水产科学,1999,6(1)：66-68.
[64]Itami T, Takahashi, tsnchihira E, et al. Enhancemnet of disease resistance of kuruma prawn Penaeus japonicus and increase in phagocytic activity of prawn hemocytes after oral administration of β-1,3-glucan Schizophyllan [A]. The Third Asian Fisheries Forum.Asian Fisheries Society [C]. Manila, Philippenes,1994,375-378.
[65]王兰,王茜,吉晋芳,等.低分子量壳聚糖对长江华溪蟹免疫功能的影响[J].山西大学学报,2009,32(4)：627-633.
[66]李红权,刘存歧,李志英,等.灰树花多糖对日本对虾免疫活性的影响[J].水生态学杂志,2008,1(2)：128-131.
[67]杨季芳,郭卢云,陈福生,等.2株南极海洋寡营养细菌(Alteromonas stellipolaris)脂多糖对三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)非特异性免疫活性的影 响[J].海洋与湖沼,2011,42(2)：294-299.
[68]何颖,陈忠伟,高建峰,等.马尾藻多糖对南美白对虾免疫调节作用[J].安徽农业科学,2008,36(31)：13664-13665,13680.
[69]昌鸣先,陈孝煊.两种多糖对日本沼虾酚氧化酶活力的影响[J].水生生物学报,2003,27(3)：269-272.
[70]Cheng W, Liu C H, Kuo C H, et al. Dietary administration of sodium alginate enhances the immune ability of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and its resistance against Vibrio alginolyticus [J]. Fish Shellfish Immunol,2005,18:1-12.
[71]习欠云,刘小龙,方淑娴,等.人参多糖复合物对南美白对虾免疫增强效果的研究[J].饲料工业,2009,30(6)：15-17.
[72]昌鸣先,陈孝煊,吴志新,等.虫草多糖对日本沼虾免疫机能的影响[J].华中农业大学学报,2001,20(3)：275-278.
[73]王秀华,宋晓玲,黄健.肽聚糖制剂对南美白对虾体液免疫因子的影响[J].中国水产科学,2004,11(1)：26-30.
[74]Takahashi Y, Kondo M, Itami T, et al. Enhancement of disease resistance against penaeid acute viraemia and induction of virus-inactivating activity in haemolymph of kuruma shrimp, Penaeus japonicus, by oral administration of Pantoea agglomerans lipopolysaccharide (LPS) [J]. Fish Shellfish Immunol,2000,10:555-558.
[75]陈昌福,姚鹃,陈萱,等.口服免疫多糖(酵母细胞壁)对南美白对虾抗哈维弧菌感染的作用[J].安徽农业大学学报,2004,31(4)：402-405.
[76]沈文英,阳会军,柯慧芬,等.β-葡聚糖对凡纳滨对虾免疫相关酶活性的影响[J].水产科学,2007,26(7)：381-383.
[77]许国焕,梁友光,吴月嫦,等.酵母葡聚糖对南美白对虾免疫功能的影响[J].饲料工业,2003,24(10)：53-54.
[78]宋理平.Vc、p-葡聚糖和藻粉对中国明对虾生长和免疫酶活性的影响[D].上海：上海水产大学,2005.
[79]杨福冈,周洪琪,黄旭雄.不同p-葡聚糖对凡纳滨对虾稚虾生长及非特异免疫功能的影响[J].上海水产大学学报,2005,14(3)：63-69.
[80]王秀华,宋晓玲,黄倢.肽聚糖制剂对日本对虾非特异免疫因子的作用[J].高技术通讯,2004,(5)：78-81.
[81]Huang X X, Zhou H Q, Zhang H. The effect of Sargassum fusiforme polysaccharide extracts on vibriosis resistance and immune activity of the shrimp, Fenneropenaeus chinensis [J]. Fish Shellfish Immunol,2006,20:750-757.
[82]王新霞.对虾免疫增强剂的研究与应用[D].山东青岛：中国海洋大学,2004.
[83]温俊,孙鸣,孙冬岩.合生素对南美白对虾肠道菌群和免疫机能的影响[J].饲料研究,2008,(10)：53-55.
[84]Wang Y C, Chang P S, Chen H Y. Differential time-series expression of immune-related genes of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in response to dietary inclusion of β-1,3-glucan [J]. Fish Shellfish Immunol,2008,24:113-121.
[85]Bae S H, Kim B R, Kang B J, et al. Molecular cloning of prophenoloxidase and the effects of dietary β-glucan and rutin on immune response in hemocytes of the fleshy shrimp, Fenneropenaeus chinensis [J]. Fish Shellfish Immunol,2012,33: 597-604.
[86]Zhao H X, Cao J M, Wang A L, et al. Effects of Dietary β-1,3-Glucan on Expression of Immune-related Genes of Litopenaeus vannamei Exposed to Nitrite-N [J]. J World Aquacult Soc,2012,43(3):400-410.
[87]Rattanachai A, Hirono I, Ohira T, et al. Peptidoglycan inducible expression of a serine proteinase homologue from kuruma shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicus) [J]. Fish Shellfish Immunol,2005,18:39-48.
[88]Fagutao F F, Yasuike M, Caipang C M, et al. Gene Expression Profile of Hemocytes of Kuruma Shrimp, Marsupenaeus japonicus Following Peptidoglycan Stimulation [J]. Mar Biotechnol,2008,10:731-740.
[89]Lin Y C, Vaseeharan B, Chen J C. Identification of the extracellular copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (ecCuZnSOD) gene of the mud crab Scylla serrata and its expression following β-glucan and peptidoglycan injections [J]. Molecul Immunol,2008,45:1346-1355.
[90]Okumura T. Effects of lipopolysaccharide on gene expression of antimicrobial peptides (penaeidins and crustin), serine proteinase and prophenoloxidase in haemocytes of the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei [J]. Fish Shellfish Immunol,2007,22:68-76.
[91]Lu K Y, Sung H.J, Liu C L, et al. Differentially enhanced gene expression in hemocytes from Macrobrachium rosenbergii challenged in vivo with lipopolysaccha-ride [J]. J Invert Pathol,2009,100:9-15.
[92]罗展,张继泉,李富花,等.凡纳滨对虾C-型凝集素LvLec2对不同刺激的免疫应答[J].海洋科学,2010,34(11)：103-110.
[93]Jin X K, Li W W, Cheng L, et al. Two novel short C-type lectin from Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis, are induced in response to LPS challenged [J]. Fish Shellfish Immunol,2012,33:1149-1158.
[94]Liu C H, Yeh S P, Kuo C M, et al. The effect of sodium alginate on the immune response of tiger shrimp via dietary administration:Activity and gene transcription [J]. Fish Shellfish Immunol,2006,21:442-452.
[95]Wang X X, Lu Z Q, Zhu L N, et al. Innate immune response and related gene expression in red swamp crayfish [Procambarus clarkii (Girard)], induced by selenium-enriched exopolysaccharide produced by bacterium Enterobacter cloacae Z0206 [J]. Aquacul Res; 2010,41:819-827.
[96]Liu X L, Xi Q Y, Yang L, et al. The effect of dietary Panax ginseng polysaccharide extract on the immune responses in whites hrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei [J]. Fish Shellfish Immunol,2011,30:495-500.
[97]Pholdaeng K, Pongsamart S. Studies on the immunomodulatory effect of polysaccharide gel extracted from Durio zibethinus in Penaeus monodon shrimp against Vibrio harveyi and WSSV [J]. Fish Shellfish Immunol,2010,28:555-561.
[98]李红权,刘燕,王安利.赤芝多糖对日本沼虾免疫功能的影响[J].中国兽药杂志,2006,40(8)：16-18.
[99]胡琳琳,房文红,高露姣,等.壳聚糖硫酸酯提高凡纳滨对虾抗白斑综合征病毒感染力的研究[J].海洋渔业,2008,30(3)：250-255.
[100]张惟杰.糖复合物生化研究技术(第2版)[M].浙江杭州：浙江大学出版社,1999.
[101]周裔彬,汪东风,宛晓春,等.茶多糖的纯化及结构分析[J].化学通报,2008,(9)：691-695.
[102]Azmi A F, Mustafa S, Hashim D M, et al. Prebiotic activity of polysaccharides extracted from Gigantochloa Levis (Buluh beting) shoots [J]. Molecules,2012,17:1635-1651.
[103]杨翠娴,李清彪,凌雪萍,等.应用微波前处理-热水浸提技术提取龙眼多糖[J].化工学报,2007,58(8)：2004-2009.
[104]Kacurakova M, Capek P, Sasinkova V, et al. FT-IR study of plant cell wall model compounds:pectic polysaccharides and hemicelluloses [J]. Carbohydr Polym, 2000,43(2):195-203.
[105]矫丽曼,纪纯阳,阚国仕,等.美味牛肝菌胞外多糖的分离纯化及组分分析[J].食品工业科技,2010,(5)：164-166.
[106]许瑞波,王新新,唐秋萍,等.花果山墨旱莲多糖的提取及体外抗氧化活性比较[J].食品科学,2011,32(22)：20-24.
[107]李晋,徐怀德,米林峰.洋葱多糖的分离纯化及单糖组成研究[J].中国食品学报,2012,12(2)：202-206.
[108]杨宝,赵谋明,刘洋,等.一种荔枝壳多糖的分离鉴定[J].食品科学,2006,27(2)；81-83.
[109]周裔彬,汪东风,宛晓春,等.茶多糖的纯化及结构分析[J].化学通报,2008,(9)：691-695.
[110]陈思,黄庆华,李娆玲,等.茶枝柑皮多糖的分离纯化及单糖组成分析[J].食品科学,2011,32(19)：88-91.
[111]王强,李盛钰,杨帆,等.玉竹中性多糖的分离纯化及单糖组成分析[J].食品科学,2010,31(15)：100-102.
[112]安晓娟,冯琳,宋红平,等.淫羊藿多糖的分离纯化及结构初步分析[J].生物学杂志,2012,29(3)：39-40,82.
[113]许瑞波,严丽莉,章蕊,等.青北五味子多糖的提取及其抗氧化活性[J].食品科学,2012,33(22)：85-89.
[114]何晋浙,邵平,孟祥河,等.灵芝多糖的结构特征分析[J].分析化学,2010,38(3)：372-376.
[115]陈历水,马莺,刘天一,等.一株抗氧化活性酵母菌产多糖的纯化与结构分析[J].分析化学,2010,38(3)：409-412.
[116]陈小强,叶阳,成浩,等.不同方法提制的茶叶粗多糖的光谱分析[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2009,29(4)：1083-1087.
[117]周鹏,谢明勇,傅博强.多糖的结构研究[J].南昌大学学报(理科版), 2001,25(2)：197-204.
[118]张昌军,原方圆,邵红兵.超声波法在提取多糖类化合物中的应用研究[J].化工时刊,2007,21(2)：54-56.
[119]赵鹏,李稳宏,朱骤海,等.超声提取款冬花多糖的响应面法工艺优化[J].精细化工,2009,26(6)：546-549.
[120]张琳,樊金玲,朱文学,等.响应面法优化超声波辅助提取甘草多糖工艺[J].食品科学,2010,31(16)：67-71.
[121]Cai W R, Gu X H, Tang J. Extraction, purification, and characterization of the polysaccharides from Opuntia milpaalta [J]. Carbohydr Polym,2008,71:403-410.
[122]关海宁,刁小琴,唐华,等.响应面法优化超声波辅助提取黑玉米多糖工艺研究[J].粮油加工,2011,(2)：135-138.
[123]Luo D. Optimization of total polysaccharide extraction from Dioscorea nipponica Makino using response surface methodology and uniform design [J]. Carbohyd Polym,2012:284-288.
[124]包怡红,秦蕾,王戈.沙棘叶多糖的提取工艺及抗氧化作用的研究[J].食品工业科技,2010,31(1)：286-290.
[125]李芳亮,王锐,孙磊,等.响应面法优化超声波提取沙棘叶水溶性多糖工艺研究[J].广东农业科学,2011,(12)：101-104.
[126]Kishk Y F M, Al-Sayed H M A. Free-radical scavenging and antioxidative activities of some polysaccharides in emulsions [J]. LWT Food Sci Technol,2007,40(2): 270-277.
[127]吐尔干乃义·吐尔逊,热衣木·马木提,阿不都拉·阿巴斯.中国树花中地衣多糖的抗氧化活性研究[J].食品与发酵工业,2009,35(11)：119-121.
[128]赵丰丽,张云鸽,宁良丹.红菇多糖的提取分离及其抗氧化活性的研究[J].中国酿造,2009,(11)：98-101.
[129]单承莺,任红荣,何海玲,等.毛胶薯蓣多糖的体外抗氧化活性研究[J].食品与发酵工业,2009,35(12)：86-89.
[130]薛福玲,蔺志铎,韩明,等.三种中药材多糖抗氧化性研究[J].食品科技,2010,35(2)：138-140,143.
[131]Ndhlala, A R, Chitindingu K, Mupure C, et al. Antioxidant properties of methanolic extracts from Diospyros mespiliformis (jackal berry), Flacourtia indica (Batoka plum), Uapaca kirkiana (wild loquat) and Ziziphus mauritiana (yellow berry) fruits [J]. Inter J Food Sci Technol,2008,43:284-288.
[132]Kil H Y, Seong E S, Ghimire B K, et al. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of crude sorghum extract [J]. Food Chem,2009,115:1234-1239.
[133]Sahreen S, Khan M R, Khan R A. Evaluation of antioxidant activities of various solvent extracts of Carissa opaca fruits [J]. Food Chem,2010,122:1205-1211.
[133]丁红秀,夏冬华.毛竹叶多糖体内抗氧化作用研究[J].食品科学,2008,29(5)：427-430.
[135]游育红,林志彬.灵芝多糖肽的抗氧化作用[J].药学学报,2003,8(2)：85-88.
[136]Capek P, Machova E, Turjan J. Scavenging and antioxidant activities of immunomodulating polysaccharides isolated from Salvia officinalis L [J]. Inter J Bio Macromol,2009,44:75-80.
[137]Luo A X, He X J, Zhou S D, et al. Purification, composition analysis and antioxidant activity of the polysaccharides from Dendrobium nobile Lind1 [J]. Carbohydr Polym,2010,79:1014-1019.
[138]Yuan J F, Zhang Z Q, Fan Z C, et al. Antioxidant effects and cytotoxicity of three purified polysaccharides from Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort [J]. Carbohydr Polym, 2008,74:822-827.
[139]Boligon A A, Pereira R P. Feltrin A C, et al. Antioxidant activities of flavonol derivatives from the leaves and stem bark of Scutia buxifolia Reiss [J]. Bioresour Technol,2009,100:6592-6598.
[140]罗建平,徐学玲,潘利华,等.菠萝皮渣多糖的提取与体外抗氧化活性研究[J].食品科学,2009,30(18)：172-175.
[141]Wang J L, Zhang J, Zhao B T. A comparison study on microwave-assisted extraction of Potentilla anserine L. polysaccharides with conventional method: Molecule weight and antioxidant activities evaluation [J]. Carbohydr Polym,2010,80: 84-93.
[142]Qi H M, Zhang Q B, Zhao T T, et al. Antioxidant activity of different sulfate content derivatives of polysaccharide extracted from Viva pertusa (Chlorophyta) in vitro [J]. Inter J Bio Macromol,2005,37:195-199.
[143]Simic M G. Mechanisms of inhibition of free-radical processes in mutagenesis and carcinogenesis [J]. Mutat Res,1998,202:377-386.
[144]Lai F R, Wen Q B, Li L, et al. Antioxidant activities of water-soluble polysaccharide extracted from mung bean(Vigna radiata L.) hull with ultrasonic assisted treatment [J]. Carbohydr Polym,2010,81:323-329.
[145]Chen Y, Xie M Y, Nie S P, et al. Purification, composition analysis and antioxidant activity of a polysaccharide from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma atrum [J]. Food Chem,2008,107:231-241.
[146]Duh P D, Du P C, Yen G C. Action of methanolic extract of mung bean hulls as inhibitors of lipid peroxidation and non-lipid oxidative damage [J]. Food Chem Toxicol,1999,37:1055-1061.
[147]金迪,梁英,郑文凤,等.黄芩多糖体外抗氧化活性研究[J].中兽医医药杂志,2012,(3)：33-37.
[148]殷军,葛青,毛建卫,等.竹叶多糖的组分及抗氧化活性分析[J].食品工业科技,2013,(2)：100-103.
[149]裴会鹏,黄俊,吴凯旋,等.参薯多糖检测及其体外抗氧化能力研究[J].河南农业科学,2011,40(11)：113-116.
[150]张可炜,徐誉泰,张举仁,等.银杏叶和柘树提取物的抗氧化作用[J].山东大学学报,2000,35(4)：469.
[151]吴冬青,安红钢,徐新建,等.甘肃临泽小枣多糖提取及抗氧化性[J].光谱实验室,2011,28(3)：1066-1077.
[152]Azmi A F, Mustafa S, Hashim D M, et al. Prebiotic Activity of Polysaccharides Extracted from Gigantochloa Levis (Buluh beting) Shoots [J]. Molecules,2012,17:1635-1651.
[153]蔡武城,李碧羽,李玉民.生物化学实验技术教程[M].上海：复旦大学出版社,1983,47
[154]朱忠勇.实用医学检验学[M].北京：人民军医出版社,1997,795-805.
[155]Song Y L, Hsieh Y T. Immunostimulation of tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) hemoeytes for generation of microbicidal substances:analysis of reactive oxygen species[J]. Dev Comp Immunol,1994,18:201-209.
[156]Ashida M. Purification and characterization of prophenoloxidase from hemolymph of the silkworm Bombyx mori [J]. Archs Biochem Biophys,1971,144: 749-762.
[157]史成银,黄捷,宋晓玲.对虾皮下及造血组织坏死杆状病毒单克隆抗体的ELISA快速检测[J].中国水产科学,1999,6(3)：116-118.
[158]Hultmark D, Seiner H. Insect immunity:Purification and properties of three inducible bactericidal proteins from hemolymph of immunized pupae of Hyalophera cecropia [J]. Eur J Biochem,1980,106:7-16.
[159]Le Moullac L G, Soyez C, Saulnier D, et al. Effect of hypoxia stress on the immune response and the resistance to vibriosis of the shrimp Penaeus stylirostris [J]. Fish Shellfish Immunol,1998,8:621-629.
[160]Bachere E, Mialhe E, Rodriguez J. Identification of defence effectors in the haemolymph of crustaceans with particular reference to the shrimp Penaeus japonicus (Bate):prospects and applications [J]. Fish Shellfish Immunol,1995,5:597-612.
[161]Zhang Z F, Shao M Y, Ho Kang K H. Changes of enzyme activity and hematopoiesis in Chinese prawn Fenneropenaeus chinensis (Osbeck) induced by white spot syndrome virus and zymosan A [J]. Aquacult Res,2005,36:674-681.
[162]Tania R R, Georgina E, Jorge H L, et al. Effects of Echerichia coli lipopolysaccharides and dissolved ammonia on immune response in southern white shrimp Litopenaeus schmitti [J]. Aquaculture,2008,247:118-125.
[163]Wang S H, Chen J C. The protective effect of chitin and chitosan against Vibrio alginolyticus in white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei [J]. Fish Shellfish Immunol, 2005,19:191-204.
[164]Lorenzona S, de Guarrini S, Smith V J, et al. Effects of LPS injection on circulating haemocytes in crustaceans in vivo [J]. Fish Shellfish Immunol,1999,9:31-50.
[165]李红权.真菌多糖对虾类免疫功能的影响[D].河北保定：河北大学,2001.
[166]Cheng W, Liu C H, Yeh S T, et al. The immune stimulatory effect of sodium alginate on the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and its resistance against Vibrio alginolyticus [J]. Fish Shellfish Immunol,2004,17:41-51.
[167]王海丽,黄幸雷,杨季芳.南极寡营养细菌ANT52的脂多糖对梭子蟹非特异性免疫功能的影响[J].浙江万里学院学报,2011,24(6)：78-83.
[168]宋晓玲,杨绪彤,偲瀚文.双歧杆菌细胞壁肽聚糖的分离及其对二种海产动物免疫活性的影响[J].水产学报,2005,29(3)：350-355.
[169]Franchini A, Conte A, Ottaviani E. Nitric oxide:an ancestral immunocyte effector molecule [J]. Adv Neuroimmunol,1995,5:463-478.
[170]刘倩.复合免疫增强剂对凡纳滨对虾生长、存活及非特异性免疫力的影响[D].山东青岛：中国海洋大学,2010.
[171]蒋锦坤,王际英,张利民,等.壳聚糖对虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)幼鱼生长性能、体组成及非特异性免疫的影响[J].海洋与湖沼,2012,43(4)：729-734.
[172]李红权,郭云霞,李术娜,等.灰树花多糖提取条件的优化及其对日本沼虾免疫功能影响的研究[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2009,(12)：105-108.
[173]刘树青,江晓路,牟海津,等.免疫多糖对日本对虾血清酶活性的影响[J].中国水产科学,1999,6(3)：107-113.
[174]刘树青,江晓路,牟海津,等.免疫多糖对中国对虾血清溶菌酶、磷酸酶和过氧化物酶的作用[J].海洋与胡沼,1999,30(3)：278-283.
[175]王芳.酵母细胞壁多糖对罗氏沼虾免疫相关同工酶的影响[D].上海：上海师范大学,2011.
[176]许第新,姚娟,陈昌福.注射免疫多糖(酵母细胞壁)对克氏原螯虾几种免疫相关酶活性的影响[J].淡水渔业,2004,34(5)：56-58.
[177]陈昌福,陈萱,陈超然,等.水产甲壳动物的免疫防御机能及其免疫预防研究进展[J].华中农业大学学报,2003,22(2)：197-203.
[178]Yao C L, Wu C G, Xiang J H, et al. The lysosome and lysozyme response in Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis to Vibrio anguillarum and laminarin stimulation [J]. J Exp Mar Bio Ecol,2008,363:124-129.