高蜡原油石蜡沉积对油井产能影响研究
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摘要
我国有很多高含蜡原油,随着开发的进行,地层压力温度将发生变化。此时,原油中的石蜡将被析出来沉积在岩石表面,严重者将堵塞储层孔隙,降低产量。油气开采过程中的蜡质、沥青质等有机固相沉积严重影响着油田的正常生产。固相沉积物不仅堵塞油井、输油管线,而且也给油藏多孔介质造成一系列的伤害。如堵塞油藏孔隙、降低孔隙度和渗透率,改变油藏岩石的润湿性,从而影响原油采收率的提高。开展有机固相沉积的试验研究和理论研究,能够帮助人们提高在油气开采过程中对有机固相沉积的预测性,最大限度的减轻它对生产造成的危害。
本论文在前人研究成果的基础上,开展了油藏储层中的石蜡沉积机理、溶解模型、包含石蜡的油藏渗流的数学模型、数值模型和求解方法等一系列研究,建立了含蜡原油石蜡沉积的热力学数学模型,并研制了一个应用模拟程序,对石蜡对单井产能影响进行了模拟研究,主要有如下内容:
1、对比分析了石蜡沉积的几种主要机理,研究了压力、温度等因素对石蜡沉积行为的影响;
2、从正规溶液理论角度,结合固—液相平衡热力学,建立了石蜡沉积的正规溶液理论热力学模型,重点研究了在不同温度压力下的石蜡沉积计算;
3、运用毛管束模型的方法,推导了石蜡沉积量与渗透率下降的关系模型,运用该模型可以定量计算不同沉积量情况下的渗透率下降程度;
4、建立了油水两相情况下含石蜡沉积的单井模型,并研究了数学模型求解方法,编写了计算程序;
5、将上述理论方法及计算程序应用到油田实际井的模拟中,并定量分析了石蜡沉积对油井的产能的影响以及油井加热后增产效果。
In China, there are many high wax reserviors. With the exploration of the reservior, the formation pressure and temperature will change. Thus, the wax in oil and gas will separate and deposit in the rock and may even block the reservoir pore and lower the producitivity. The organic solid precipitation in oil/gas development has always affected the daily production of the oilfield. It will not only block the pipeline of oil and gathering system, but will also cause different damages to reservoir multipore medium, including blocking reservoir pore, lowering porosity and permeability, changing the wettability and affecting the improvement of recovery rate. The organic solid precipition test study and theorectical study will help us to improve the predictability of its precipitation in oil/gas development and minimize its damage to the largest extent.
Based on the previous research result, a series of research has been made in this thesis, including wax deposition mechanism in the reservoir, wax solubility model, the mathematical model of the reservoir flow including solid phase wax, numerical model and numerical solution method etc. A mathematical model of wax precipitation was established and an applied simulation software was developed to operate simulation research of the wax influence on singile well productivity. The details are as follows:
(1) Compare and analyze four main types of wax precipitation mechanism and study various influences on wax precipitation, including pressure, temperature etc.
(2) From regular solution theory, the thesis established the normal solution theoretical thermodynamic model of wax precipitation with reference to solid-liquid phase balance thermodynamic and studied wax precipitation under different pressure and temperature.
(3) Use the capillary cluster method to deduct the relationship model between wax precipitation and permeability decline that can be used to calculate the permeability decline degree in different wax precipitation.
(4) Establish the single well wax precipitation model in oil/water biphase condition, give out the computation method of mathematical model and compile the computation program.
(5) Use the above theoretical method and program to actual oilfield modeling and analyze the influence of wax precipitation on oil well productivity quantitatively and the stimulation effect of oil well heating.
本论文在前人研究成果的基础上,开展了油藏储层中的石蜡沉积机理、溶解模型、包含石蜡的油藏渗流的数学模型、数值模型和求解方法等一系列研究,建立了含蜡原油石蜡沉积的热力学数学模型,并研制了一个应用模拟程序,对石蜡对单井产能影响进行了模拟研究,主要有如下内容:
1、对比分析了石蜡沉积的几种主要机理,研究了压力、温度等因素对石蜡沉积行为的影响;
2、从正规溶液理论角度,结合固—液相平衡热力学,建立了石蜡沉积的正规溶液理论热力学模型,重点研究了在不同温度压力下的石蜡沉积计算;
3、运用毛管束模型的方法,推导了石蜡沉积量与渗透率下降的关系模型,运用该模型可以定量计算不同沉积量情况下的渗透率下降程度;
4、建立了油水两相情况下含石蜡沉积的单井模型,并研究了数学模型求解方法,编写了计算程序;
5、将上述理论方法及计算程序应用到油田实际井的模拟中,并定量分析了石蜡沉积对油井的产能的影响以及油井加热后增产效果。
In China, there are many high wax reserviors. With the exploration of the reservior, the formation pressure and temperature will change. Thus, the wax in oil and gas will separate and deposit in the rock and may even block the reservoir pore and lower the producitivity. The organic solid precipitation in oil/gas development has always affected the daily production of the oilfield. It will not only block the pipeline of oil and gathering system, but will also cause different damages to reservoir multipore medium, including blocking reservoir pore, lowering porosity and permeability, changing the wettability and affecting the improvement of recovery rate. The organic solid precipition test study and theorectical study will help us to improve the predictability of its precipitation in oil/gas development and minimize its damage to the largest extent.
Based on the previous research result, a series of research has been made in this thesis, including wax deposition mechanism in the reservoir, wax solubility model, the mathematical model of the reservoir flow including solid phase wax, numerical model and numerical solution method etc. A mathematical model of wax precipitation was established and an applied simulation software was developed to operate simulation research of the wax influence on singile well productivity. The details are as follows:
(1) Compare and analyze four main types of wax precipitation mechanism and study various influences on wax precipitation, including pressure, temperature etc.
(2) From regular solution theory, the thesis established the normal solution theoretical thermodynamic model of wax precipitation with reference to solid-liquid phase balance thermodynamic and studied wax precipitation under different pressure and temperature.
(3) Use the capillary cluster method to deduct the relationship model between wax precipitation and permeability decline that can be used to calculate the permeability decline degree in different wax precipitation.
(4) Establish the single well wax precipitation model in oil/water biphase condition, give out the computation method of mathematical model and compile the computation program.
(5) Use the above theoretical method and program to actual oilfield modeling and analyze the influence of wax precipitation on oil well productivity quantitatively and the stimulation effect of oil well heating.
引文
[1] Nathan C C. Solubility studies on high molecular weight paraffin hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum rod waxes. Trans,IME (955)204,151-55.
[2] Carnahan N F. Paraffin deposition in petroleum production. JPT(Oct.1989) 1024-25.
[3] Ring, J. N. “Simulation of Paraffin Deposition in Reservoirs” Ph.D dissertation. Texas A&M University,College Station, TX, (December,1990).
[4] 刘志泉、李剑新,中国原油性质及综合评价,北京,石油出版社,1996
[5] Bucaram S M. An improved paraffin in producing inhibitor. JPT(Feb, 1967)150-156.
[6] 赵金诚,油气烃类体系中气一液一固多相相平衡规律研究,西南石油学院博士论文,1998
[7] 王丽,一个新的四参数立方型状态方程及其在油气体系相平衡计算中的应用,西南石油学院硕士论文,1997
[8] Won K W. Thermodynamic for solid-liquid equilibria: wax formation from heavy hydrocarbon mixtures. Paper presented at the AIChE National Spring Meeting, Houston,Texas,March 1985.
[9] Won K W. Thermodynamic for solid-liquid-vapor equilibria: wax phase formation from heavy hydrocarbon mixtures. Paper presented at the 4th International Conference on Fluid Properties and Phase Equilibria for Chemical Process Design, Helsinger, Denmark, May11-16, 1986.
[10] Weingarten J S, Euchner J A. Methods for predicting wax precipitation and deposition. SPE Production Engineering, 1988,121-126.
[11] Pedersen K S, Skovborg P. Wax Precipitation from North Sea Crude Oils 4. Thermodynamic Modeling. Energy&Fuels, 1991, 5, 924-935.
[12] Thomas J B, Bennian D B, Bennion D W. Experimental and theoretical studies of solids Precipitation from reservoir fluid. Jan, 1992.
[13] James P.Brill,Hemanta Mukherjee,Multiphase Flow in Wells,1999
[14] Peddihhotia.S. “Simulation of Paraffin Damage Due to Natural Cooling in Reservoirs”, M.S Thesis Texas A&M University College Station,TX (August,1993).
[15] Ahmed Hammami, Thermal Behavior and Non-isothermal Crystallization Kinetics of Normal-Alkanes and Their Waxy Mixtures under Quiescent Conditions, A Dissertation of Ph.D Calgary, Alberta, 1994
[16] Civan, F.and Kanapp, R. M. Effect of Clay Swelling and Fines Migration on Formation Permeability, SPE 16235, 1987
[17] 岳福山,关于原油中蜡的沉积过程,油田化学,1987,Vol4,No.4
[18] 马殿坤,原油中蜡的沉积及影响因素,油田化学,1988,No.1,64-70
[19] 蔡大用,数值代数,清华大学出版社,1987
[20] 何更生,油层物理,西南石油学院
[21] 袁士义,叶继根等,凝析气藏高效开发理论与实践,石油工业出版社
[22] 葛家理主编,油气层渗流力学,石油工业出版社
[23] 张勇,杜志敏,高含硫气藏气—固两相多组分数值模型,天然气工业,VOL26
[24] 杨继盛,采气工艺基础,西南石油学院
[25] 郎兆新编,油藏工程基础,石油大学出版社,1991 年
[26] 张巨元,杨景海,固-气相平衡时的蒸气压方程,大学物理,1995
[27] 李平,许志宏,混合物相平衡预测系统得建立,计算机与应用化学,1994
[28] 董军航,徐南平,PR 状态方程推算液体多种热力学性质,南京化工学院学报,1995
[29] 杨桦,用状态方程计算油气体系的热力学参数,钻采工艺,1996
[30] 肖珍平,SRKM 状态方程在空分工艺计算中的应用,深冷技术,1995
[31] 倪良,许腊梅等,液固平衡计算方法,南京师大学报,1995
[32] 陈光明,尹执中,用改进的 PT 方程计算低温流体混合物的气液平衡,低温物理学报,1996
[33] 胡永琪,李志宝,由 PR 状态方程计算液体混合物表面张力,化学工程,1997
[34] 刘大中,张久恺,气固界面上理想化学吸附平衡方程,山东轻工业学院学报,1998
[35] 李允编,油藏模拟,石油大学出版社,1999 年
[36] 王平,于养信,石油烃类体系固液平衡热力学模型的建立,石化技术,2000
[37] 王光兰,罗健,预测原油中固溶物沉淀的热力学模型,DRILLING&PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY,2000
[38] 陈必清,普遍化方法计算混合气体逸度,吉林化工学院学报,2000
[39] 聂丽,雷群芳,多组份体系饱和蒸气压的测定,石油化工,1997
[40] 刘光恒,戴树珊,用二元交互作用函数预测高压下多组分体系的气液平衡,高等学校化学学报,2000.12
[41] 李闽,孙雷,有效模拟原油中高分子有机烃类沉降量方法, 化学研究与应用,2001
[42] 喻西崇,赵金洲,PVT 状态方程的选择和分析,油气储运,2001
[43] 喻西崇,赵金洲,PVT 状态方程的选择和分析,油气储运,2001
[44] 辜青萍,拐点和一元三次方程的求根公式,江汉大学学报,2002
[45] 曾嵘,谢波,温度影响下的气固吸附相平衡及其数据处理方法,华南理工大学学报,2002
[46] 张文群,张振山,一种非理想多相共存体系平衡的通用计算方法,兵器材料科学与工程,2002
[47] 于养信,陈中,用 PR 方程新的混合规则预测高压汽液平衡,清华大学学报,2002
[48] 张茂林,梅海燕等,油气体系气液固三相相态模拟,石油学报,2002
[49] 李闽,李士伦,气液固三相相平衡计算,石油学报,2002
[50] 马庆兰,郭大民,用局部组成活度系数模型计算原油中石蜡沉淀量,石油大学学报,2003
[51] 罗明检,马沛生,夏淑倩,超额 Gibbs 自由能_状态方程模型计算和预测相平衡的进展,石油化工,2005
[52] 刘宁,实系数一元三次方程实根的分布,成都纺织高等专科学校学报,2005
[53] 马庆兰,陈光进,气_液_液_水合物多相平衡闪蒸的新算法,化工学报,2005
[54] 李士伦,《气田及凝析气田开发新理论、新技术》,石油工业出版社,2005.5
[55] 张伟,郭平,多孔介质中油气藏流体相态研究进展,断块油气田,2005.11,Vol12
[56] 马艳丽,梅海燕,石蜡沉积模型的改进,新疆石油天然气,2006.6,Vol2
[57] 张伟,郭平,固相沉积及气—液—固三相相平衡研究发展综述,特种油气藏,2005
[58] 权忠舆,有关原油流变性与石油化学的讨论,油气储运,Vo115, No.10, 1996
[2] Carnahan N F. Paraffin deposition in petroleum production. JPT(Oct.1989) 1024-25.
[3] Ring, J. N. “Simulation of Paraffin Deposition in Reservoirs” Ph.D dissertation. Texas A&M University,College Station, TX, (December,1990).
[4] 刘志泉、李剑新,中国原油性质及综合评价,北京,石油出版社,1996
[5] Bucaram S M. An improved paraffin in producing inhibitor. JPT(Feb, 1967)150-156.
[6] 赵金诚,油气烃类体系中气一液一固多相相平衡规律研究,西南石油学院博士论文,1998
[7] 王丽,一个新的四参数立方型状态方程及其在油气体系相平衡计算中的应用,西南石油学院硕士论文,1997
[8] Won K W. Thermodynamic for solid-liquid equilibria: wax formation from heavy hydrocarbon mixtures. Paper presented at the AIChE National Spring Meeting, Houston,Texas,March 1985.
[9] Won K W. Thermodynamic for solid-liquid-vapor equilibria: wax phase formation from heavy hydrocarbon mixtures. Paper presented at the 4th International Conference on Fluid Properties and Phase Equilibria for Chemical Process Design, Helsinger, Denmark, May11-16, 1986.
[10] Weingarten J S, Euchner J A. Methods for predicting wax precipitation and deposition. SPE Production Engineering, 1988,121-126.
[11] Pedersen K S, Skovborg P. Wax Precipitation from North Sea Crude Oils 4. Thermodynamic Modeling. Energy&Fuels, 1991, 5, 924-935.
[12] Thomas J B, Bennian D B, Bennion D W. Experimental and theoretical studies of solids Precipitation from reservoir fluid. Jan, 1992.
[13] James P.Brill,Hemanta Mukherjee,Multiphase Flow in Wells,1999
[14] Peddihhotia.S. “Simulation of Paraffin Damage Due to Natural Cooling in Reservoirs”, M.S Thesis Texas A&M University College Station,TX (August,1993).
[15] Ahmed Hammami, Thermal Behavior and Non-isothermal Crystallization Kinetics of Normal-Alkanes and Their Waxy Mixtures under Quiescent Conditions, A Dissertation of Ph.D Calgary, Alberta, 1994
[16] Civan, F.and Kanapp, R. M. Effect of Clay Swelling and Fines Migration on Formation Permeability, SPE 16235, 1987
[17] 岳福山,关于原油中蜡的沉积过程,油田化学,1987,Vol4,No.4
[18] 马殿坤,原油中蜡的沉积及影响因素,油田化学,1988,No.1,64-70
[19] 蔡大用,数值代数,清华大学出版社,1987
[20] 何更生,油层物理,西南石油学院
[21] 袁士义,叶继根等,凝析气藏高效开发理论与实践,石油工业出版社
[22] 葛家理主编,油气层渗流力学,石油工业出版社
[23] 张勇,杜志敏,高含硫气藏气—固两相多组分数值模型,天然气工业,VOL26
[24] 杨继盛,采气工艺基础,西南石油学院
[25] 郎兆新编,油藏工程基础,石油大学出版社,1991 年
[26] 张巨元,杨景海,固-气相平衡时的蒸气压方程,大学物理,1995
[27] 李平,许志宏,混合物相平衡预测系统得建立,计算机与应用化学,1994
[28] 董军航,徐南平,PR 状态方程推算液体多种热力学性质,南京化工学院学报,1995
[29] 杨桦,用状态方程计算油气体系的热力学参数,钻采工艺,1996
[30] 肖珍平,SRKM 状态方程在空分工艺计算中的应用,深冷技术,1995
[31] 倪良,许腊梅等,液固平衡计算方法,南京师大学报,1995
[32] 陈光明,尹执中,用改进的 PT 方程计算低温流体混合物的气液平衡,低温物理学报,1996
[33] 胡永琪,李志宝,由 PR 状态方程计算液体混合物表面张力,化学工程,1997
[34] 刘大中,张久恺,气固界面上理想化学吸附平衡方程,山东轻工业学院学报,1998
[35] 李允编,油藏模拟,石油大学出版社,1999 年
[36] 王平,于养信,石油烃类体系固液平衡热力学模型的建立,石化技术,2000
[37] 王光兰,罗健,预测原油中固溶物沉淀的热力学模型,DRILLING&PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY,2000
[38] 陈必清,普遍化方法计算混合气体逸度,吉林化工学院学报,2000
[39] 聂丽,雷群芳,多组份体系饱和蒸气压的测定,石油化工,1997
[40] 刘光恒,戴树珊,用二元交互作用函数预测高压下多组分体系的气液平衡,高等学校化学学报,2000.12
[41] 李闽,孙雷,有效模拟原油中高分子有机烃类沉降量方法, 化学研究与应用,2001
[42] 喻西崇,赵金洲,PVT 状态方程的选择和分析,油气储运,2001
[43] 喻西崇,赵金洲,PVT 状态方程的选择和分析,油气储运,2001
[44] 辜青萍,拐点和一元三次方程的求根公式,江汉大学学报,2002
[45] 曾嵘,谢波,温度影响下的气固吸附相平衡及其数据处理方法,华南理工大学学报,2002
[46] 张文群,张振山,一种非理想多相共存体系平衡的通用计算方法,兵器材料科学与工程,2002
[47] 于养信,陈中,用 PR 方程新的混合规则预测高压汽液平衡,清华大学学报,2002
[48] 张茂林,梅海燕等,油气体系气液固三相相态模拟,石油学报,2002
[49] 李闽,李士伦,气液固三相相平衡计算,石油学报,2002
[50] 马庆兰,郭大民,用局部组成活度系数模型计算原油中石蜡沉淀量,石油大学学报,2003
[51] 罗明检,马沛生,夏淑倩,超额 Gibbs 自由能_状态方程模型计算和预测相平衡的进展,石油化工,2005
[52] 刘宁,实系数一元三次方程实根的分布,成都纺织高等专科学校学报,2005
[53] 马庆兰,陈光进,气_液_液_水合物多相平衡闪蒸的新算法,化工学报,2005
[54] 李士伦,《气田及凝析气田开发新理论、新技术》,石油工业出版社,2005.5
[55] 张伟,郭平,多孔介质中油气藏流体相态研究进展,断块油气田,2005.11,Vol12
[56] 马艳丽,梅海燕,石蜡沉积模型的改进,新疆石油天然气,2006.6,Vol2
[57] 张伟,郭平,固相沉积及气—液—固三相相平衡研究发展综述,特种油气藏,2005
[58] 权忠舆,有关原油流变性与石油化学的讨论,油气储运,Vo115, No.10, 1996