土壤水盐运移特征研究
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摘要
土壤污染和土壤盐碱化的加剧使得土壤溶质运移成为研究的热点问题,由于不
断增长的人口对粮食和水的需求增加,微咸水利用和开发利用盐碱地具有重要意
义。本文在借鉴国内外有关土壤溶质运移、微咸水利用和膜下滴灌开发利用盐碱地
研究成果的基础上,采取了理论分析与室内外试验相结合的方法,对土壤溶质运移
模型参数的确定方法、微咸水安全利用和膜下滴灌开发利用盐碱地进行了研究,取
得了如下结论。
1. 在特定条件下,两流区模型能转化为两区模型。在连续输入情况下,两模
型的参数具有很好的一致性。对于粉砂性土壤,可以认为毛管束模型和两区模型中
的不动水体含量相同,建立了弥散度和Brooks-Corey模型参数n之间的简单函数
关系,从而可利用土壤水分特征曲线预测两区模型的水动力弥散系数。
2. 在微咸水入渗条件下,累积入渗量、湿润锋和入渗率随入渗水矿化度和土
壤初始含水量的增加而增加,但当入渗水矿化度大于3g/1时,土壤的入渗能力反
而减小;对于初始含盐量较高的土壤,微咸水入渗也有脱盐作用,脱盐深度随累积
入渗量的增加呈幂函数增加,随入渗水矿化度和土壤初始含水量的增加而减小;水
分的脱盐效率随淋洗水量和入渗水矿化度的增加而减小,与土壤初始含水量无关。
3. 不同灌水量的淡水和微咸水灌溉试验结果表明,在相同的灌水量下,微咸
水灌溉相对于淡水灌溉小麦平均减产20-30%;亩穗数比淡水处理增加30%左右;
小麦生育期平均耗水强度和水分利用效率普遍低于相同灌水量下的淡水处理;在淡
水灌溉条件下,缺少拔节水和灌浆水能提高水分的利用效率,缺少抽穗水会降低水
分的利用效率,所以在缺水情况下,抽穗水应优先考虑。在微咸水灌溉条件下,只
西安理工大学硕士学位论文
有缺灌浆水时,小麦产量才有明显降低,所以在缺水情况下,灌浆水应优先考虑。
4.通过不同矿化度的微咸水灌溉试验发现,小麦的产量随灌水矿化度的增加
而减少,39/1是微咸水灌溉不减产的灌水水质的上限;灌水矿化度的增加降低了
小麦在生育期的平均耗水强度,增加了小麦的水分利用效率。不同轮灌次序的咸
(39川淡(0.929/1)轮灌试验结果表明,采用咸淡轮灌,小麦产量和水分利用效率
在咸水和淡水灌溉之间.
5.大田膜下滴灌试验表明,滴灌条件下,土壤水分和盐分具有显著的沿径向
分布规律,土壤水分随滴头距离的增加而减少,土层平均含盐量有随土壤深度累积
的趋势,土壤盐分浓度的变异性随土层深度的增加而递减,在表层O一10cm变异最
大。覆膜的保水和抑盐效果与灌溉制度有关,在蒸发强烈的盐碱地区,覆膜的抑盐
作用比保水作用显著。灌水周期对土壤平均含水量的影响程度与灌水定额有关;土
壤盐分对灌水周期反应比较敏感,灌水周期越长,相对于不覆膜处理,覆膜处理的
土壤盐分和盐分浓度越小。相同灌溉定额下,灌水频率对土壤水分影响不大,但是
高频率灌溉的土壤含盐量和盐分浓度比低频灌溉低;覆膜处理的葡萄产量比不覆膜
处理高;灌水定额越大,灌水频率越低,产量越高。土壤表层60cm以内的土壤溶
液浓度在无膜覆盖条件下沿生育期显著增加,在有膜覆盖条件下则比较稳定;在表
层10cm左右,土壤溶液浓度在行间2m处最大,在行内最小,其中覆膜处理比不覆
膜处理的行内土壤溶液浓度低。
关键词:两流区模型,两区模型,毛管束模型,微咸水,膜下滴灌,盐碱地改良
The increasing severity of soil contamination, salinization and alkalization make soil solute transport one of the key issues in soil science study. With the increasing demands of growing population for food and water, saline water utilization and saline-alkaline soil amelioration are of great importance. Based on the review of national and international research results of soil solute transport, saline water utilization and improvement of alkaline soil with drip irrigation under film, both theoretical analysis and indoor and field experiments were conducted to determine the parameters of soil solute movement models, and safe utilization of slightly saline water and amelioration of alkaline soil with drip irrigation under film. Major findings are as follows:1. Under special conditions, the two-flow domain model can be transformed into a two-domain model. Under continuous input, the parameters of the two models are in good agreement. The immobile water content of tube bundle model can be considered the same as that of the two-region model. A simple relationship was established between dispersivity and the exponential term of the Brooks-Corey model, and then the hydrodynamic dispersion coefficient of the two-region model can easily be obtained from the soil water retention curve.2. When saline water infiltrated, cumulative infiltration, wetting front advance and
infiltration rate increased with the concentration of infiltration solution and initial water content. When the concentration was greater than 3g/l, infiltration decreased with increasing salinity of infiltration water. Infiltrated saline water can also desalt soil with high initial salt content, the desalting depth increased exponentially with cumulative infiltration, and decreased with increasing salinity of infiltration water and initial soil water content. The desalting efficiency of saline water decreased with increasing amount of leaching water and the concentration of saline water, but was independent of initial soil water content.3. Irrigation experiments with both fresh and saline water showed that winter wheat yield reduced by 20-30% with saline water irrigation, the number of ears per mu decreased by 30%, the average water consumption intensity and water use efficiency were lower under saline water irrigation. With fresh water irrigation, water use efficiency was enhanced when no irrigation was conducted during elongation and milking periods, and reduced during earring period. So the priority of irrigation should be given to earring period when there is not enough water. Under saline water irrigation, lacking of water during milking period reduced wheat yield obviously, so the priority of irrigation should be given to milking period when water supply is scarce.4. Irrigation experiments with different saline water showed that wheat yield decreased with the increasing salinity of the irrigation water, 3g/l was the upper limit of concentration that causes no yield loss. High salinity of irrigation water resulted in lower average water consumption intensity of wheat during the whole growing season, but higher water use efficiency. The field experiments with alternating saline and fresh water irrigation showed that winter wheat yield was higher than that with saline water irrigation only and lower than that with fresh water.5. The field experiments of drip irrigation under film showed a remarkable distribution feature of soil water and salt radially. Soil water content decreased gradually along radial distance. The average soil salt content tended to cumulate at the
wetting front. The variation of soil salt concentration was lower at greater depth, the maximum value occurred on the top 0-10 cm. The water conservation and salt control effect of drip irrigation under film is related to irrigation scheduling. In alkaline regions with strong evaporation, the salt control effect of film was more remarkable than water conservation. The impact of irrigation duration on average soil water content was connected with quota of irrigation. Soil salt res
断增长的人口对粮食和水的需求增加,微咸水利用和开发利用盐碱地具有重要意
义。本文在借鉴国内外有关土壤溶质运移、微咸水利用和膜下滴灌开发利用盐碱地
研究成果的基础上,采取了理论分析与室内外试验相结合的方法,对土壤溶质运移
模型参数的确定方法、微咸水安全利用和膜下滴灌开发利用盐碱地进行了研究,取
得了如下结论。
1. 在特定条件下,两流区模型能转化为两区模型。在连续输入情况下,两模
型的参数具有很好的一致性。对于粉砂性土壤,可以认为毛管束模型和两区模型中
的不动水体含量相同,建立了弥散度和Brooks-Corey模型参数n之间的简单函数
关系,从而可利用土壤水分特征曲线预测两区模型的水动力弥散系数。
2. 在微咸水入渗条件下,累积入渗量、湿润锋和入渗率随入渗水矿化度和土
壤初始含水量的增加而增加,但当入渗水矿化度大于3g/1时,土壤的入渗能力反
而减小;对于初始含盐量较高的土壤,微咸水入渗也有脱盐作用,脱盐深度随累积
入渗量的增加呈幂函数增加,随入渗水矿化度和土壤初始含水量的增加而减小;水
分的脱盐效率随淋洗水量和入渗水矿化度的增加而减小,与土壤初始含水量无关。
3. 不同灌水量的淡水和微咸水灌溉试验结果表明,在相同的灌水量下,微咸
水灌溉相对于淡水灌溉小麦平均减产20-30%;亩穗数比淡水处理增加30%左右;
小麦生育期平均耗水强度和水分利用效率普遍低于相同灌水量下的淡水处理;在淡
水灌溉条件下,缺少拔节水和灌浆水能提高水分的利用效率,缺少抽穗水会降低水
分的利用效率,所以在缺水情况下,抽穗水应优先考虑。在微咸水灌溉条件下,只
西安理工大学硕士学位论文
有缺灌浆水时,小麦产量才有明显降低,所以在缺水情况下,灌浆水应优先考虑。
4.通过不同矿化度的微咸水灌溉试验发现,小麦的产量随灌水矿化度的增加
而减少,39/1是微咸水灌溉不减产的灌水水质的上限;灌水矿化度的增加降低了
小麦在生育期的平均耗水强度,增加了小麦的水分利用效率。不同轮灌次序的咸
(39川淡(0.929/1)轮灌试验结果表明,采用咸淡轮灌,小麦产量和水分利用效率
在咸水和淡水灌溉之间.
5.大田膜下滴灌试验表明,滴灌条件下,土壤水分和盐分具有显著的沿径向
分布规律,土壤水分随滴头距离的增加而减少,土层平均含盐量有随土壤深度累积
的趋势,土壤盐分浓度的变异性随土层深度的增加而递减,在表层O一10cm变异最
大。覆膜的保水和抑盐效果与灌溉制度有关,在蒸发强烈的盐碱地区,覆膜的抑盐
作用比保水作用显著。灌水周期对土壤平均含水量的影响程度与灌水定额有关;土
壤盐分对灌水周期反应比较敏感,灌水周期越长,相对于不覆膜处理,覆膜处理的
土壤盐分和盐分浓度越小。相同灌溉定额下,灌水频率对土壤水分影响不大,但是
高频率灌溉的土壤含盐量和盐分浓度比低频灌溉低;覆膜处理的葡萄产量比不覆膜
处理高;灌水定额越大,灌水频率越低,产量越高。土壤表层60cm以内的土壤溶
液浓度在无膜覆盖条件下沿生育期显著增加,在有膜覆盖条件下则比较稳定;在表
层10cm左右,土壤溶液浓度在行间2m处最大,在行内最小,其中覆膜处理比不覆
膜处理的行内土壤溶液浓度低。
关键词:两流区模型,两区模型,毛管束模型,微咸水,膜下滴灌,盐碱地改良
The increasing severity of soil contamination, salinization and alkalization make soil solute transport one of the key issues in soil science study. With the increasing demands of growing population for food and water, saline water utilization and saline-alkaline soil amelioration are of great importance. Based on the review of national and international research results of soil solute transport, saline water utilization and improvement of alkaline soil with drip irrigation under film, both theoretical analysis and indoor and field experiments were conducted to determine the parameters of soil solute movement models, and safe utilization of slightly saline water and amelioration of alkaline soil with drip irrigation under film. Major findings are as follows:1. Under special conditions, the two-flow domain model can be transformed into a two-domain model. Under continuous input, the parameters of the two models are in good agreement. The immobile water content of tube bundle model can be considered the same as that of the two-region model. A simple relationship was established between dispersivity and the exponential term of the Brooks-Corey model, and then the hydrodynamic dispersion coefficient of the two-region model can easily be obtained from the soil water retention curve.2. When saline water infiltrated, cumulative infiltration, wetting front advance and
infiltration rate increased with the concentration of infiltration solution and initial water content. When the concentration was greater than 3g/l, infiltration decreased with increasing salinity of infiltration water. Infiltrated saline water can also desalt soil with high initial salt content, the desalting depth increased exponentially with cumulative infiltration, and decreased with increasing salinity of infiltration water and initial soil water content. The desalting efficiency of saline water decreased with increasing amount of leaching water and the concentration of saline water, but was independent of initial soil water content.3. Irrigation experiments with both fresh and saline water showed that winter wheat yield reduced by 20-30% with saline water irrigation, the number of ears per mu decreased by 30%, the average water consumption intensity and water use efficiency were lower under saline water irrigation. With fresh water irrigation, water use efficiency was enhanced when no irrigation was conducted during elongation and milking periods, and reduced during earring period. So the priority of irrigation should be given to earring period when there is not enough water. Under saline water irrigation, lacking of water during milking period reduced wheat yield obviously, so the priority of irrigation should be given to milking period when water supply is scarce.4. Irrigation experiments with different saline water showed that wheat yield decreased with the increasing salinity of the irrigation water, 3g/l was the upper limit of concentration that causes no yield loss. High salinity of irrigation water resulted in lower average water consumption intensity of wheat during the whole growing season, but higher water use efficiency. The field experiments with alternating saline and fresh water irrigation showed that winter wheat yield was higher than that with saline water irrigation only and lower than that with fresh water.5. The field experiments of drip irrigation under film showed a remarkable distribution feature of soil water and salt radially. Soil water content decreased gradually along radial distance. The average soil salt content tended to cumulate at the
wetting front. The variation of soil salt concentration was lower at greater depth, the maximum value occurred on the top 0-10 cm. The water conservation and salt control effect of drip irrigation under film is related to irrigation scheduling. In alkaline regions with strong evaporation, the salt control effect of film was more remarkable than water conservation. The impact of irrigation duration on average soil water content was connected with quota of irrigation. Soil salt res
引文
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