动态海面及其上目标复合电磁散射与多普勒谱研究
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摘要
关于动态海环境下微波高频段雷达回波特性的研究一直是业界重点关注的热点之一。尤其当海环境中存在船类等复杂运动目标时，该研究课题成为一项十分复杂且极具挑战性的工作，主要表现在以下几个方面：其一，海浪因其运动方式复杂多变，仅针对时变海面电磁散射特性的研究就已经包含众多难点，如海浪的非线性运动、二维海浪时变运动所带来的巨大计算负担、电磁波与海浪的复杂作用方式等等。尤其在微波高频段下，目前仍然没有一种十分有效的海杂波模型及时变特性分析模型；其二，海面上目标（主要指船类目标）往往具有超大电尺寸和复杂精细的结构，使得船类目标电磁散射的快速计算同样也是计算电磁学领域的难点；其三，船类目标同海面之间的电磁耦合十分复杂，加之时变海面与目标的水动力相互作用使得目标在海面上的姿态不断随时间变化，从而使问题变得更加复杂。
本论文系统地研究了微波高频段下海面电磁散射及其与电大尺寸目标复合散射问题，建立了时变海面散射模型和时变海面及其上方运动目标复合散射模型，分析了海面回波及海上目标回波的幅度均值变化规律及其多普勒谱特性。论文工作主要从以下几个方面展开：
1.基于散射贡献面元化思想，提出了“半确定性面元散射模型”，适合快速计算任意单双站角、不同海况条件下的海面电磁散射系数的空间分布及均值水平，同时，结合该模型实现了二维海面合成孔径雷达（SAR）成像快速模拟。
2.基于电磁波与海浪的布拉格谐振基本散射机理，提出了毛细波的简化表示方法。利用该简化表示处理传统微扰解积分核的指数项，推导出任意倾斜微粗糙小面元复反射函数的解析近似表达式，并在小面元模型物理描述的基础上，建立了同时包含回波幅度和相位信息的二维海面复反射函数快速预估模型，即“毛细波相位修正面元散射模型（CWMFSM）”。本文基于具有可观计算效率的CWMFSM模型，实现了X波段下二维时变海面确定性样本的多普勒谱模拟和分析。
3.在详细讨论了传统多路径及修正多路径复合散射分析模型的基础上，提出了一种基于粗糙表面镜像反射单元空间分布加权镜像路径耦合贡献的思路，并建立了适合计算电大目标及其下方确定性粗糙面复合散射特性的快速预估模型。这种加权多路径模型相对于传统多路径方法更加合理地处理了目标下方粗糙面镜像反射单元斜率缓变对耦合散射的影响，从而更加适合快速计算不同时刻下具有确定性高度分布特性的粗糙海面及其上目标的时变复合散射问题。
4.采用六自由度船舶随浪运动模型研究了系列60船模的随浪运动特征，并在此基础上结合毛细波相位修正面元散射模型、加权多路径复合散射模型建立了“全动态”船海复合环境下微波高频段雷达回波快速预估模型。充分讨论了海上船类目标摇荡及平行运动对复合场景雷达回波幅度时变特性及多普勒谱特性的影响。
The study on the characteristic of radar returns at higher microwave frequenciesfrom the time-evolving maritime scene has always been one of the topics that attract themost attention in the community. The problem will be much more complex andchallenging especially for the composite maritime scene contaminated by a movingship-like target. It mainly displays in three aspects. First, the motion of sea wavesalways has a certain amount of randomness and polytropy, which makes the predictionon the scattering from time-evolving sea a very difficult task. The major difficulties arethe computational burden arises from the numerical simulation on the nonlinear ortwo-dimensional time-evolving sea waves, and the complex interactions between theelectromagnetic waves and sea waves. At higher microwave frequencies, the problem isstill beyond a sufficient solution and comprehensive explanation. Second, the target(mainly the ship-like target) on the sea surface is always with super large electrical sizeand has many refined structures, which also bring great challenge on the fast calculationon the target scattering. Third, the coupling interaction between the scattering wavesfrom the target and sea surface is also very complicated. Besides, the ship motion inseaway makes the posture of target continuously change with time. Under thecircumstances, the problem becomes much more awkward.
This dissertation presents the research of the electromagnetic scattering from thesea surface and the composite scattering from the electrically large moving ship-liketargets at sea surface, which is with emphasis on the characteristic analysis of Dopplerspectra and mean levels of the radar echo at higher microwave frequencies. The mainworks are as follows:
1. Based on the facetized treatment of the scattering contribution, the“Semi-deterministic facet scattering model, SDFSM” is developed to implement the fastprediction on the spatial distributions and mean levels of the electromagnetic scatteringfrom sea surface for arbitrary bistatic configurations and various sea states. Meanwhile,the model is used to further simulations on the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imageryof two-dimensional sea scene.
2. The capillary waves that detected by radar is represented by a simplified waveaccording to the Bragg resonant mechanism, which is the main term of the interactionbetween the electromagnetic waves and sea surface. The simplifications above allow usto derive a simple asymptotic expression of the integration in the Fuks’ formula, whichfacilitates the development of a compact asymptotic representation of the instantaneous complex reflective function of a deterministic two-dimensional sea profile. Theproposed model is named the “capillary wave modification facet scattering model,CWMFSM”, which is then employed for the fast calculation on the scattering andDoppler of two-dimensional sea surface at higher microwave frequencies (X Band).
3. After a careful examination on the traditional multi-path model and the modifiedmulti-path model, the author propose a new approach for dealing with the couplingscattering interaction according to the distribution characteristic of thespecular-reflection scattering elements on the deterministic rough profiles. A so-called“Weighted multi-path model, WMPM” is developed based on the calculation of themulti-path coupling scattering contributions that weighted by the probabilitydistribution function of the specular-reflection scattering elements. In comparison withthe aforementioned two models, the proposed WMPM treats the statistical affect of thedeterministic surface model to the coupling scattering in a more reasonable term. Thus,the WMPM is more suitable for the calculation of the composite scattering from a targetat a deterministic rough sea surface.
4. With the long term goal of fast prediction on the electromagnetic compositescattering from the moving ship-like target at a time-evolving sea surface, the authorfirstly examine the characteristics of the sea-keeping motions of a Series-60ship model,then combine the CWMFSM and the WMFM to develop an efficient simulator of theradar return signals from the “fully dynamic” ship-sea scene at higher microwavefrequencies. The simulator allows us qualitative analysis on the influence of thetranslation and rotation motions of ship-like target to the composite scattering andDoppler spectra.
本论文系统地研究了微波高频段下海面电磁散射及其与电大尺寸目标复合散射问题，建立了时变海面散射模型和时变海面及其上方运动目标复合散射模型，分析了海面回波及海上目标回波的幅度均值变化规律及其多普勒谱特性。论文工作主要从以下几个方面展开：
1.基于散射贡献面元化思想，提出了“半确定性面元散射模型”，适合快速计算任意单双站角、不同海况条件下的海面电磁散射系数的空间分布及均值水平，同时，结合该模型实现了二维海面合成孔径雷达（SAR）成像快速模拟。
2.基于电磁波与海浪的布拉格谐振基本散射机理，提出了毛细波的简化表示方法。利用该简化表示处理传统微扰解积分核的指数项，推导出任意倾斜微粗糙小面元复反射函数的解析近似表达式，并在小面元模型物理描述的基础上，建立了同时包含回波幅度和相位信息的二维海面复反射函数快速预估模型，即“毛细波相位修正面元散射模型（CWMFSM）”。本文基于具有可观计算效率的CWMFSM模型，实现了X波段下二维时变海面确定性样本的多普勒谱模拟和分析。
3.在详细讨论了传统多路径及修正多路径复合散射分析模型的基础上，提出了一种基于粗糙表面镜像反射单元空间分布加权镜像路径耦合贡献的思路，并建立了适合计算电大目标及其下方确定性粗糙面复合散射特性的快速预估模型。这种加权多路径模型相对于传统多路径方法更加合理地处理了目标下方粗糙面镜像反射单元斜率缓变对耦合散射的影响，从而更加适合快速计算不同时刻下具有确定性高度分布特性的粗糙海面及其上目标的时变复合散射问题。
4.采用六自由度船舶随浪运动模型研究了系列60船模的随浪运动特征，并在此基础上结合毛细波相位修正面元散射模型、加权多路径复合散射模型建立了“全动态”船海复合环境下微波高频段雷达回波快速预估模型。充分讨论了海上船类目标摇荡及平行运动对复合场景雷达回波幅度时变特性及多普勒谱特性的影响。
The study on the characteristic of radar returns at higher microwave frequenciesfrom the time-evolving maritime scene has always been one of the topics that attract themost attention in the community. The problem will be much more complex andchallenging especially for the composite maritime scene contaminated by a movingship-like target. It mainly displays in three aspects. First, the motion of sea wavesalways has a certain amount of randomness and polytropy, which makes the predictionon the scattering from time-evolving sea a very difficult task. The major difficulties arethe computational burden arises from the numerical simulation on the nonlinear ortwo-dimensional time-evolving sea waves, and the complex interactions between theelectromagnetic waves and sea waves. At higher microwave frequencies, the problem isstill beyond a sufficient solution and comprehensive explanation. Second, the target(mainly the ship-like target) on the sea surface is always with super large electrical sizeand has many refined structures, which also bring great challenge on the fast calculationon the target scattering. Third, the coupling interaction between the scattering wavesfrom the target and sea surface is also very complicated. Besides, the ship motion inseaway makes the posture of target continuously change with time. Under thecircumstances, the problem becomes much more awkward.
This dissertation presents the research of the electromagnetic scattering from thesea surface and the composite scattering from the electrically large moving ship-liketargets at sea surface, which is with emphasis on the characteristic analysis of Dopplerspectra and mean levels of the radar echo at higher microwave frequencies. The mainworks are as follows:
1. Based on the facetized treatment of the scattering contribution, the“Semi-deterministic facet scattering model, SDFSM” is developed to implement the fastprediction on the spatial distributions and mean levels of the electromagnetic scatteringfrom sea surface for arbitrary bistatic configurations and various sea states. Meanwhile,the model is used to further simulations on the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imageryof two-dimensional sea scene.
2. The capillary waves that detected by radar is represented by a simplified waveaccording to the Bragg resonant mechanism, which is the main term of the interactionbetween the electromagnetic waves and sea surface. The simplifications above allow usto derive a simple asymptotic expression of the integration in the Fuks’ formula, whichfacilitates the development of a compact asymptotic representation of the instantaneous complex reflective function of a deterministic two-dimensional sea profile. Theproposed model is named the “capillary wave modification facet scattering model,CWMFSM”, which is then employed for the fast calculation on the scattering andDoppler of two-dimensional sea surface at higher microwave frequencies (X Band).
3. After a careful examination on the traditional multi-path model and the modifiedmulti-path model, the author propose a new approach for dealing with the couplingscattering interaction according to the distribution characteristic of thespecular-reflection scattering elements on the deterministic rough profiles. A so-called“Weighted multi-path model, WMPM” is developed based on the calculation of themulti-path coupling scattering contributions that weighted by the probabilitydistribution function of the specular-reflection scattering elements. In comparison withthe aforementioned two models, the proposed WMPM treats the statistical affect of thedeterministic surface model to the coupling scattering in a more reasonable term. Thus,the WMPM is more suitable for the calculation of the composite scattering from a targetat a deterministic rough sea surface.
4. With the long term goal of fast prediction on the electromagnetic compositescattering from the moving ship-like target at a time-evolving sea surface, the authorfirstly examine the characteristics of the sea-keeping motions of a Series-60ship model,then combine the CWMFSM and the WMFM to develop an efficient simulator of theradar return signals from the “fully dynamic” ship-sea scene at higher microwavefrequencies. The simulator allows us qualitative analysis on the influence of thetranslation and rotation motions of ship-like target to the composite scattering andDoppler spectra.
引文
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