降雨对波浪成长和海气界面湍流及其相互作用的实验研究
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摘要
降雨是一种常见的大气现象，在研究海表面特征量的变化时，对降雨造成的影响是不能忽略的，尤其是对卫星高度计数据进行反演海表风速的研究中，海面粗糙度的变化会影响到雷达返回数据，从而对风速估算的准确性产生影响。在自然界中，由于重力场和风场的作用，雨滴对海-气界面会产生水平和垂直方向上的动量和质量输入，所以，降雨过程一定会对海面粗糙度以及海面风应力等要素产生影响。早期的海洋学家认为，降雨可以使海面趋于平静；随后的研究中发现，降雨对海面波浪成长状态的影响是双重的：在重力波频段，降雨使波浪成长衰减，但是在毛细波/毛细重力波频段，降雨对波浪成长状态反而是促进。究竟降雨对海面粗糙度以及海面应力如何影响，目前还存在着很大争议，对海浪谱微结构的影响机制还不清楚。
本文通过在实验室大型风浪水槽中进行实验，研究降雨对机械波、涌浪、风浪以及湍流的作用。其中重点研究了降雨对风浪和湍流的作用。在实验室中，进行了不同环境要素条件下的实验，通过利用皮托管、波高仪和多普勒流速仪分别同时测量波浪和湍流等要素。通过实验研究发现，当处于低风速的条件下，在所有的频率范围内风浪成长都是被降雨所抑制的；而在高风速条件下，降雨对风浪成长都是起到促进作用的。降雨对波浪成长的这种双重作用是随着雨强的增加而增强，但是实验并没有观测到降雨区的长短所带来的影响。波浪均方波陡的变化与波浪的成长有很好的相关性。在低风速下，湍流的湍动能耗散率由于降雨作用而显著增强，而波浪成长被严重抑制，这意味着能量是从波浪传递到湍流中。而在高风速条件下，湍动能耗散率的增加是被抑制的，而风浪的成长则被促进，这意味着此时能量是从湍流传递到波浪中。但是，在外海观测中，降雨通常对波浪成长起到的是抑制作用，并且随着风速的增加，抑制作用变得更为显著。
为了解释在实验室和外海观测中降雨对波浪成长所带来的作用的不同，本文提出在湍流和波浪能量交换之间存在着共振机制，并给出了实验室和外海的谱峰频率与湍流惯性子区的结构示意图。假设共振发生在波浪的谱峰频率与湍流的惯性子区重叠的时候，此时湍流的能量将会转化为波浪的能量。而当谱峰频率与惯性子区分离的时候，此时能量将从波浪传递到湍流中。波浪的谱峰频率与湍流的惯性子区分离的越远，那么从波浪到湍流的这种能量转化就越有效。同时，利用这个机制也可以用于解释在实验室实验中，气体交换速率的抑制现象。此外，也可以利用这个理论解释在靠近海面处的湍动能耗散率变化，与经典的固壁理论的结果进行比较。
Rainfall is a very common phenomenon in daily life; however, in the research of seasurface feature, the effect of rainfall can not be ignored. Especially on the retrieval ofsea surface wind using altimeter data, the change of sea surface roughness during rainwill affect the accuracy of wind retrieval. As a result of wind field and gravity,momentum is transferred between rain and sea water in air-sea boundary layer inhorizontal and vertical directions, sea surface roughness, wind stress and otherfeatures can be altered by rainfall inevitably. In early studies, oceanographers figuredthat rainfall can damp gravity waves. Later studies found dual effect of rainfall onsurface waves: damping in gravity wave range and growth in capillary andgravity-capillary wave range. However, the mechanism behind this phenomenon isstill disputable.
Rain effects on mechanical waves and swell and wind waves and turbulence wereinvestigated through experiments in a large windwavetank. Research was focused onthe role of rainfall effects on wind wave and turbulence. For many differentenvironmental conditions, the wind, wave and turbulence were simultaneouslymeasured by Pitot tube, wave gauge and acoustic Doppler velocimetry, respectively.Itis found that the wind waves are damped over full frequency range at low windspeed, but are enhanced at high wind speed. This dual effect of rain on wind wavesincrease with the increasing of rain rate, while the influence of rainfall-area length isnot observable. The variation of mean square slope of water surface is correlated wellwith the wave development. At low wind speed, the corresponding turbulence interms of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation rate is significantly enhanced byrain as the waves are damped severely, which is indicated that the energy transfersfrom wave to turbulence. At high wind speed, the augment of TKE dissipation rate issuppressed while the wind waves are enhanced, which is suggested that the energytransfers from turbulence to wave. In the field, however, the rain usually attenuatesthe development of waves, which is more significant with the increasing of windspeed.
In order to explain this contradiction of rain effect on waves between laboratory and field, a resonant mechanism about energy exchange between turbulence and wave isproposed. It is hypothesized that the resonance occur only when the spectral peak ofwaves (SPW) overlap in frequency with the inertial subrange of turbulence (IST), inwhich the turbulent energy of random motion transfers to the wave energy of orderedmotion. When SPW and IST are separated away, the energy from ordered waves willtransfer to random turbulence. The farther they depart, the more efficient of energytransferring from wave to turbulence. This mechanism is applied to interpret thedamping phenomenon of gas transfer velocity in laboratory experiments, and thevariation of TKE dissipation rates near sea surface compared with the law of wall.
本文通过在实验室大型风浪水槽中进行实验，研究降雨对机械波、涌浪、风浪以及湍流的作用。其中重点研究了降雨对风浪和湍流的作用。在实验室中，进行了不同环境要素条件下的实验，通过利用皮托管、波高仪和多普勒流速仪分别同时测量波浪和湍流等要素。通过实验研究发现，当处于低风速的条件下，在所有的频率范围内风浪成长都是被降雨所抑制的；而在高风速条件下，降雨对风浪成长都是起到促进作用的。降雨对波浪成长的这种双重作用是随着雨强的增加而增强，但是实验并没有观测到降雨区的长短所带来的影响。波浪均方波陡的变化与波浪的成长有很好的相关性。在低风速下，湍流的湍动能耗散率由于降雨作用而显著增强，而波浪成长被严重抑制，这意味着能量是从波浪传递到湍流中。而在高风速条件下，湍动能耗散率的增加是被抑制的，而风浪的成长则被促进，这意味着此时能量是从湍流传递到波浪中。但是，在外海观测中，降雨通常对波浪成长起到的是抑制作用，并且随着风速的增加，抑制作用变得更为显著。
为了解释在实验室和外海观测中降雨对波浪成长所带来的作用的不同，本文提出在湍流和波浪能量交换之间存在着共振机制，并给出了实验室和外海的谱峰频率与湍流惯性子区的结构示意图。假设共振发生在波浪的谱峰频率与湍流的惯性子区重叠的时候，此时湍流的能量将会转化为波浪的能量。而当谱峰频率与惯性子区分离的时候，此时能量将从波浪传递到湍流中。波浪的谱峰频率与湍流的惯性子区分离的越远，那么从波浪到湍流的这种能量转化就越有效。同时，利用这个机制也可以用于解释在实验室实验中，气体交换速率的抑制现象。此外，也可以利用这个理论解释在靠近海面处的湍动能耗散率变化，与经典的固壁理论的结果进行比较。
Rainfall is a very common phenomenon in daily life; however, in the research of seasurface feature, the effect of rainfall can not be ignored. Especially on the retrieval ofsea surface wind using altimeter data, the change of sea surface roughness during rainwill affect the accuracy of wind retrieval. As a result of wind field and gravity,momentum is transferred between rain and sea water in air-sea boundary layer inhorizontal and vertical directions, sea surface roughness, wind stress and otherfeatures can be altered by rainfall inevitably. In early studies, oceanographers figuredthat rainfall can damp gravity waves. Later studies found dual effect of rainfall onsurface waves: damping in gravity wave range and growth in capillary andgravity-capillary wave range. However, the mechanism behind this phenomenon isstill disputable.
Rain effects on mechanical waves and swell and wind waves and turbulence wereinvestigated through experiments in a large windwavetank. Research was focused onthe role of rainfall effects on wind wave and turbulence. For many differentenvironmental conditions, the wind, wave and turbulence were simultaneouslymeasured by Pitot tube, wave gauge and acoustic Doppler velocimetry, respectively.Itis found that the wind waves are damped over full frequency range at low windspeed, but are enhanced at high wind speed. This dual effect of rain on wind wavesincrease with the increasing of rain rate, while the influence of rainfall-area length isnot observable. The variation of mean square slope of water surface is correlated wellwith the wave development. At low wind speed, the corresponding turbulence interms of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation rate is significantly enhanced byrain as the waves are damped severely, which is indicated that the energy transfersfrom wave to turbulence. At high wind speed, the augment of TKE dissipation rate issuppressed while the wind waves are enhanced, which is suggested that the energytransfers from turbulence to wave. In the field, however, the rain usually attenuatesthe development of waves, which is more significant with the increasing of windspeed.
In order to explain this contradiction of rain effect on waves between laboratory and field, a resonant mechanism about energy exchange between turbulence and wave isproposed. It is hypothesized that the resonance occur only when the spectral peak ofwaves (SPW) overlap in frequency with the inertial subrange of turbulence (IST), inwhich the turbulent energy of random motion transfers to the wave energy of orderedmotion. When SPW and IST are separated away, the energy from ordered waves willtransfer to random turbulence. The farther they depart, the more efficient of energytransferring from wave to turbulence. This mechanism is applied to interpret thedamping phenomenon of gas transfer velocity in laboratory experiments, and thevariation of TKE dissipation rates near sea surface compared with the law of wall.
引文
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