环境相邻关系制度研究
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摘要
随着工业化和城市化的迅速发展,相邻关系变得日益复杂,传统的相邻关系制度己难以完全适应社会生活的需要。环境相邻关系作为相邻关系的一个新类型,调整范围明显扩大,内容更广泛,利益多元化,是对传统民法理论的发展。
由于社会背景、经济结构和法律传统等方面不相同,各国对环境相邻侵权的处理采取了不尽相同的方法。英美法系对于环境相邻纠纷采用的是侵权法追究,大陆法系则分为不可量物侵害制度处理和侵权法规制两大阵营。尽管在处理方法上有差异,但各国解决环境相邻侵权问题的过程中均重视环境权益的维护,而且都运用到公私法相互协调和配合来处理这个即涉及到公益又涉及私益的问题。
与发达国家相比较,我国的相邻关系制度发展明显缓慢。《物权法》的实施,标志着我国在环境相邻关系制度建设方面有了突破性的进展。环境相邻关系在立法中得到了体现,如明确了“阳光权”、“有害物质侵害”。但通过对我国环境相邻关系制度现状的分析,可以发现其中仍然存在着一些不足,应对其予以完善。环境相邻关系制度作为一个新的法律制度,首先必须确立保护环境权益、利益衡量等法律原则。其次,借鉴国外的制度,发挥公私法之合力,私法走入环境与发展的综合决策,积极发挥公法的预防和指导功能,有效调整环境相邻关系。再次,由于环境相邻关系中环境侵权缺乏相应的判定标准,所以受害人利益最终得不到保护,因此建议引入忍受限度理论,参照多方面因素设定有害物质侵害的判断标准。最后,在完善环境相邻侵权救济制度方面,从民事救济和行政救济两个方面进行了讨论。
With the fast development of industrialization and urbanization, adjacent relation becomes complex day by day. Traditional adjacent relation does not completely reach the requirement of social life. Environmental adjacent relation is a new type of adjacent relation with expansion of adjusting scope,magnification of The content and multiplication of benefit. Environmental adjacent relation is the development of traditional civil law theory.
Thanks to the different social background, economic structure and legal tradition, different countries deal with the adjacent tort of environment through various ways, such as ,tort law in The Anglo-American Law system; the immission injury rules and tort law in The Continental Law system. Although the different processing method, the environmental rights and interests’protection is important in the process of settling the problems of adjacent tort of environment. Moreover ,these countries deal with the problem of public interest and private interests by the cooperation of the Public law and the Civil law.
Comparing with other countries, the rules of adjacent relation develops very slowly. The enforcement of The Property law symbolizes the significant improvement of the rules of adjacent relation of environment, embodies some legislations, such as, the sunshine rights, deleterious substances’injury, but the rules of adjacent relation of environment still need consummating. Firstly,as a new rule, the adjacent relation of environment must protect the environmental rights, weigh the different interests and so on .Then, in order to adjust the adjacent relation of environment effectively, we should learn from the rules abroad: the development of the economy and the environment must be in harmony, at the same time, the prevention and the instruction functions of the Public law must be displayed effectively. What’s more, due to the lack of the judging standards, the victims’interests can not be protected finally, so the author suggests introducing the theory of tolerance limit, setting the standards of deleterious substance hurt according to various factors. Finally, during the relief of the adjacent tort of the environment, we should create some new ways of civil relief and administrative relief.
由于社会背景、经济结构和法律传统等方面不相同,各国对环境相邻侵权的处理采取了不尽相同的方法。英美法系对于环境相邻纠纷采用的是侵权法追究,大陆法系则分为不可量物侵害制度处理和侵权法规制两大阵营。尽管在处理方法上有差异,但各国解决环境相邻侵权问题的过程中均重视环境权益的维护,而且都运用到公私法相互协调和配合来处理这个即涉及到公益又涉及私益的问题。
与发达国家相比较,我国的相邻关系制度发展明显缓慢。《物权法》的实施,标志着我国在环境相邻关系制度建设方面有了突破性的进展。环境相邻关系在立法中得到了体现,如明确了“阳光权”、“有害物质侵害”。但通过对我国环境相邻关系制度现状的分析,可以发现其中仍然存在着一些不足,应对其予以完善。环境相邻关系制度作为一个新的法律制度,首先必须确立保护环境权益、利益衡量等法律原则。其次,借鉴国外的制度,发挥公私法之合力,私法走入环境与发展的综合决策,积极发挥公法的预防和指导功能,有效调整环境相邻关系。再次,由于环境相邻关系中环境侵权缺乏相应的判定标准,所以受害人利益最终得不到保护,因此建议引入忍受限度理论,参照多方面因素设定有害物质侵害的判断标准。最后,在完善环境相邻侵权救济制度方面,从民事救济和行政救济两个方面进行了讨论。
With the fast development of industrialization and urbanization, adjacent relation becomes complex day by day. Traditional adjacent relation does not completely reach the requirement of social life. Environmental adjacent relation is a new type of adjacent relation with expansion of adjusting scope,magnification of The content and multiplication of benefit. Environmental adjacent relation is the development of traditional civil law theory.
Thanks to the different social background, economic structure and legal tradition, different countries deal with the adjacent tort of environment through various ways, such as ,tort law in The Anglo-American Law system; the immission injury rules and tort law in The Continental Law system. Although the different processing method, the environmental rights and interests’protection is important in the process of settling the problems of adjacent tort of environment. Moreover ,these countries deal with the problem of public interest and private interests by the cooperation of the Public law and the Civil law.
Comparing with other countries, the rules of adjacent relation develops very slowly. The enforcement of The Property law symbolizes the significant improvement of the rules of adjacent relation of environment, embodies some legislations, such as, the sunshine rights, deleterious substances’injury, but the rules of adjacent relation of environment still need consummating. Firstly,as a new rule, the adjacent relation of environment must protect the environmental rights, weigh the different interests and so on .Then, in order to adjust the adjacent relation of environment effectively, we should learn from the rules abroad: the development of the economy and the environment must be in harmony, at the same time, the prevention and the instruction functions of the Public law must be displayed effectively. What’s more, due to the lack of the judging standards, the victims’interests can not be protected finally, so the author suggests introducing the theory of tolerance limit, setting the standards of deleterious substance hurt according to various factors. Finally, during the relief of the adjacent tort of the environment, we should create some new ways of civil relief and administrative relief.
引文
[1] 史尚宽.物权法论.台湾:荣泰印书馆,1957,79
[2] 彭万林.民法学.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1994,323
[3] 梁慧星,陈华彬.物权法论.北京:法律出版社,2003,82
[4] 孟勤国.物权二元结构论.北京:人民法院出版社,2002,135
[5] 谢在全.民法物权论.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1999,708
[6] 王泽鉴.民法物权.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1992,173,175
[7] 彭诚信.现代意义相邻权的理解.法制与社会发展,1999,10(1):35-36
[8] 本杰明.穷理查年鉴——美国读本.北京:三联出版社,1995,14
[9] 苏永钦.相邻关系在民法上的几个主要问题.法学丛刊,1996,51(3):7
[10] Joel Franklin.The Industrial Revolution.Journal of Nuisance Law,1998,32(3):67-69
[11] Brenner.Black's Law.Dictionary West Publiching.1974,20(5):961
[12] 陈华彬.德国相邻制度研究——以不可量物侵害制度为中心.民商法论丛,1996,10(4):227
[13] 郑冲,贾红梅译.德国民法典.北京:法律出版社,1999,213-214
[14] 沃尔夫著,吴越、李大雪译.德国物权法.北京:法律出版社,2002,537-538
[15] 梁慧星.民商法论丛.北京:法律出版社,1996,276-305,313-314
[16] 罗瑞玲.建筑物相邻关系研究:[山东大学硕士学位论文].济南:山东大学法学院,2004,7
[17] 罗结珍译.法国民法典.北京:中国法制出版社,2000,380
[18] 陈华彬.法国近邻妨害问题研究——兼论中国的近邻妨害制度及其完善.民商法论丛,1996,10(5):39
[19] 马俊驹,罗丽.日本环境侵权民事责任研究.现代法学,2003,25(1):16
[20] 曹明德.日本环境侵权法的发展.当代法学,2001,15(3):47
[21] 原田尚彦著,于敏译.环境法.北京:法律出版社,1994,25,26
[22] 大塚直.关于生活妨害的停止请求的基础考察 .法学协会杂志,1990,45(7):81
[23] 徐爱国.英美侵权行为法.北京:法律出版社,1999,56
[24] 伯尔曼著,贺卫方译.法律与革命.北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1996,82l
[25] Spicer.Emanuel Torts.Emanuel law Qutilnes ,1991,21(4):489
[26] 刘茂勇.英美法过失侵权中的“注意义务”.河北法学,2003,21(2):134
[27] 鲍尔·施蒂尔纳著,张双根译.德国物权法.北京:法律出版社,2004,544
[28] Robinson v Kilvert.George Christie Sum & Substance of Torts CSC.Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1980,202
[29] 王曦.美国环境法概论.武汉:武汉大学出版社,1992,124-126
[30] 徐爱国.英美法中“侵扰”的侵权行为责任.外国法译评,2000,32(4):7,
[31] 杨娟.不可量物侵权法律制度研究.[西南财经大学硕士学位论文].成都:西南财经大学法学院,2005,21
[32] 叶明,吴太轩.论环境侵权救济中的排除侵害制度——兼谈利益横平原则的适用.广西政法干部学院管理学报,2002,5(1):36
[33] 周鹂.论美国侵权法中的侵扰制度.环球法律评论,2006,(2):194
[34] 王世进,周辉,吴菲.论环境相邻权的保护.见:2006 年全国环境资源法学研讨会论文集.武汉:武汉大学出版社,2006,247-248
[35] 王明远.环境侵权救济法律制度.北京:中国法制出版社,2001,83
[36] 吕忠梅.物权立法的“绿色”理性选择.法学,2004,(l2):45
[37] 王清军.环境相邻权的法理学分析.http://www.riel.whu.edu.cn/show.asp? ID=414,2002-11-27
[38] 郭洁.土地资源与民事立法研究.北京:法律出版社,2002,180,181
[39] 金瑞林.环境与资源保护法学.北京:北京大学出版杜,2000,113
[40] 吕忠梅.论环境权的民法保护.武汉:武汉大学出版社,2000,1
[41] MA Franklin.Rabin Tort and Alternative.New York:The Foundation Walter ,1992,607
[42] 马克思,恩格斯.马克思恩格斯选集(第四卷).北京:人民出版社,1972,248-249
[2] 彭万林.民法学.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1994,323
[3] 梁慧星,陈华彬.物权法论.北京:法律出版社,2003,82
[4] 孟勤国.物权二元结构论.北京:人民法院出版社,2002,135
[5] 谢在全.民法物权论.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1999,708
[6] 王泽鉴.民法物权.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1992,173,175
[7] 彭诚信.现代意义相邻权的理解.法制与社会发展,1999,10(1):35-36
[8] 本杰明.穷理查年鉴——美国读本.北京:三联出版社,1995,14
[9] 苏永钦.相邻关系在民法上的几个主要问题.法学丛刊,1996,51(3):7
[10] Joel Franklin.The Industrial Revolution.Journal of Nuisance Law,1998,32(3):67-69
[11] Brenner.Black's Law.Dictionary West Publiching.1974,20(5):961
[12] 陈华彬.德国相邻制度研究——以不可量物侵害制度为中心.民商法论丛,1996,10(4):227
[13] 郑冲,贾红梅译.德国民法典.北京:法律出版社,1999,213-214
[14] 沃尔夫著,吴越、李大雪译.德国物权法.北京:法律出版社,2002,537-538
[15] 梁慧星.民商法论丛.北京:法律出版社,1996,276-305,313-314
[16] 罗瑞玲.建筑物相邻关系研究:[山东大学硕士学位论文].济南:山东大学法学院,2004,7
[17] 罗结珍译.法国民法典.北京:中国法制出版社,2000,380
[18] 陈华彬.法国近邻妨害问题研究——兼论中国的近邻妨害制度及其完善.民商法论丛,1996,10(5):39
[19] 马俊驹,罗丽.日本环境侵权民事责任研究.现代法学,2003,25(1):16
[20] 曹明德.日本环境侵权法的发展.当代法学,2001,15(3):47
[21] 原田尚彦著,于敏译.环境法.北京:法律出版社,1994,25,26
[22] 大塚直.关于生活妨害的停止请求的基础考察 .法学协会杂志,1990,45(7):81
[23] 徐爱国.英美侵权行为法.北京:法律出版社,1999,56
[24] 伯尔曼著,贺卫方译.法律与革命.北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1996,82l
[25] Spicer.Emanuel Torts.Emanuel law Qutilnes ,1991,21(4):489
[26] 刘茂勇.英美法过失侵权中的“注意义务”.河北法学,2003,21(2):134
[27] 鲍尔·施蒂尔纳著,张双根译.德国物权法.北京:法律出版社,2004,544
[28] Robinson v Kilvert.George Christie Sum & Substance of Torts CSC.Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1980,202
[29] 王曦.美国环境法概论.武汉:武汉大学出版社,1992,124-126
[30] 徐爱国.英美法中“侵扰”的侵权行为责任.外国法译评,2000,32(4):7,
[31] 杨娟.不可量物侵权法律制度研究.[西南财经大学硕士学位论文].成都:西南财经大学法学院,2005,21
[32] 叶明,吴太轩.论环境侵权救济中的排除侵害制度——兼谈利益横平原则的适用.广西政法干部学院管理学报,2002,5(1):36
[33] 周鹂.论美国侵权法中的侵扰制度.环球法律评论,2006,(2):194
[34] 王世进,周辉,吴菲.论环境相邻权的保护.见:2006 年全国环境资源法学研讨会论文集.武汉:武汉大学出版社,2006,247-248
[35] 王明远.环境侵权救济法律制度.北京:中国法制出版社,2001,83
[36] 吕忠梅.物权立法的“绿色”理性选择.法学,2004,(l2):45
[37] 王清军.环境相邻权的法理学分析.http://www.riel.whu.edu.cn/show.asp? ID=414,2002-11-27
[38] 郭洁.土地资源与民事立法研究.北京:法律出版社,2002,180,181
[39] 金瑞林.环境与资源保护法学.北京:北京大学出版杜,2000,113
[40] 吕忠梅.论环境权的民法保护.武汉:武汉大学出版社,2000,1
[41] MA Franklin.Rabin Tort and Alternative.New York:The Foundation Walter ,1992,607
[42] 马克思,恩格斯.马克思恩格斯选集(第四卷).北京:人民出版社,1972,248-249