广西南宁盆地古近纪淡水腹足类及其古生态研究
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摘要
对广西南宁古近纪地层进行了实地勘察，对古生物化石进行了野外收集和室内分析处理，此次发现的化石中，腹足类化石是最主要的组成部分，对古近纪南宁盆地的淡水腹足类化石进行了系统描述和归属讨论。
本文分别对这些类别进行了系统描述，并建立了1个新属,7个新种。即Macromargaya aliena gen. et sp.nov, Margarya nanningensis sp.nov.等。针对实测剖面上腹足类化石的个体形态进行了统计，并且对腹足类化石壳质进行了电镜扫描，揭示了腹足类的超微结构。此外，对腹足类壳体表面的伤痕进行成因分析，探究其生态链的位置。同时使用地球化学手段对腹足类化石壳质进行深入研究，形成了一套内容丰富的广西南宁古近纪古生物研究新材料。构成对广西南宁盆地古近纪淡水腹足类的综合性研究，成果包括：
（1）共建立1新属,7个新种。1930年，瑞典人俄德诺对南宁盆地的一些腹足类进行了描述，但是仅局限于标本，有的新种甚至是在只有一个残缺标本基础上建立的，本文建立了1新属7新种的基础上，对其他9个种进行或是补充、或是更正。
（2）对广西南宁盆地淡水腹足类的外部形态特征做聚类分析。选取个体较大，肉眼可以辨析的南宁盆地古近纪淡水腹足类进行测量并且聚类分析，结果证明可使用科学计算的手段对腹足类的分类进行分析，进而可有效避免人为失误。分类学研究引进了聚类分析作为统计手段，有利于传统分类学研究方法的改进。
（3）对广西南宁盆地淡水腹足类的被捕食伤疤进行了研究。对南宁盆地古近纪淡水腹足类被捕食频率与外形特征的关系进行了分析。结果表明：壳型结构、壳质、壳饰都是影响淡水腹足类是否被捕食的因素，其中壳型是最重要的因素。
（4）广西南宁盆地淡水腹足类的壳质微细结构进行了分析。对6种南宁盆地的淡水腹足类进行SEM电镜扫描观察，获知淡水腹足类7种不同的壳质组成。这些组成对淡水腹足类的分类判定具有重要意义。
（5）对淡水腹足类壳体稳定同位素的测定和分析。通过对南宁盆地腹足类中碳、氧稳定同位素的测量，可以推断出古近纪时期南宁盆地温度变化较大，但主要以温暖湿润为主。
Large freshwater gastropods of the family Viviparidae are today distributed on allcontinents except South America (where they are recorded as fossils，and Antarctica).They usually occur in lakes, ponds, and lentic rivers of temperate to tropical regions.Currently, approximately150species in30genera are recognized in the Viviparidae,several of which have been assigned to the three subfamilies Viviparinae, Lioplacinae,and Bellamyinae. For more than half of the genera, however, the exact systematicposition and phylogenetic relationships are unknown. With a few exceptions, theViviparidae are characterized by medium high-spired shells with moderately tostrongly inflated whorls that are often more or less circular in cross-section andseparated by deep sutures. The large, thin, horny operculum lacks calcareouscarbonate and is usually not preserved in fossilized specimens. In most species, theshells are thin, often stabilized by spiral ribs or bands, and relatively large, rangingbetween25and70mm in height. Based on their near-global distribution andabundance, the Viviparidae are thought to have evolved before the break-up of thePangaea supercontinent, and thus at least during the Jurassic. The highest diversity ofextant Viviparidae is found in East and Southeast Asia, comprising several widespreadas well as endemic genera and species. The rich fossil record of Viviparidae in Europe,however, provides several examples of Pliocene endemic lake radiations in this group,leading to an extraordinary high diversity of viviparids. Literature on fossil Cenozoicfreshwater gastropods from continental East Asia is scarce. Fossil Viviparidae have,however, been described from several regions, and seem to have been widespread inEast Asia since the Palaeogene. Eocene and Miocene viviparids from Thailand havebeen used in stable isotope studies and several Miocene mollusc assemblagesdominated by viviparids were reported from northern Thailand. Additionally,Oligocene to Pleistocene mollusk assemblages that yielded viviparid gastropods havebeen described from Myanmar and China. Scattered additional records are listed indetailed compilations of fossil freshwater molluscs of China and East Asia.
However, rich freshwater gastropods fauna are currently known near the city of Santang，where a good outcrops were chosen as the studied section in this thesis. It islocated ca2km to the northeast of Nanning, exposed a somewhat more than6m thicksuccession of the Gongkang Formation which consisted of well-bedded mud-andsiltstones, yielding abundant fossils including gastropods, bivalves and somevertebrate fossils. The new fossil collections with a remarkably high diversity andextraordinary preservation allow to carry on the investigations as following5parts:
(1) Rich freshwater gastropods fauna from the Lower Oligocene Gongkang Formationof the Nanning Basin (Guangxi Province, SE China) has yielded shells of16speciesof gastropods and two species of bivalves most of which been thought to be endemicto the Pleistocene to Recent freshwater lakes of Yunnan Province (SW China), and isfirst described from the Oligocene of Guangxi herein. One new genus and7newspecies are erected in this thesis.
(2) Component and Distant analysis were done for the6giant gastropods taxa.It shows that Taxonomy can be arranged by programs of computer and it willbe fewer mistakes compared with checking pictures only.
(3) Scars of the gastropods, caused by predators were calculated.The result shows that the gastropods which are more compacted rounded in shape and the gastropods are thicker and with more decoration can defend the predator efficiently.
(4) The microstructure of the gastropod shell are analyzed using SEM. More than400photos were taken. The microstructure can be used in Taxonomy for gastropods.
(5) Analysis of stable isotope samples more than200are used to reconstructthe paleoenvironment, it is documented by the study that the early Oligocenemight be a warm and humid time-interval in the Naning basin during the Paleogene.
本文分别对这些类别进行了系统描述，并建立了1个新属,7个新种。即Macromargaya aliena gen. et sp.nov, Margarya nanningensis sp.nov.等。针对实测剖面上腹足类化石的个体形态进行了统计，并且对腹足类化石壳质进行了电镜扫描，揭示了腹足类的超微结构。此外，对腹足类壳体表面的伤痕进行成因分析，探究其生态链的位置。同时使用地球化学手段对腹足类化石壳质进行深入研究，形成了一套内容丰富的广西南宁古近纪古生物研究新材料。构成对广西南宁盆地古近纪淡水腹足类的综合性研究，成果包括：
（1）共建立1新属,7个新种。1930年，瑞典人俄德诺对南宁盆地的一些腹足类进行了描述，但是仅局限于标本，有的新种甚至是在只有一个残缺标本基础上建立的，本文建立了1新属7新种的基础上，对其他9个种进行或是补充、或是更正。
（2）对广西南宁盆地淡水腹足类的外部形态特征做聚类分析。选取个体较大，肉眼可以辨析的南宁盆地古近纪淡水腹足类进行测量并且聚类分析，结果证明可使用科学计算的手段对腹足类的分类进行分析，进而可有效避免人为失误。分类学研究引进了聚类分析作为统计手段，有利于传统分类学研究方法的改进。
（3）对广西南宁盆地淡水腹足类的被捕食伤疤进行了研究。对南宁盆地古近纪淡水腹足类被捕食频率与外形特征的关系进行了分析。结果表明：壳型结构、壳质、壳饰都是影响淡水腹足类是否被捕食的因素，其中壳型是最重要的因素。
（4）广西南宁盆地淡水腹足类的壳质微细结构进行了分析。对6种南宁盆地的淡水腹足类进行SEM电镜扫描观察，获知淡水腹足类7种不同的壳质组成。这些组成对淡水腹足类的分类判定具有重要意义。
（5）对淡水腹足类壳体稳定同位素的测定和分析。通过对南宁盆地腹足类中碳、氧稳定同位素的测量，可以推断出古近纪时期南宁盆地温度变化较大，但主要以温暖湿润为主。
Large freshwater gastropods of the family Viviparidae are today distributed on allcontinents except South America (where they are recorded as fossils，and Antarctica).They usually occur in lakes, ponds, and lentic rivers of temperate to tropical regions.Currently, approximately150species in30genera are recognized in the Viviparidae,several of which have been assigned to the three subfamilies Viviparinae, Lioplacinae,and Bellamyinae. For more than half of the genera, however, the exact systematicposition and phylogenetic relationships are unknown. With a few exceptions, theViviparidae are characterized by medium high-spired shells with moderately tostrongly inflated whorls that are often more or less circular in cross-section andseparated by deep sutures. The large, thin, horny operculum lacks calcareouscarbonate and is usually not preserved in fossilized specimens. In most species, theshells are thin, often stabilized by spiral ribs or bands, and relatively large, rangingbetween25and70mm in height. Based on their near-global distribution andabundance, the Viviparidae are thought to have evolved before the break-up of thePangaea supercontinent, and thus at least during the Jurassic. The highest diversity ofextant Viviparidae is found in East and Southeast Asia, comprising several widespreadas well as endemic genera and species. The rich fossil record of Viviparidae in Europe,however, provides several examples of Pliocene endemic lake radiations in this group,leading to an extraordinary high diversity of viviparids. Literature on fossil Cenozoicfreshwater gastropods from continental East Asia is scarce. Fossil Viviparidae have,however, been described from several regions, and seem to have been widespread inEast Asia since the Palaeogene. Eocene and Miocene viviparids from Thailand havebeen used in stable isotope studies and several Miocene mollusc assemblagesdominated by viviparids were reported from northern Thailand. Additionally,Oligocene to Pleistocene mollusk assemblages that yielded viviparid gastropods havebeen described from Myanmar and China. Scattered additional records are listed indetailed compilations of fossil freshwater molluscs of China and East Asia.
However, rich freshwater gastropods fauna are currently known near the city of Santang，where a good outcrops were chosen as the studied section in this thesis. It islocated ca2km to the northeast of Nanning, exposed a somewhat more than6m thicksuccession of the Gongkang Formation which consisted of well-bedded mud-andsiltstones, yielding abundant fossils including gastropods, bivalves and somevertebrate fossils. The new fossil collections with a remarkably high diversity andextraordinary preservation allow to carry on the investigations as following5parts:
(1) Rich freshwater gastropods fauna from the Lower Oligocene Gongkang Formationof the Nanning Basin (Guangxi Province, SE China) has yielded shells of16speciesof gastropods and two species of bivalves most of which been thought to be endemicto the Pleistocene to Recent freshwater lakes of Yunnan Province (SW China), and isfirst described from the Oligocene of Guangxi herein. One new genus and7newspecies are erected in this thesis.
(2) Component and Distant analysis were done for the6giant gastropods taxa.It shows that Taxonomy can be arranged by programs of computer and it willbe fewer mistakes compared with checking pictures only.
(3) Scars of the gastropods, caused by predators were calculated.The result shows that the gastropods which are more compacted rounded in shape and the gastropods are thicker and with more decoration can defend the predator efficiently.
(4) The microstructure of the gastropod shell are analyzed using SEM. More than400photos were taken. The microstructure can be used in Taxonomy for gastropods.
(5) Analysis of stable isotope samples more than200are used to reconstructthe paleoenvironment, it is documented by the study that the early Oligocenemight be a warm and humid time-interval in the Naning basin during the Paleogene.
引文
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