改革开放以来中国共产党收入分配理论的创新性研究
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摘要
改革开放30多年以来,中国的经济得到飞速发展。截至目前为止,我国国内生产总值已达51.9亿元,居世界第二,仅次于美国。人民生活水平得到不断的改善和提升。在这样一个经济发展的黄金时期以及发展中的矛盾凸显的突出阶段,改革的不断推进导致原有的公平和谐层面被打破,而新的平衡的社会环境仍未建立,在这样一个社会矛盾凸显时期,我们提出研究收入分配理论正当其时。
新中国刚成立时,我们实行的是计划经济体制。那个时候我们实行的是平均主义的分配方式,生产和消费资料的占有基本上都实行的是平均占有。改革开放后,在生产力得到根本性解放的基础上,实行市场经济体制,经济得到快速的发展,原有的生产和分配方式已经不再适应我们当时社会的发展,自然而然社会中关于分配的矛盾也越积累越多,基尼系数不断攀升,权力寻租现象也在不断的挑战着社会资源的重新配置。面对上述分配理论带来的差异性,以及各方面的利益分配不均,我们如何使分配理论合理的落实下来,让利益的分配能得到最好的和最佳的效应,在高难度和复杂的背景下我们对分配是不是就无能为力呢?
回答上述问题我们的态度相当坚定的。我们在以邓小平为代表的中国共产党人的领导下,积极探索,总结发展中出现的各种问题,逐步形成了新时期适应我国社会主义阶段的分配理论。我们首先肯定了马克思、恩格斯关于收入分配理论的主要内容,这些优秀的思想为我国现阶段的分配理论提供了思想动力,同时这些优秀的分配理论为我国收入分配理论指明了发展的方向。在现阶段的发展过程中,我们应该怎么样发展好我国的社会分配理论呢?这是摆在我们面前急需解决的问题。
从党的十一届三中全会开始,我们把优先发展农村经济作为突破口,推行家庭联产承包责任制,我们的经济得到了迅猛发展。这个时期我们也打破了平均主义思想的束缚,大力发展市场经济,极大的提高了劳动者的工作热情,促进了经济的快速发展。党的十三大到十五大的时期,我们又根据发展的需要,适时的提出了在按劳分配为主体的同时,实行多种分配方式并存,同时在这个基础之上,我们又突破性的提出“效率优先,兼顾公平”,这就给我们发展多种形式下的分配理论提供了可行性空间。这一时期,我们国家和人民的生活水平都得到了很大的提高。人民的主体地位得到提高,幸福感指数得到提升。但是在随后的发展过程中,人们的幸福感指数已经不是在过多的关注于经济的发展,而是在付出劳动后得到的公平回报,这就自然而然的把“公平”推到了一个相当的高度。这些都能体现我们党与时俱进的优良作风,全心全意为人民服务的宗旨。
从这些转变可以看出,我们的分配理论并不是一成不变的,而是根据具体的国情不断变化发展的。社会分配理论走了一条可持续发展的不断向上延伸的动态发展路线。由最开始的注重平均分配到按劳分配为主体,多种分配方式并存的分配方式,再到初次分配我们要注重效率再分配要注重公平,以及最后初次分配和再分配过程中把效率与公平提到同样高的位置,充分说明我们不断变化的分配方式是适合我国国情发展需要的,既体现了客观性,又有鲜明的时代性。
收入分配问题是我们党现阶段必须首当其冲考虑的问题。它与我们的日常生活息息相关,我们要实现的是一个维护各方面群体利益的社会,使生活在其中的劳动人民能共享改革发展的成果,没有太多的顾虑和生活担忧,享受到必要的物质保障,这样宏伟蓝图的实现就使得我们必须充分的考虑各方面群体的利益,注重各方面群体的分配标准。所以现阶段我们研究改革开放以来中国共产党的分配理论具有很强的现实必要性。
With over30years of reform and opening up, China has achieved rapid living standards. The GDP of China has reached5.19billion Yuan ranking second in the world after the United States. However, this period is not only the "gold period" of China socialist economic development, but also the "protruding period" of various contradictions. Continuous reform has broke the previous fair and harmonious social system, while the new one is still not achieved. Hence, it is high time to make a research on the theory of the equitable distribution.
China has ever implemented a planned economic development mode. In that period, the distribution system basically fellow the approach of "egalitarianism", which advocated that all people could possess the average production and subsistence. Since the reform and opening up, China has began to implement the market economy system, which liberated the productive forces, and brought great development of economy. The original distribution approach was no longer fit for the development of our society. The continuous rise in Gini coefficient and abuse of administrative power caused many problems in social distribution. Based on the problems discussed above, we have to answer the following questions. How do we put the theory of distribution into effect? Cannot we do anything to help improving the distribution system in complex economic environment?
Our attitude is quite firm to answer the above questions. Under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping as the representative of the Chinese Communists, we actively explore and sum up all sorts of problems arising from the development. We also have confident to do well in the present stage of social distribution theory. However, the allocation standard which fits for all societies is not exist. Marx and Engels's theory of distribution also has not adapted to the development of our country in some aspects. So, at this stage, how to make the social distribution theory suitable for the development of China? This is an urgent problem which we should solve.
Starting from the three plenary session of the eleventh, we gave priority to the development of the rural economy as the breakthrough point, carried out household contract responsibility system, our economy has been rapidly ascend. We also broke the average distribution thought at this time, implemented a principle of distribution according to work, which greatly improved the workers'work enthusiasm, promoted the rapid development of the economy. During the13th to the15th National People's Congress, at the based of distribution according to work as the topical subject, we also put forward a variety of modes of distribution coexist. And on this basis, we put forward the "efficiency first, fairness considered" which may provide us more room to develop various forms of economic condition. During this period, our country and people's living standard have been greatly improved. Furthermore, People's main body status and the well-being index are also improved. However, in the subsequent development, people's happiness index focuses on the reward of work, rather than the development of economy, which naturally push the "fair" to a considerable height. So in the congress of the party's16th to the18th,"fair" was mentioned to same status with "efficiency", and "fair" even should be paid more attention in the redistribution. All of these can reflect the developmental style of our Party which keeps pace with The Times, and the characters of our nation. Our country is the people's democratic socialist country, our aim is to serve the people heart and soul, maintain the people all the time. Meanwhile, we also give the appropriate tilt to the interests of the people." Making every attempt to increase people's income, and making the GDP and per capita disposable income in2020doubled than that in2010as the main target".
From these changes, we can conclude that our allocation theory is not constant but improving according to the development of specific national conditions. Social distribution theory go extended upward along a sustainable development of the dynamic development course. From the average allocation, to the primary distribution paying attention to the fairness and redistribution paying attention to the efficiency, and finally to the income allocation for the first time raising the efficiency and fair same high position, emphasizing the higher position of efficiency than fairness in redistribution.
The first thing we consider is the justice in the interest distribution. Interests are closely related to our survival and development, and the society which we achieve is maintaining all groups'interests, enjoy the necessary material basis. To achieve such a grand blueprint, we must fully consider various aspects of the benefit and the distribution of all groups. Hence, the distributive justice under the socialist system as reflected in the income distribution system is reasonable and timely, at this stage, the study of distribution theory in reform and opening up has its rationality and necessity.
新中国刚成立时,我们实行的是计划经济体制。那个时候我们实行的是平均主义的分配方式,生产和消费资料的占有基本上都实行的是平均占有。改革开放后,在生产力得到根本性解放的基础上,实行市场经济体制,经济得到快速的发展,原有的生产和分配方式已经不再适应我们当时社会的发展,自然而然社会中关于分配的矛盾也越积累越多,基尼系数不断攀升,权力寻租现象也在不断的挑战着社会资源的重新配置。面对上述分配理论带来的差异性,以及各方面的利益分配不均,我们如何使分配理论合理的落实下来,让利益的分配能得到最好的和最佳的效应,在高难度和复杂的背景下我们对分配是不是就无能为力呢?
回答上述问题我们的态度相当坚定的。我们在以邓小平为代表的中国共产党人的领导下,积极探索,总结发展中出现的各种问题,逐步形成了新时期适应我国社会主义阶段的分配理论。我们首先肯定了马克思、恩格斯关于收入分配理论的主要内容,这些优秀的思想为我国现阶段的分配理论提供了思想动力,同时这些优秀的分配理论为我国收入分配理论指明了发展的方向。在现阶段的发展过程中,我们应该怎么样发展好我国的社会分配理论呢?这是摆在我们面前急需解决的问题。
从党的十一届三中全会开始,我们把优先发展农村经济作为突破口,推行家庭联产承包责任制,我们的经济得到了迅猛发展。这个时期我们也打破了平均主义思想的束缚,大力发展市场经济,极大的提高了劳动者的工作热情,促进了经济的快速发展。党的十三大到十五大的时期,我们又根据发展的需要,适时的提出了在按劳分配为主体的同时,实行多种分配方式并存,同时在这个基础之上,我们又突破性的提出“效率优先,兼顾公平”,这就给我们发展多种形式下的分配理论提供了可行性空间。这一时期,我们国家和人民的生活水平都得到了很大的提高。人民的主体地位得到提高,幸福感指数得到提升。但是在随后的发展过程中,人们的幸福感指数已经不是在过多的关注于经济的发展,而是在付出劳动后得到的公平回报,这就自然而然的把“公平”推到了一个相当的高度。这些都能体现我们党与时俱进的优良作风,全心全意为人民服务的宗旨。
从这些转变可以看出,我们的分配理论并不是一成不变的,而是根据具体的国情不断变化发展的。社会分配理论走了一条可持续发展的不断向上延伸的动态发展路线。由最开始的注重平均分配到按劳分配为主体,多种分配方式并存的分配方式,再到初次分配我们要注重效率再分配要注重公平,以及最后初次分配和再分配过程中把效率与公平提到同样高的位置,充分说明我们不断变化的分配方式是适合我国国情发展需要的,既体现了客观性,又有鲜明的时代性。
收入分配问题是我们党现阶段必须首当其冲考虑的问题。它与我们的日常生活息息相关,我们要实现的是一个维护各方面群体利益的社会,使生活在其中的劳动人民能共享改革发展的成果,没有太多的顾虑和生活担忧,享受到必要的物质保障,这样宏伟蓝图的实现就使得我们必须充分的考虑各方面群体的利益,注重各方面群体的分配标准。所以现阶段我们研究改革开放以来中国共产党的分配理论具有很强的现实必要性。
With over30years of reform and opening up, China has achieved rapid living standards. The GDP of China has reached5.19billion Yuan ranking second in the world after the United States. However, this period is not only the "gold period" of China socialist economic development, but also the "protruding period" of various contradictions. Continuous reform has broke the previous fair and harmonious social system, while the new one is still not achieved. Hence, it is high time to make a research on the theory of the equitable distribution.
China has ever implemented a planned economic development mode. In that period, the distribution system basically fellow the approach of "egalitarianism", which advocated that all people could possess the average production and subsistence. Since the reform and opening up, China has began to implement the market economy system, which liberated the productive forces, and brought great development of economy. The original distribution approach was no longer fit for the development of our society. The continuous rise in Gini coefficient and abuse of administrative power caused many problems in social distribution. Based on the problems discussed above, we have to answer the following questions. How do we put the theory of distribution into effect? Cannot we do anything to help improving the distribution system in complex economic environment?
Our attitude is quite firm to answer the above questions. Under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping as the representative of the Chinese Communists, we actively explore and sum up all sorts of problems arising from the development. We also have confident to do well in the present stage of social distribution theory. However, the allocation standard which fits for all societies is not exist. Marx and Engels's theory of distribution also has not adapted to the development of our country in some aspects. So, at this stage, how to make the social distribution theory suitable for the development of China? This is an urgent problem which we should solve.
Starting from the three plenary session of the eleventh, we gave priority to the development of the rural economy as the breakthrough point, carried out household contract responsibility system, our economy has been rapidly ascend. We also broke the average distribution thought at this time, implemented a principle of distribution according to work, which greatly improved the workers'work enthusiasm, promoted the rapid development of the economy. During the13th to the15th National People's Congress, at the based of distribution according to work as the topical subject, we also put forward a variety of modes of distribution coexist. And on this basis, we put forward the "efficiency first, fairness considered" which may provide us more room to develop various forms of economic condition. During this period, our country and people's living standard have been greatly improved. Furthermore, People's main body status and the well-being index are also improved. However, in the subsequent development, people's happiness index focuses on the reward of work, rather than the development of economy, which naturally push the "fair" to a considerable height. So in the congress of the party's16th to the18th,"fair" was mentioned to same status with "efficiency", and "fair" even should be paid more attention in the redistribution. All of these can reflect the developmental style of our Party which keeps pace with The Times, and the characters of our nation. Our country is the people's democratic socialist country, our aim is to serve the people heart and soul, maintain the people all the time. Meanwhile, we also give the appropriate tilt to the interests of the people." Making every attempt to increase people's income, and making the GDP and per capita disposable income in2020doubled than that in2010as the main target".
From these changes, we can conclude that our allocation theory is not constant but improving according to the development of specific national conditions. Social distribution theory go extended upward along a sustainable development of the dynamic development course. From the average allocation, to the primary distribution paying attention to the fairness and redistribution paying attention to the efficiency, and finally to the income allocation for the first time raising the efficiency and fair same high position, emphasizing the higher position of efficiency than fairness in redistribution.
The first thing we consider is the justice in the interest distribution. Interests are closely related to our survival and development, and the society which we achieve is maintaining all groups'interests, enjoy the necessary material basis. To achieve such a grand blueprint, we must fully consider various aspects of the benefit and the distribution of all groups. Hence, the distributive justice under the socialist system as reflected in the income distribution system is reasonable and timely, at this stage, the study of distribution theory in reform and opening up has its rationality and necessity.
引文
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①中华人民共和国2012年国民经济和社会发展统计公报
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① 《邓小平文选》第3卷,人民出版社1993年版,第116页.
①中华人民共和国2012年国民经济和社会发展统计公报
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