九龙峡水电站水工整体模型试验及三维数值模拟
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摘要
在水电工程建设中,经常遇到泄水建筑物过流能力、体型优化及枢纽下游消能防冲等问题,解决这些问题的传统方法通常是借助物理模型试验;近些年来,随着计算机性能不断的提升和计算流体动力学的快速发展,使得数值模拟方法可以部分或全部的应用于水工建筑物泄流问题的研究,这不仅为工程师提供了泄水建筑物内部水流流动的完整信息,而且还较大程度的解放了人力,节省了财力和时间。数学模型和物理模型正日益紧密结合,成为解决水利工程泄流问题的重要手段。
本文以白龙江九龙峡水电站工程为研究对象,通过水工整体模型试验和FLUENT软件对九龙峡水电站工程泄流能力、建筑物中的水流流动信息、建筑物体型优化及枢纽下游消能防冲等问题进行了试验研究及数值模拟计算。
九龙峡水电站水工模型是按照重力相似准则设计,根据设计单位提供的基本资料制作完成。在此基础上,首先对原设计方案进行了放水试验,发现原设计方案存在诸多问题:例如泄水建筑物体型布置不合理,下泄水流冲击右岸坡等,并针对存在的问题进行了多次修改和优化完善,确定了九龙峡水电站首部枢纽的优化布置形式和体型。
利用FLUENT软件,建立了数值模拟区域,采用非结构化网格和隐式算法,以标准的k—ε湍流模型封闭Reynods方程,采用VOF法追踪自由水面,对九龙峡水电站溢流堰、底孔的水流流场按定常流动进行了三维数值模拟。结果表明:溢流堰、底孔的泄流能力、水面线、压力分布和流速分布等计算结果与模型试验结果吻合良好。
In hydropower construction, some issues are often encountered such as the conveyance capacity of discharge structure, shape optimization and energy dissipation and erosion control of hydro-junction downstream and so on.The physical model test is usually used to solve these problems in traditional methods .In recently years, with the continuous improvement of computer performance and the rapid development of computational fluid dynamics,the numerical simulation method can be used in the study of part or all of the discharge of hydraulic structures, which not only provides complete flowing information of internal water flow of hydraulic structures to engineers, but also liberates human in a greater extent and saves finance and time. Mathematical models and physical models are increasingly and closely integrated as an important means in solving the problem of discharge of hydraulic engineering.
In this paper, Bailongjiang JiuLongXia hydropower station project is used as a research object. The discharge capacity, flowing information of internal water flow of hydraulic structures, shape optimization of hydraulic structures and energy dissipation and erosion control of hub downstream etc. of JiuLongXia hydropower station were studied through hydraulic model test, and were simulated by software FLUENT.
The hydraulic model of JiuLongXia hydropower station is based on gravity similar theory, and was build in accordance with the design data of design department. On this basis, the flow discharge test was carried out for the original design scheme at first. There are many problems, such as: the layout of discharge structure is unreasonable, the right bank is impacted by discharged water etc. and a number of modifications are made and optimizations for the problems, the optimal layout and somatotype of head of pivot of JiuLongXia hydropower station were conformed.
By means of software FLUENT, establishing numerical simulation region, using unstructured grids and implicit method and in addtion,the k—εturbulent model is used to close Reynods equations, volume of fluid(VOF) method is used to track the free water surface, the flow state of the overflow weir and bottom outlet of Jiulongxia hydropower station is simulated in the method of three-dimensional numerical simulation according to the steady flow. The conclusion shows that the calculation results that the overflow weir discharge capacity and the water surface profile and the pressure distribution and velocity distribution are in good compliance with the measured data.
本文以白龙江九龙峡水电站工程为研究对象,通过水工整体模型试验和FLUENT软件对九龙峡水电站工程泄流能力、建筑物中的水流流动信息、建筑物体型优化及枢纽下游消能防冲等问题进行了试验研究及数值模拟计算。
九龙峡水电站水工模型是按照重力相似准则设计,根据设计单位提供的基本资料制作完成。在此基础上,首先对原设计方案进行了放水试验,发现原设计方案存在诸多问题:例如泄水建筑物体型布置不合理,下泄水流冲击右岸坡等,并针对存在的问题进行了多次修改和优化完善,确定了九龙峡水电站首部枢纽的优化布置形式和体型。
利用FLUENT软件,建立了数值模拟区域,采用非结构化网格和隐式算法,以标准的k—ε湍流模型封闭Reynods方程,采用VOF法追踪自由水面,对九龙峡水电站溢流堰、底孔的水流流场按定常流动进行了三维数值模拟。结果表明:溢流堰、底孔的泄流能力、水面线、压力分布和流速分布等计算结果与模型试验结果吻合良好。
In hydropower construction, some issues are often encountered such as the conveyance capacity of discharge structure, shape optimization and energy dissipation and erosion control of hydro-junction downstream and so on.The physical model test is usually used to solve these problems in traditional methods .In recently years, with the continuous improvement of computer performance and the rapid development of computational fluid dynamics,the numerical simulation method can be used in the study of part or all of the discharge of hydraulic structures, which not only provides complete flowing information of internal water flow of hydraulic structures to engineers, but also liberates human in a greater extent and saves finance and time. Mathematical models and physical models are increasingly and closely integrated as an important means in solving the problem of discharge of hydraulic engineering.
In this paper, Bailongjiang JiuLongXia hydropower station project is used as a research object. The discharge capacity, flowing information of internal water flow of hydraulic structures, shape optimization of hydraulic structures and energy dissipation and erosion control of hub downstream etc. of JiuLongXia hydropower station were studied through hydraulic model test, and were simulated by software FLUENT.
The hydraulic model of JiuLongXia hydropower station is based on gravity similar theory, and was build in accordance with the design data of design department. On this basis, the flow discharge test was carried out for the original design scheme at first. There are many problems, such as: the layout of discharge structure is unreasonable, the right bank is impacted by discharged water etc. and a number of modifications are made and optimizations for the problems, the optimal layout and somatotype of head of pivot of JiuLongXia hydropower station were conformed.
By means of software FLUENT, establishing numerical simulation region, using unstructured grids and implicit method and in addtion,the k—εturbulent model is used to close Reynods equations, volume of fluid(VOF) method is used to track the free water surface, the flow state of the overflow weir and bottom outlet of Jiulongxia hydropower station is simulated in the method of three-dimensional numerical simulation according to the steady flow. The conclusion shows that the calculation results that the overflow weir discharge capacity and the water surface profile and the pressure distribution and velocity distribution are in good compliance with the measured data.
引文
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[43]周赤,徐勤勤.三峡水利枢纽泄水建筑物体型水力学研究[J].水利水电技术.2001,32(9):62～67
[44]王建军,陆明万,张雄等.自由液面流体大晃动有限元方法[J].水动力学研究与进展,2001,16(3), 390～395
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[2]祁庆和.水工建筑物[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,1997
[3]王金国.水工建筑物破坏及防治措施研究[D].成都:四川大学,2002
[4]马建明.江河防洪模拟软件系统几个关键技术研究及实现[D].北京:中国水利水电科学研究院,2003
[5]许唯临,杨永全,吴持恭.具有起伏表面的紊流数值模拟[J].水利学报,1990,(10):16～22
[6]杨永全,许唯临,水垫塘淹没射流的数值模拟[J].水动力学研究与进展,1991,6(4):36～44
[7]倪浩清,沈永明,陈惠泉.深度平均的k～ε紊流全场模型及其验证[J].水利学报,1994,(11): 8～17
[8]张庄,周同明,溢流坝反弧段紊动水流的数值模拟[J],水利学报,1994,(6):31～36
[9]王艳明,陈永灿,冬俊瑞.高坝挑流冲坑流场的数值模拟[J].水动力学研究与进展,1995,10(2):125～134
[10]林明森,陶建华.三维溃坝问题的数值模拟研究[J].水利学报,1996,(7):67～74
[11]马福喜,王金瑞.三维水流数值模拟[J].水利学报,1998,(1):39～44
[12]许唯临,廖华胜,杨永全等.溪落渡水垫塘流场的数值计算[J].四川联合大学学报,1998,2(5):34～38
[13]谭立新,许唯临,杨永全.泄水水垫塘内单位水体消能率的研究[J].水动力学研究与进展,2000,15(3):271～275
[14]滕爱国,沈永明,郑永红等.波浪变形数值模拟[J].大连理工大学学报.2001,41(3):359～362
[15]陈黎,刁明军.表孔泄洪的水气二相流数值模拟[J].四川水力发电,2002,21(1):91～93
[16]陈群,戴光清,刘浩吾.阶梯溢流坝面流场的紊流数值模拟[J].天津大学学报,2002,35(1): 23～27
[17]李志勤,李洪,李嘉等.溢流丁坝附近自由水面的实验研究与数值模拟[J].水利学报,2003,(8):53～57
[18]戴春胜,河道三维流场数值模拟计算[J].黑龙江水利科技,2003,(4):1～3
[19]刁明军,杨永全,王玉蓉等.挑流消能水气二相流数值模拟[J].水利学报,2003,(9):77～82
[20]程香菊,罗麟,赵文谦等.阶梯溢流坝自由表面掺气特性数值模拟[J].水动力学研究与进展,2004,19(2):152～157
[21]杨忠超,邓军,杨永全等.多股多层水平淹没射流数值模拟研究[J].水利学报,2004,(5):31～38
[22]叶茂,伍超,胡耀华等.立柱旋涡三维数值模拟[J].西南民族大学学报,2004,30(1):105～108
[23]戴会超,魏文礼.曲线坐标系二维带自由表面强紊动水流数值模拟[J],水科学进展,2004,15(6):728～734
[24]杨校礼,高季章,刘之平.三岔管水流数值模拟研究[J].水利水电技术,2005,36(1):48～50
[25]黄文典,李嘉,李志勤.淹没丁坝平面二维水流数值模拟研究[J].四川大学学报,2005,37(1):19～23
[26]张根广.九龙峡水电站首部枢纽水工整体及泥沙模型试验报[R].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2008
[27]吴持恭.水力学(下册)[M].北京:高等教育出版社.1979
[28]中华人民共和国水利部.《水工(常规)模型试验规程》,1995-07-21
[29]中华人民共和国水利部.《河工动床模型试验规程》,1995-07-21
[30]张海龙.窄缝收缩段水流特性及数值模拟[M].西安:西安理工大学,2007
[31]王福军.计算流体动力学分析——CFD软件原理与应用[M].北京:清华大学出版社.2004
[32]J.G.Wissink.DNS of separating low Reynolds number flow in a turbine cascade with incoming wakes[J].International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow,24(4):626～635,2003
[33]V.Michelassi,J.G.Wissink,W.Rodi,Direct numerical simulation,large eddy simulation and unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes simulation of periodic unsteady flow in a low-pressureure turbine cascade[J]:A comparison.Journal of Powerand Energy,217(4):403～412,2003
[34]V.Stephane,Local mesh refinement and penalty methods dedicated to the Direct Numerical Simulation of incompressureible multiphase flows.Proceedings of the ASME/JSME Joint Fluids Engineering Conference[C]:1299～1305,2003
[35]J.O.Hinze,Turbulence[M].McGraw-Hill,New York,1975
[36]Chou P Y.On the velocity correlations and the equations of turbulent vorticity fluctuation[J],Quart Appl Math,1,1945:33~54
[37]魏文礼,王德意.计算水力学理论及应用[M].第一版.西安:陕西科学技术出版社.2001
[38]陶文铨.数值传热学[M].西安:西安交通大学出版社.2002:15～16
[39]谭维炎著.计算浅水动力学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1998
[40]张晓东.泄洪洞高速水流三维数值模拟[D].北京:中国水利水电科学研究院水力学所,2004
[41]周晓泉.复杂边界条件下的三维紊流数值研究[D].成都:四川大学,2003
[42]张华文.双洞式溢洪洞三维紊流场的数值模拟[D].西安:西安理工大学,2005
[43]周赤,徐勤勤.三峡水利枢纽泄水建筑物体型水力学研究[J].水利水电技术.2001,32(9):62～67
[44]王建军,陆明万,张雄等.自由液面流体大晃动有限元方法[J].水动力学研究与进展,2001,16(3), 390～395
[45]李廷秋,缪国平,刘应中.三维船体自由面贴体网格的数值生成[J].上海交通大学学报,1994.28(4),5～11
[46]ZHANGZhirong,ZHAOFeng,LiBaiqi.Numericeal Calculation of Viseous Free-Surface Flow About Ship Hull[J].Journal of ship Meehanies,2002,6(6):10～17
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