黄土高原半干旱区荒草地湍流和湍流能量传输特征及能量平衡状况
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摘要
本文利用兰州大学半干旱气候与环境监测站(SACOL)连续四年(2006.09-2010.08)的近地层涡旋相关资料,研究了黄土高原半干旱区荒草下垫面地气之间物质与能量的交换特征；特别注重研究了近地层观测试验中的能量不闭合问题,不仅利用观测的涡旋相关资料详细分析了黄土高原半干旱区荒草下垫面能量平衡不闭合状况,讨论了影响能量平衡闭合的各个因子,而且从理论上概括了近地层大气运动和能量物质传输的理想模型和实际模型。研究得到以下主要结论：
(1)通过对SACOL站各气象要素的分析及其footprint分析,得到SACOL观测站的资料具有比较好的时间和空间代表性；对资料进行质量评估与控制,得到SACOL观测站春、夏、秋、冬四个季节涡旋相关资料的有效数据分别为：77.5%,75.4%,68.3%和51.9%。
(2)利用EdiRe涡旋相关处理软件对SACOL观测站的资料进行处理,平均时段取30min比较合理。
(3)黄土高原半干旱区荒草下垫面湍流强度满足一般规律Iu>Iv>Iw；各个季节w分量的无因次标准差与平坦下垫面的系数比较接近,u分量的无因次方差也较接近于平坦下垫面,而v分量则较平坦下垫面的无因次方差系数偏大。
(4)能量平衡闭合情况与目标区域内的通量贡献、大尺度涡旋、地表土壤热通量的计算方法、稳定度和摩擦速度都密切相关,不同的季节各因子对能量平衡闭合的影响有所差别但更多的是一致性。随着目标源区通量贡献率的增大,能量平衡闭合度是增大的,该因子与下垫面非均匀性相关,对能量平衡闭合的影响没有明显的季节变化。SACOL观测站春、夏、秋、冬四个季节30min平均时长感热通量基本包括所有湍流谱(casel)的数据比例分别为77.7%,75.4%,69.4%及60.3%；潜热通量满足casel的四个季节的比例分别为56.0%,54.5%,56.7%和42.0%;春夏两季受低频影响相对较小,秋冬两季相对较大,且潜热通量较感热通量的低估情况更严重；增加平均时长可以使得能量平衡闭合情况逐渐变好。地表土壤热通量计算方法对能量平衡闭合结果有重要的影响,但是季节变化不明显。稳定度的变化对能量平衡闭合情况有明显的影响,从不稳定经由近中性到稳定,总体上来说,各个季节能量平衡闭合情况逐渐变差的。各个季节白天能量平衡闭合情况较好,能量平衡闭合度较稳定,基本不随摩擦速度的变化而改变；夜间能量闭合度则随摩擦速度的增大而变大。
(5)从理论上概括了近地层大气运动和能量物质的传输特征,以及近地层能量物质传输的理想模型和实际模型。据此推论,如果大气运动越是接近于湍流,那么目前的理论和观测计算得到的近地层能量应该是越接近于闭合的。从大气运动发展本身出发,定义了相对垂直湍强RIw来表征大气湍流的强弱,以此研究大气运动状态对能量平衡闭合的影响,利用SACOL站的资料证明得到实际观测的近地层能量闭合率决定于大气运动状态,总体上近地层能量平衡闭合程度随湍流混合度增大而增加。通过资料质量控制分级处理表明,资料的不同程度的处理及其地表土壤热通量的计算方法可以影响近地层能量的闭合程度,但是它不能影响近地层的能量平衡闭合程度决定于大气运动的状态的实质。另外,能量平衡闭合情况随大气湍流运动强弱的变化受季节的影响不大,均在相对垂直湍强为RIw为0.16左右时能量闭合情况达到最佳并趋于稳定。
(6)黄土高原半干旱区能量平衡各分量有明显的日变化特征及其季节变化特征,不同季节的能量平衡各分量均在正午达到最大值；波文比有明显的日变化特征,呈“∩”型,正午达到最大值,昼夜交替时刻波文比较小,干季感热通量在能量平衡中明显占主要地位,冬季平均波文比为5.0,春季为2.0；湿季感热通量和潜热通量在能量平衡中的作用相当,夏秋两季平均波文比在1.0左右。春、夏、秋、冬四个季节白天的能量闭合残余量(残余量与有效能量的比值)结果分别为13.5%,21.6%,23.2%和32.9%,夜间的分别为74.2%,76.0%,73.4%和72.9%。能量平衡闭合有明显的季节变化特征,按春、夏、秋、冬四个季节依次变差；四个季节的能量平衡闭合情况有明显的日变化特征,并且日变化趋势一致；白天OLS斜率大,能量闭合情况好,夜间较差。
(7)虽然能量不闭合程度明显,但对SACOL观测站近地层能量平衡的季节性特征及其短期能量交换特征的分析可知,SACOL观测站的观测是成功的,近地层湍流观测结果可以代表黄土高原半干旱区荒草下垫面的地气交换特征。
(8)春、夏、秋、冬四个季节大气层结近中性时的动量输送系数CDN分别为7.71×10-3,6.63×10-3,7.20×10-3和7.55×10-3；热量输送系数CHN分别为3.41×10-3,3.76×10-3,3.82×10-3和2.60×10-3。
In the context of September 2006-August 2010 eddy covariance data of the Semi-Arid Climate Change and Environment Observatory, Lanzhou University (SACOL), an intensive study is performed to analyze the exchange characteristics of energy and matter in air-land interaction over the native grassland on Semi-Arid Loess Plateau of Northwest China. Specially emphasizing on the issue of energy balance unclosure in observation experiment of land surface, not only the condition of energy balance unclosure and all the factors affecting it have been analyzed in detail by using the eddy covariance data, but also the model of atmospheric motion in the ideal and the actual status and the transport of matter and energy in surface layer is summarized theoretically. The following are the main conclusions:
(1) The data obtained by SACOL site can well represent the climate characteristic of this region both at time and space by analyzing the different meteorological elements and footprint; further more, by evaluating and controlling the quality of eddy covariance data, the valid data are 77.5%,75.4%,68.3% and 51.9% in spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively.
(2) By using the EdiRe software to deal with the data, we found that the reasonable average interval of the eddy covariance data at SACOL site is 30min.
(3) The turbulence intensity over the native grassland underlying surface on Semi-Arid Loess Plateau satisfied the general law Iu＞Iv＞Iw；the dimensionless standard deviation of w and u components in all seasons are closed to the coefficients of homogeneous surface, while the v component is relatively larger than homogeneous surface.
(4) The energy balance closure (EBC) is closely related with the flux contribution from the target area, large-scale eddy, calculation of surface soil heat flux, atmospheric stability and friction velocity, in different seasons these factors have different effect on EBC, but more is the uniform. With the flux contribution from the target area increasing, the energy balance closure was enhanced, and this factor was associated with the underlying surface heterogeneity but independent on season. On the SACOL sites, the sensible heat flux of average time,30min, in spring, summer, autumn and winter included all the data of turbulence spectrum (case 1) by and large, and the radios were 77.7%,75.4%,69.4% and 60.3%, respectively, the radios for latent heat flux were 56.0%,54.5%,56.7% and 42.0%. The low frequency part had relatively little effect in spring and summer but large in autumn and winter, and the latent heat flux underestimated more than sensible heat flux; Furthermore, increasing the average time interval can improve the EBC; the calculation of soil surface heat flux have significant effect to EBC, but also independent on season. The atmospheric stability is of great importance to EBC, on the whole, the EBC gradually decreased with the stability change from unstable by neutral to stable in each season. EBC is well in all seasons and stable in daytime and not change with friction velocity, but increased with friction velocity in nighttime.
(5) This paper theoretically summarized the characteristics of atmospheric motion and the transport of energy and matter in surface layer, as well as the ideal and the actual model. Based on it and deduced that if the atmosphere motion is more close to the turbulence, then the closure of energy in the surface layer calculated and observed by present theory is well. On the view of the atmosphere motion itself, defined the relative vertical turbulence intensity RIw to characterize the strength of atmospheric turbulence, so as to study the impacts of atmospheric motion states on energy balance closure. By using the SACOL sites data, it proved that the actual observed degree of energy balance closure on surface layer was determined by the state of atmospheric motion. Overall, EBC was increased with the increasing degree of turbulent mixing. After the data classifying of quality control, it showed that although the available data and calculation methods of surface soil heat flux can affect the energy balance closure, it cannot change the essence that the state of atmospheric motion determined the EBC degree on surface layer. In addition, the energy balance closure changing with the strength of atmospheric turbulence had little effect by the season. When the relative vertical turbulence intensity was around 0.16 RIw, the EBC reached best and closed to stability.
(6) All the energy balance components on Semi-arid Loess Plateau have obvious characteristics of diurnal and seasonal variation, and they have reached the maximum at noon in different seasons. Bowen ratio also has obvious diurnal variation which shows as "n" reaching the highest value at noon, and when day and night is alternate, it will be relatively small. Sensible heat flux in the dry seasons was dominant in energy balance, the average Bowen radio was 5.0 in winter and 2.0 in spring; in wet seasons, sensible heat flux and latent heat flux had a considerable effect on energy balance, and the average Bowen radio was around 1.0 in summer and autumn. In the four seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter, the residual of the energy (the radio of the residual and available energy) during the day were 13.5%,21.6%,23.2% and 32.9%, respectively; the night were 74.2%,76.0%73.4% and 72.9%. Energy balance closure has obvious seasonal variation, and it became worse from spring to winter. All seasons'situation of energy balance closure had obvious diurnal variation which changed as the same trend. When the OLS slope value was big, the energy closure condition was good, but it was bad at night.
(7) Although the energy balance unclosure is obvious, by analyzing the seasonal characteristics and the short-term transfer features of energy balance on surface layer at SACOL station, the observation at SACOL station is successful, and the observation results of turbulence on surface layer can represent the land-air exchange characteristics of underlying surface over the native grassland on Semi-Arid Loess Plateau of Northwest China.
(8) When the atmosphere is near-neutral stratification, the momentum transfer coefficients CDN in spring, summer, autumn and winter were 7.71×10-3,6.63×10-3, 7.20×10-3 and 7.55×10-3, respectively; the heat transfer coefficients CHN were 3.41×10-3,3.76×10-3,3.82×10-3 and 2.60×10-3, respectively.
(1)通过对SACOL站各气象要素的分析及其footprint分析,得到SACOL观测站的资料具有比较好的时间和空间代表性；对资料进行质量评估与控制,得到SACOL观测站春、夏、秋、冬四个季节涡旋相关资料的有效数据分别为：77.5%,75.4%,68.3%和51.9%。
(2)利用EdiRe涡旋相关处理软件对SACOL观测站的资料进行处理,平均时段取30min比较合理。
(3)黄土高原半干旱区荒草下垫面湍流强度满足一般规律Iu>Iv>Iw；各个季节w分量的无因次标准差与平坦下垫面的系数比较接近,u分量的无因次方差也较接近于平坦下垫面,而v分量则较平坦下垫面的无因次方差系数偏大。
(4)能量平衡闭合情况与目标区域内的通量贡献、大尺度涡旋、地表土壤热通量的计算方法、稳定度和摩擦速度都密切相关,不同的季节各因子对能量平衡闭合的影响有所差别但更多的是一致性。随着目标源区通量贡献率的增大,能量平衡闭合度是增大的,该因子与下垫面非均匀性相关,对能量平衡闭合的影响没有明显的季节变化。SACOL观测站春、夏、秋、冬四个季节30min平均时长感热通量基本包括所有湍流谱(casel)的数据比例分别为77.7%,75.4%,69.4%及60.3%；潜热通量满足casel的四个季节的比例分别为56.0%,54.5%,56.7%和42.0%;春夏两季受低频影响相对较小,秋冬两季相对较大,且潜热通量较感热通量的低估情况更严重；增加平均时长可以使得能量平衡闭合情况逐渐变好。地表土壤热通量计算方法对能量平衡闭合结果有重要的影响,但是季节变化不明显。稳定度的变化对能量平衡闭合情况有明显的影响,从不稳定经由近中性到稳定,总体上来说,各个季节能量平衡闭合情况逐渐变差的。各个季节白天能量平衡闭合情况较好,能量平衡闭合度较稳定,基本不随摩擦速度的变化而改变；夜间能量闭合度则随摩擦速度的增大而变大。
(5)从理论上概括了近地层大气运动和能量物质的传输特征,以及近地层能量物质传输的理想模型和实际模型。据此推论,如果大气运动越是接近于湍流,那么目前的理论和观测计算得到的近地层能量应该是越接近于闭合的。从大气运动发展本身出发,定义了相对垂直湍强RIw来表征大气湍流的强弱,以此研究大气运动状态对能量平衡闭合的影响,利用SACOL站的资料证明得到实际观测的近地层能量闭合率决定于大气运动状态,总体上近地层能量平衡闭合程度随湍流混合度增大而增加。通过资料质量控制分级处理表明,资料的不同程度的处理及其地表土壤热通量的计算方法可以影响近地层能量的闭合程度,但是它不能影响近地层的能量平衡闭合程度决定于大气运动的状态的实质。另外,能量平衡闭合情况随大气湍流运动强弱的变化受季节的影响不大,均在相对垂直湍强为RIw为0.16左右时能量闭合情况达到最佳并趋于稳定。
(6)黄土高原半干旱区能量平衡各分量有明显的日变化特征及其季节变化特征,不同季节的能量平衡各分量均在正午达到最大值；波文比有明显的日变化特征,呈“∩”型,正午达到最大值,昼夜交替时刻波文比较小,干季感热通量在能量平衡中明显占主要地位,冬季平均波文比为5.0,春季为2.0；湿季感热通量和潜热通量在能量平衡中的作用相当,夏秋两季平均波文比在1.0左右。春、夏、秋、冬四个季节白天的能量闭合残余量(残余量与有效能量的比值)结果分别为13.5%,21.6%,23.2%和32.9%,夜间的分别为74.2%,76.0%,73.4%和72.9%。能量平衡闭合有明显的季节变化特征,按春、夏、秋、冬四个季节依次变差；四个季节的能量平衡闭合情况有明显的日变化特征,并且日变化趋势一致；白天OLS斜率大,能量闭合情况好,夜间较差。
(7)虽然能量不闭合程度明显,但对SACOL观测站近地层能量平衡的季节性特征及其短期能量交换特征的分析可知,SACOL观测站的观测是成功的,近地层湍流观测结果可以代表黄土高原半干旱区荒草下垫面的地气交换特征。
(8)春、夏、秋、冬四个季节大气层结近中性时的动量输送系数CDN分别为7.71×10-3,6.63×10-3,7.20×10-3和7.55×10-3；热量输送系数CHN分别为3.41×10-3,3.76×10-3,3.82×10-3和2.60×10-3。
In the context of September 2006-August 2010 eddy covariance data of the Semi-Arid Climate Change and Environment Observatory, Lanzhou University (SACOL), an intensive study is performed to analyze the exchange characteristics of energy and matter in air-land interaction over the native grassland on Semi-Arid Loess Plateau of Northwest China. Specially emphasizing on the issue of energy balance unclosure in observation experiment of land surface, not only the condition of energy balance unclosure and all the factors affecting it have been analyzed in detail by using the eddy covariance data, but also the model of atmospheric motion in the ideal and the actual status and the transport of matter and energy in surface layer is summarized theoretically. The following are the main conclusions:
(1) The data obtained by SACOL site can well represent the climate characteristic of this region both at time and space by analyzing the different meteorological elements and footprint; further more, by evaluating and controlling the quality of eddy covariance data, the valid data are 77.5%,75.4%,68.3% and 51.9% in spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively.
(2) By using the EdiRe software to deal with the data, we found that the reasonable average interval of the eddy covariance data at SACOL site is 30min.
(3) The turbulence intensity over the native grassland underlying surface on Semi-Arid Loess Plateau satisfied the general law Iu＞Iv＞Iw；the dimensionless standard deviation of w and u components in all seasons are closed to the coefficients of homogeneous surface, while the v component is relatively larger than homogeneous surface.
(4) The energy balance closure (EBC) is closely related with the flux contribution from the target area, large-scale eddy, calculation of surface soil heat flux, atmospheric stability and friction velocity, in different seasons these factors have different effect on EBC, but more is the uniform. With the flux contribution from the target area increasing, the energy balance closure was enhanced, and this factor was associated with the underlying surface heterogeneity but independent on season. On the SACOL sites, the sensible heat flux of average time,30min, in spring, summer, autumn and winter included all the data of turbulence spectrum (case 1) by and large, and the radios were 77.7%,75.4%,69.4% and 60.3%, respectively, the radios for latent heat flux were 56.0%,54.5%,56.7% and 42.0%. The low frequency part had relatively little effect in spring and summer but large in autumn and winter, and the latent heat flux underestimated more than sensible heat flux; Furthermore, increasing the average time interval can improve the EBC; the calculation of soil surface heat flux have significant effect to EBC, but also independent on season. The atmospheric stability is of great importance to EBC, on the whole, the EBC gradually decreased with the stability change from unstable by neutral to stable in each season. EBC is well in all seasons and stable in daytime and not change with friction velocity, but increased with friction velocity in nighttime.
(5) This paper theoretically summarized the characteristics of atmospheric motion and the transport of energy and matter in surface layer, as well as the ideal and the actual model. Based on it and deduced that if the atmosphere motion is more close to the turbulence, then the closure of energy in the surface layer calculated and observed by present theory is well. On the view of the atmosphere motion itself, defined the relative vertical turbulence intensity RIw to characterize the strength of atmospheric turbulence, so as to study the impacts of atmospheric motion states on energy balance closure. By using the SACOL sites data, it proved that the actual observed degree of energy balance closure on surface layer was determined by the state of atmospheric motion. Overall, EBC was increased with the increasing degree of turbulent mixing. After the data classifying of quality control, it showed that although the available data and calculation methods of surface soil heat flux can affect the energy balance closure, it cannot change the essence that the state of atmospheric motion determined the EBC degree on surface layer. In addition, the energy balance closure changing with the strength of atmospheric turbulence had little effect by the season. When the relative vertical turbulence intensity was around 0.16 RIw, the EBC reached best and closed to stability.
(6) All the energy balance components on Semi-arid Loess Plateau have obvious characteristics of diurnal and seasonal variation, and they have reached the maximum at noon in different seasons. Bowen ratio also has obvious diurnal variation which shows as "n" reaching the highest value at noon, and when day and night is alternate, it will be relatively small. Sensible heat flux in the dry seasons was dominant in energy balance, the average Bowen radio was 5.0 in winter and 2.0 in spring; in wet seasons, sensible heat flux and latent heat flux had a considerable effect on energy balance, and the average Bowen radio was around 1.0 in summer and autumn. In the four seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter, the residual of the energy (the radio of the residual and available energy) during the day were 13.5%,21.6%,23.2% and 32.9%, respectively; the night were 74.2%,76.0%73.4% and 72.9%. Energy balance closure has obvious seasonal variation, and it became worse from spring to winter. All seasons'situation of energy balance closure had obvious diurnal variation which changed as the same trend. When the OLS slope value was big, the energy closure condition was good, but it was bad at night.
(7) Although the energy balance unclosure is obvious, by analyzing the seasonal characteristics and the short-term transfer features of energy balance on surface layer at SACOL station, the observation at SACOL station is successful, and the observation results of turbulence on surface layer can represent the land-air exchange characteristics of underlying surface over the native grassland on Semi-Arid Loess Plateau of Northwest China.
(8) When the atmosphere is near-neutral stratification, the momentum transfer coefficients CDN in spring, summer, autumn and winter were 7.71×10-3,6.63×10-3, 7.20×10-3 and 7.55×10-3, respectively; the heat transfer coefficients CHN were 3.41×10-3,3.76×10-3,3.82×10-3 and 2.60×10-3, respectively.
引文
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