老化与水分对油纸绝缘沿面爬电的影响
摘要
运行年限较长的变压器中发现了较多的沿面爬电现象,老化程度和水分含量的增加被推测为导致这种现象的原因。但现有理论与研究成果尚无法很好的解释这一现象,原因在于试验数据表明老化对纸板的击穿特性没有影响,并且故障变压器中的平均水分含量也未超过标准限值。因此,需对老化与水分对油纸绝缘沿面爬电的影响开展进一步研究。这对于揭示老化与水分在沿面爬电发展中的作用,深入理解沿面爬电现象,预防变压器事故,具有重要的意义。
为研究老化对油纸绝缘沿面爬电的影响,制备了不同老化程度的绝缘纸板试样,对试样进行了击穿电压试验与沿面爬电试验,对比分析了不同老化程度纸板的击穿电压、爬电起始、熄灭电压、耐受时间、击穿通道长度、白斑发展速度的差异,通过光学显微镜及SEM电镜研究了不同老化程度纸板层间及表面微观结构。发现了老化纸板中爬电具有更快发展速度的现象,提出并验证了老化导致的纸板层间方向孔洞体积及数量的增加是引起这种现象的主要原因。该结果表明,老化不仅影响纸板的机械性能,而且影响纸板的电气性能。
为研究变压器中局部高水分区的形成原因,试验研究了变温条件下水分在油、纸间的迁移过程,分析计算了稳态及变温条件下,水分在纸板层间方向的分布规律,发现了油、纸交界面处油层在升温过程中,纸板表层在降温过程中可以形成高水含量区的现象；制备了不同老化程度的油与纸板,测量了不同老化程度油、纸板组合中的水分分布,发现了老化纸板纤维比表面积下降进而导致其吸湿能力下降的现象,该现象会导致老化变压器油中水分含量的进一步升高。
为研究水分对沿面爬电的影响,基于水分在不同介质中的平衡原理,制备了不同水分含量的油试样与纸板试样,试验研究了水分含量与水分子状态对油纸绝缘沿面爬电的影响,观测并分析比较了油中水分与纸板中水分对沿面爬电影响的差异。研究结果表明：油中水分含量的增加会显著降低爬电的起始电压,但对爬电的发展速度没有影响；纸板中水分含量的增加不但会降低爬电的起始电压,还会导致沿面爬电速度的增加；纸板表面游离态水的出现是导致低场强、长间隙沿而爬电快速发展的主要原因。
测量了沿而爬电发展过程中产生的脉冲电流信号,特高频信号,超声波信号及油中溶解气体,对各检测量的变化规律进行了统计分析,提出了沿面爬电严重程度的诊断方法
Creepage discharge were found in many power transformers which serviced a long time, aging and increase of moisture were respected as the reason. However, present theories and results cannot explain the phenomenon well, because test results show there no impact of aging on breakdown voltage of pressboard and moisture constant of failure power transformers was still less than the limit value. So, impact of aging and moisture on creepage discharge on oil immersed pressboard should be researched deeply, which is very important to indicate the function of aging and moisture in creepage discharge, comprehend the phenomenon of creepage discharge and prevent the accident of power transformer.
To research the impact of aging on creepage discharge, various aged pressboard samples were prepared, breakdown voltage and creepage discharge tests were carried out, breakdown voltage, creepage discharge inception voltage, extension voltage, enduring time, breakdown channel length and white mark development velocity were analyzed and compared, microstructure in normal direction and layer direction of various aged pressboards were observed by microscope and SEM. The results show that creepage discharge in cellulose layer for aged pressboards has higher average developing velocity compared to that for un-aged pressboards, which is related to the increase of cavity density and size between cellulose layers induced by thermal aging process. This finding indicates that the thermal aging not only may decrease the mechanical stress of the pressboard, but also may decreases creeping discharge stress in cellulose layer.
To find out the condition of partial high moisture area generation, moisture move between oil and pressboard in warming and cooling process was researched, moisture distribution in pressboard layer direction was analyzed and calculated. The results show the high moisture area will generate in oil in warming process and generated in pressboard surface layer in temperature cooling process.
Various aged oil and pressboard sample were prepared, moisture constant in oil and pressbord were measured. The results show the aged pressboard has lower moisture absorption. This is related to the decrease of specific surface area of celloluse induced by the thermal aging process. This finding indicates that moisture in oil will increase in age power transformer.
To research the impact of moisture on creepage discharge, various moisture constant oil samples and pressboard samples were prepared according the moisture equilibrium mechanism in different media, the impact of moisture constant and water form on creepage discharge were observed and analyzed. The results show increase of moisture in oil will down the creepage discharge inception voltage signally, but has no effect on creepage discharge development velocity; increase of moisture in pressboard will both down the creepage discharge inception voltage and increase the creepage discharge development velocity; Formation of pretreated water is the main reason of creepage discharge decelop repidly under lower electric stress and long distance condition.
Current impulse signal, UHF signal, acoustic signal and dissolved gases generated by creepage discharge were measured, their trends were analyzed, severity diagnostic method for creepage discharge was present.
为研究老化对油纸绝缘沿面爬电的影响,制备了不同老化程度的绝缘纸板试样,对试样进行了击穿电压试验与沿面爬电试验,对比分析了不同老化程度纸板的击穿电压、爬电起始、熄灭电压、耐受时间、击穿通道长度、白斑发展速度的差异,通过光学显微镜及SEM电镜研究了不同老化程度纸板层间及表面微观结构。发现了老化纸板中爬电具有更快发展速度的现象,提出并验证了老化导致的纸板层间方向孔洞体积及数量的增加是引起这种现象的主要原因。该结果表明,老化不仅影响纸板的机械性能,而且影响纸板的电气性能。
为研究变压器中局部高水分区的形成原因,试验研究了变温条件下水分在油、纸间的迁移过程,分析计算了稳态及变温条件下,水分在纸板层间方向的分布规律,发现了油、纸交界面处油层在升温过程中,纸板表层在降温过程中可以形成高水含量区的现象；制备了不同老化程度的油与纸板,测量了不同老化程度油、纸板组合中的水分分布,发现了老化纸板纤维比表面积下降进而导致其吸湿能力下降的现象,该现象会导致老化变压器油中水分含量的进一步升高。
为研究水分对沿面爬电的影响,基于水分在不同介质中的平衡原理,制备了不同水分含量的油试样与纸板试样,试验研究了水分含量与水分子状态对油纸绝缘沿面爬电的影响,观测并分析比较了油中水分与纸板中水分对沿面爬电影响的差异。研究结果表明：油中水分含量的增加会显著降低爬电的起始电压,但对爬电的发展速度没有影响；纸板中水分含量的增加不但会降低爬电的起始电压,还会导致沿面爬电速度的增加；纸板表面游离态水的出现是导致低场强、长间隙沿而爬电快速发展的主要原因。
测量了沿而爬电发展过程中产生的脉冲电流信号,特高频信号,超声波信号及油中溶解气体,对各检测量的变化规律进行了统计分析,提出了沿面爬电严重程度的诊断方法
Creepage discharge were found in many power transformers which serviced a long time, aging and increase of moisture were respected as the reason. However, present theories and results cannot explain the phenomenon well, because test results show there no impact of aging on breakdown voltage of pressboard and moisture constant of failure power transformers was still less than the limit value. So, impact of aging and moisture on creepage discharge on oil immersed pressboard should be researched deeply, which is very important to indicate the function of aging and moisture in creepage discharge, comprehend the phenomenon of creepage discharge and prevent the accident of power transformer.
To research the impact of aging on creepage discharge, various aged pressboard samples were prepared, breakdown voltage and creepage discharge tests were carried out, breakdown voltage, creepage discharge inception voltage, extension voltage, enduring time, breakdown channel length and white mark development velocity were analyzed and compared, microstructure in normal direction and layer direction of various aged pressboards were observed by microscope and SEM. The results show that creepage discharge in cellulose layer for aged pressboards has higher average developing velocity compared to that for un-aged pressboards, which is related to the increase of cavity density and size between cellulose layers induced by thermal aging process. This finding indicates that the thermal aging not only may decrease the mechanical stress of the pressboard, but also may decreases creeping discharge stress in cellulose layer.
To find out the condition of partial high moisture area generation, moisture move between oil and pressboard in warming and cooling process was researched, moisture distribution in pressboard layer direction was analyzed and calculated. The results show the high moisture area will generate in oil in warming process and generated in pressboard surface layer in temperature cooling process.
Various aged oil and pressboard sample were prepared, moisture constant in oil and pressbord were measured. The results show the aged pressboard has lower moisture absorption. This is related to the decrease of specific surface area of celloluse induced by the thermal aging process. This finding indicates that moisture in oil will increase in age power transformer.
To research the impact of moisture on creepage discharge, various moisture constant oil samples and pressboard samples were prepared according the moisture equilibrium mechanism in different media, the impact of moisture constant and water form on creepage discharge were observed and analyzed. The results show increase of moisture in oil will down the creepage discharge inception voltage signally, but has no effect on creepage discharge development velocity; increase of moisture in pressboard will both down the creepage discharge inception voltage and increase the creepage discharge development velocity; Formation of pretreated water is the main reason of creepage discharge decelop repidly under lower electric stress and long distance condition.
Current impulse signal, UHF signal, acoustic signal and dissolved gases generated by creepage discharge were measured, their trends were analyzed, severity diagnostic method for creepage discharge was present.
引文
[1]赵凯,陈丽娟,吴玉鹏.2004年全国电力可靠性统计分析[J].中国电力,2005,38(5)：1-8
[2]胡超凡,陈刚,赵玉柱.2004年国家电网安全运行情况分析[J].中国电力,2005,38(5)：9-12
[3]胡超凡,陈刚,朱伟江.2005年国家电网安全运行情况分析[J].中国电力,2006,39(5)：1-4
[4]黄幼茹,费翊群,刘华.220kv及以上变压器可靠性分析[J].变压器,1997,34(4)：3-5
[5]王梦云.110kv及以上变压器事故与缺陷统计分析[J].供用电.2006,23(1)：1-4
[6]王梦云.110 Kv及以上变压器事故与缺陷统计分析[J].供用电,2007,24(1)：1-5
[7]Bartnikas R. Electrical Insulating Liquids [M]. Astm Publication.1994
[8]Moser H P, Dahinden V. Transformer Board II [M]. H. Weidmann Ag,Ch-8640 Rapperswil,1987
[9]Del Vecchio R M, Poulin B, Feghali P T, Et Al. Transformer Design Principles [M]. New York:Gordon And Breach,2001
[10]Taylor R J. Effect of Permittivity Matching on the Flashover of Solid/Liquid Interfaces [J]. Proc. IEE,1977,124(10):899-904,
[11]Nikolopoulos P N, Sakkas G C, Diamantopoulos D N. The Practical Aspects of the Behaviour of the Pressboard Oil Insulation of Large Electric Equipment under Impulse and Alternating Voltages[R]. Cigre, Paper 15-03,1982
[12]Nelson J K. An Assessment of the Physical Basis for the Application of Design Criteria for Dielectric Structures [J]. IEEE Transaction on Electric Insulation, 1989,24(5):835-847
[13]超高亚电力变压器围屏爬电情况分析[R].东北电力试验研究院,1985.5,长春,中国
[14]成茂清,王学发.220kv变压器围屏树枝状放电故障分析与处理[J].黑龙江电力技术,1991,13(4)：213-216
[15]阳春华.鲤鱼江电厂变压器围屏爬电故障分析[J].供用电,1996,3(2)：43-44
[16]罗虎,史义.500kv变压器围屏树枝状放电故障分析[J].电气技术,2011年第4期：96-97
[17]董宝骅.变压器在正常工作电压下的绝缘事故原因分析及防御措施[J].电力设备,2005,6(11)：63-66
[18]刘玉仙.变压器油纸绝缘的含湿分析及其对运行安全的影响.变压器.2002,39(5)：1-5
[19]甘德刚,刘凡,刘平,胡灿.基于变压器油纸间水分平衡关系的油纸绝缘水分含量计算方法.变压器.2009,46(8)：21-25
[20]廖瑞金,桑福敏,刘刚,等.变压器不同油纸绝缘组合加速老化时油中水分和酸值含量研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2010,30(4)：125-131
[21]Lundgaard L E, Hansen W, Linhjell D, Et Al. Aging of Oil-Impregnated Paper in Power Transformers[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2004,19(1): 230-239
[22]D1/T 596-2005.电力设备预防性试验规程[S].中华人民共和国电力行业标准
[23]魏建林,张冠军,董明,等.化学反应动力学预测油纸绝缘变压器老化寿命[J].高电压技术,2009,35(3)：544-550
[24]廖瑞金,唐超,杨丽君,等.电力变压器用绝缘纸热老化的微观结构及形貌研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2007,27(33)：59-64
[25]月冈淑郎,李沛然.变压器的老化程度诊断和剩余寿命诊断[J].设备管理与维修,2000(6)：40-41
[26]Pahlavanpour P, Eklund, Martins M A. Insulating Paper Ageing and Furfural Formation[C].2003 Electrical Insulation Conference and Electrical Manufacturing & Coil Winding Technology Conference Proceedings. Toronto, Canada,2003:283-288
[27]周泽存,沈其工,方瑜,王大忠.高电压技术[M].北京,中国电力出版社,2007
[28]唐超,廖瑞金,黄飞龙,等.电力变压器绝缘纸热老化的击穿电压特性.电工技术学报,2010,25(11)：1-8
[29]李军浩,司文荣,姚秀,等.油纸绝缘变压器老化状态评估的极化/去极化电流技术研究[J].仪器仪表学报,2009,30(12)：2605-2611
[30]廖瑞金,袁泉,唐超,等.不同老化因素对油纸绝缘介质频域谱特性的影响[J].高电压技术,2010,36(7)：1612-1618
[31]Li Junhao, Si Wenrong, Yao Xiu, Et Al. Partial Discharge Characteristics over Differently Aged Oil/Pressboard Interfaces [J]. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation.2009,16(6):1640-1647
[32]Dai J, Wang Z D, Jarman P. Moisture and Aging Effect on the Creepage Discharge Characteristics at the Oil/Transformer-Board Interface Under Divergent Field[C]. Annual Report Conference On Electrical Insulation Dielectric Phenomena, Quebec City, Canada,2008:662-665
[33]Oommen T V. Moisture Equilibrium Charts For Transformer Insulation Dying Practice[J]. IEEE Trans Power Appar. Syst.,1984,103(10):3063-3067
[34]Emsley A M, Xiao X, Heywood R J, Et Al. Degradation of Cellulosic Insulation in Power Transformers. Part 3:Effects of Oxygen and Water in Ageing in Oil[J]. IEE Proceedings-Science, Measurement And Technology, 2000,147(3):115-119
[35]廖瑞金,郝建,梁帅伟,等.水分和酸对矿物油与天然酯混合油-纸绝缘热老化的影响[J].电工技术学报,2010,25(7)：31-37
[36]杨丽君,廖瑞金,孙才新,等.油纸绝缘老化阶段的多元统计分析[J].中国电机工程学报,2005,25(18)：151-156
[37]Du Y, Zahn M, Lesieutre B C, Et Al. Moisture Equilibrium in Transformer Paper-Oil Systems[J]. Electrical Insulation Magazine,1999,15(1):11-20
[38]王维政,闵连荣,曹斌.变压器油中绝缘纸板沿面放电试验研究[J].变压器.1993,30(2)：21-25
[39]何伯俭,钱之银,张德勤.油浸纸板爬电性能的研究[J].高电压技术,1991,17(3)：54-56
[40]何伯俭,钱之银.大型变压器围屏放电研究[J].华东电力,1990年第12期：1-6
[41]原丽,路宝民,郑殿春.绝缘纸板微水含量的测试[J].黑龙江电力技术,1997,19(4)：201-203
[42]崔立丽,王乃庆.水份对变压器油纸绝缘沿面放电影响的探讨[J].电网技术,1987年第4期：54-61
[43]王文端,何大海.水分对油中沿而放电的影响[J].变压器,1987,24(7)：12-17
[44]Rushall, R.T. Dielectric Properties of Oil-Soaked Pressboard as Affected by Water[J].Proceedings of the IEE-Part Iia:Insulating Materials,1953, 100(3):81-88
[45]Kamal Miners. Particles And Moisture Effect on Dielectric Strength of Transformer Oil Using VDE Electrodes[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1982,Pas-01(3):751-756
[46]C.Y. Li, T.C. Cheng, F. Wang, E.M. Worland.The Effect of Moisture on the Breakdown of Aged Oil in Underground Load Interrupter Switches[J]. IEEE Transaction On Electrical Insulation,1992,27(5):1054-1057
[47]Ch. Krause, P.Brupbacher, A. Fehlmann, B.Heinrich. Moisture Effects on the Electric Strength of Oil/Pressboard Insulation Used in Power Transformers[C]. Icdl,2005:369-372
[48]J. Dai, Z.D. Wang, P. Jarman. Creepage Discharge on Insulation Barriers in Aged Power Transformers [J]. IEEE Transaction on Dieletrics and Electrical Insulation.2010,17(4):1327-1335
[49]韩贵,韩恩山.220kv电力变压器围屏爬电故障起因的研究.变压器.1992,29(1)：30-34
[50]韩贵,王淑娟.油浸纸板沿面放电特性的研究.变压器.1990,27(2)：5-9
[51]韩贵,王文端,王淑娟,操敦奎.电力变压器围屏爬电故障诊断.高电压技术.1990,16(2)：14-18
[52]李军浩,司文荣,姚秀,等.油/纸绝缘沿而局部放电特性研究.西安交通大学学报.2009,43(6)：108-112
[53]Yang Jia-Xiang,Chi Xiao-Chun,Ding Li-Jian and Liu Ji.Creeping Discharge Performance of Oil-Paper Insulation with Streaming Electrification.IEEE Transactions on Dielecfrics and Electrical Insulation,1997,4(6):780-784
[54]苗银银.变压器内部油楔放电发展过程及规律的研究[D].北京：华北电力大学电气与电子工程学院,2009
[55]岳华山.油纸绝缘针板放电发展过程的试验研究[D].北京：华北电力大学电气与电子工程学院,2010
[56]王辉.变压器油纸绝缘典型局部放电发展过程的研究[D].北京：华北电力大学电气与电子工程学院,2008
[57]薛阳.油纸绝缘沿面放电的发展过程及其严重程度的表征[D].北京：华北电力大学电气与电子工程学院,2011
[58]H.-Z. Ding,Z.D. Wang And P. Jarman.On Electric Stresses at Wedge-Shaped Oil Gaps in Power Transformers with Application to Surface Discharge and Breakdown. IEEE International Conference on Dielectric Liquids.2008:1-4
[59]
[60]Yoshihito Ebisawa, Shin Yamada, Shigekazu Mori and Tsuneharu Teranishi.DC Creepage Breakdown Characteristics of Oil-Immersed Insulation. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2009,16(6):1686-1692
[61]P. M. Mitchinson, P. L. Lewin, G. Chen and P. N. Jarman. A New Approach to the Study of Surface Discharge on the Oil-Pressboard Interface, France. ICDL, 2008:1-4
[62]P. M. Mitchinson, P. L. Lewin, G. Chen And P. N. Jarman. Creep Stress Failure in High Voltage Transformer Interwinding Insulation, Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena,2007:572-575
[63]Wada, Akitoshi Nakajima, Hideyuki Miyahara, Tadasu Takuma, Satoru Yanabu Surface Breakdown Characteristics of Silicone Oil for Electric Power Apparatus[J]. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2006, 13(4):830-837
[64]Gb/T 7595-2000运行中变压器油质量[S].中华人民共和国国家标准
[65]Gb 2536-1990变压器油[S].中华人民国和国国家标准标准
[66]周利军,汤浩,张血琴,等.油纸绝缘微水扩散的暂态分布模型[J].中国电机工程学报,2008,28(7)：134-140
[67]L.J. Zhou, G.N. Wu and J. Liu. Modeling of Transient Moisture Equilibrium in Oil-Paper Insulation [J]. IEEE Transaction on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2008,5(3):872-878
[68]Lijun Zhou, Guangning Wu, Jun Liu, Et Al. Transient Moisture Equilibrium in Oil-Immersed Transformer[C]. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference On Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials, Harbin, China,2009: 19-23
[69]刘玉仙.油纸绝缘变压器中水分的聚积及其对热老化寿命的影响[J].变压器,2004,41(2)：8-12
[70]Kan H, Miyamoto T. Proposals For An Improvement in Transformer Diagnosis Using Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA)[J]. IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine. 1995,11(6):15-21
[71]Suwanasri T, Chaidee E, Adsoongnoen C. Failure Statistics and Power Transformer Condition Evaluation by Dissolved Gas Analysis Technique[C]. International Conference on Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis,2008: 492-496
[72]Duval, M. Calculation of DGA Limit Values and Sampling Intervals in Transformers in Service [J]. IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine. 2008,24(5):7-13
[73]Howells E, Norton E T. Detection of Partial Discharges in Transformers Using Acoustic Emission Techniques [J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus And Systems,1978,97(5):1538-1549
[74]Howells E, Norton E T. Location of Partial Discharge Sites in On-Line Transformers[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, 1981,100(1):158-162
[75]H Kawada, Et Al. Partial Discharges Acoustics Aonitor for Oil-Filled Power Transformer [J].IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems.1984: 422-427
[76]W R Rutgers and Y H Fu. UHF PD-Detection in a Power Transformer[C]. Proceedings of 10th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering, Montreal,1997:219-222
[77]M D Judd, B M Pryor, S C Kelly and B F Hampton. Transformer Monitoring Using the UHF Technique[C]. IEE Conference on High Voltage Engineering, London,1999:362-365
[78]M D Judd, O Farish. Power Transformer Monitoring Using UHF Sensors: Installation and Testing[C]. Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE International Symposium on Electrical Insulation,Anaheim, CA USA,2000:373-376
[79]L Yang And M D Judd. Propagation Characteristics of UHF Signals in Transformers for Locating Partial Discharge Source[C].13th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering, Netherlands,2003:1003-1008
[80]Gb/T 26793-2011库仑法微量水分测定仪[S].中华人民共和国国家标准
[81]Gb 7600-1987运行中变压器油水分含量测定法(库仑法)[S].中华人民共和国国家标准
[82]赵静月.变压器制造工艺[M].北京：中国电力出版社,2009
[83]Gb/T 7252-2001变压器油中溶解气体分析和判断导则[S].中华人民共和国国家标准
[84]Gb/T 7354-2003局部放电测量[S].中华人民共和国国家标准
[85]Iec 60270-2000 Partial Discharge Measurements[S]. Iec International Standard
[86]A. M. Emsley, G. C. Stevens. Review of Chemical Indicators of Degradation of Cellulosic Electrical Paper Insulation in Oil-Filled Transformers, IEE Proceedings:Science, Measurement and Technology,1994, Vol.141,324-334.
[87]M. Darveniza, T. K. Saha, D. J. T. Hill, T. T. Le. Study of Degradation of Cellulosic Insulation Materials in Aged Power Transformers by Electrical and Chemical Techniques, Presented at Gigre Symposium, Berlin,1993
[88]杨丽君,廖瑞金,孙会刚,等.变压器油纸绝缘热老化特性及特征量研究[J].电工技术学报,2009,24(8)：27-33
[89]Gb/T15164-1994油浸式电力变压器负载导则[S].中华人民共和国国家标准
[90]雷铭.电力设备诊断手册[M].北京：中国电力出版社,2001
[91]Iec60354-1991 Loading Guide for Oil-Immersed Power Ttransformers [S]. IEC International Standard
[92]Gb/T 1408-2006绝缘材料电气强度试验方法[S].中华人民共和国国家标准
[93]Qb/T 2688-2005绝缘纸板[S].中国轻工行业标准
[94]A.K. Lokhanin, G.Y. Shneider, V.V. Sokolov, V.M. Chornogotsky. Internal Insulation Failure Mechanisms of HV Equipment under Service Conditions[R]. 2002, CIGRE 5-201
[95]Fabre J, Pichon A. Deteriorating Processes and Products of Paper in Oil Application to Transformers[C]. International Conference on Large High Voltage Electric System(Cigre), Paris, France, Paper 137,1960
[96]Oommen T V. Moisture Equilibrium In Paper-Oil Systems[C]. Proceedings of the Electrical/Electronics Insulation Conference, Chicago,1983:162-166
[97]Shkohzilc. Determination of Water Content in Transformer Insulation[C]. Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Dielectric Liquids. Graz, 2002:7-12.
[98]Du Y, Zahn M, Lesieutre B C. Dielectrometry Measurements of Effects of Moisture and Anti-Static Additive on Transformer Board[C]. IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena.Minneapolis,1997:226-229
[99]Du Y, M. Zahn, A. Vt Mamishev And D. E. Schliclter. Moisture Dynamics Measurements of Transformer Board Using a Three-Wavelength Dielectrometry Sensor[C]. IEEE International Symposium on Electrical Insulation, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,1996:53-56
[100]Du Y, Mamishev A V, Lesieutre B C, Et Al. Measurement of Moisture Diffusion as a Function of Temperature and Moisture in Transformer Pressboard[C]. Conference of Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena. Atlanta,1998:341-344
[101]Gb 1094.2电力变压器第2部分温升[S].中华人民共和国国家标准
[102]Belen Garcia, Juan Carlos Burgos, Et Al. Moisture-In-Oil Model for Power Transformer Monitoring-Part I:Theoretical Foundation[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2005,20(2):1417-422
[103]Bird R B, Steuart W E, Lightfoot E N. Transport Phenomena[M].New York: John Wiley&Sons Inc.2002
[104]姚穆.纺织材料学[M].北京：中国纺织出版社,2009
[105]高培基,刘洁,张玉忠,曲音波.天然纤维素在生物降解过程中超分子结构的变化-氢键断裂在纤维素降解中作用的探讨[J].自然科学进展,1998,8(4)：392-397
[106]B. Hinterstoisser, L. Salmen. Application of Dynamic 2D FTIR to Cellulose[J]. Vibrational Spectroscopy,2000,22(1-2):111-118
[2]胡超凡,陈刚,赵玉柱.2004年国家电网安全运行情况分析[J].中国电力,2005,38(5)：9-12
[3]胡超凡,陈刚,朱伟江.2005年国家电网安全运行情况分析[J].中国电力,2006,39(5)：1-4
[4]黄幼茹,费翊群,刘华.220kv及以上变压器可靠性分析[J].变压器,1997,34(4)：3-5
[5]王梦云.110kv及以上变压器事故与缺陷统计分析[J].供用电.2006,23(1)：1-4
[6]王梦云.110 Kv及以上变压器事故与缺陷统计分析[J].供用电,2007,24(1)：1-5
[7]Bartnikas R. Electrical Insulating Liquids [M]. Astm Publication.1994
[8]Moser H P, Dahinden V. Transformer Board II [M]. H. Weidmann Ag,Ch-8640 Rapperswil,1987
[9]Del Vecchio R M, Poulin B, Feghali P T, Et Al. Transformer Design Principles [M]. New York:Gordon And Breach,2001
[10]Taylor R J. Effect of Permittivity Matching on the Flashover of Solid/Liquid Interfaces [J]. Proc. IEE,1977,124(10):899-904,
[11]Nikolopoulos P N, Sakkas G C, Diamantopoulos D N. The Practical Aspects of the Behaviour of the Pressboard Oil Insulation of Large Electric Equipment under Impulse and Alternating Voltages[R]. Cigre, Paper 15-03,1982
[12]Nelson J K. An Assessment of the Physical Basis for the Application of Design Criteria for Dielectric Structures [J]. IEEE Transaction on Electric Insulation, 1989,24(5):835-847
[13]超高亚电力变压器围屏爬电情况分析[R].东北电力试验研究院,1985.5,长春,中国
[14]成茂清,王学发.220kv变压器围屏树枝状放电故障分析与处理[J].黑龙江电力技术,1991,13(4)：213-216
[15]阳春华.鲤鱼江电厂变压器围屏爬电故障分析[J].供用电,1996,3(2)：43-44
[16]罗虎,史义.500kv变压器围屏树枝状放电故障分析[J].电气技术,2011年第4期：96-97
[17]董宝骅.变压器在正常工作电压下的绝缘事故原因分析及防御措施[J].电力设备,2005,6(11)：63-66
[18]刘玉仙.变压器油纸绝缘的含湿分析及其对运行安全的影响.变压器.2002,39(5)：1-5
[19]甘德刚,刘凡,刘平,胡灿.基于变压器油纸间水分平衡关系的油纸绝缘水分含量计算方法.变压器.2009,46(8)：21-25
[20]廖瑞金,桑福敏,刘刚,等.变压器不同油纸绝缘组合加速老化时油中水分和酸值含量研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2010,30(4)：125-131
[21]Lundgaard L E, Hansen W, Linhjell D, Et Al. Aging of Oil-Impregnated Paper in Power Transformers[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2004,19(1): 230-239
[22]D1/T 596-2005.电力设备预防性试验规程[S].中华人民共和国电力行业标准
[23]魏建林,张冠军,董明,等.化学反应动力学预测油纸绝缘变压器老化寿命[J].高电压技术,2009,35(3)：544-550
[24]廖瑞金,唐超,杨丽君,等.电力变压器用绝缘纸热老化的微观结构及形貌研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2007,27(33)：59-64
[25]月冈淑郎,李沛然.变压器的老化程度诊断和剩余寿命诊断[J].设备管理与维修,2000(6)：40-41
[26]Pahlavanpour P, Eklund, Martins M A. Insulating Paper Ageing and Furfural Formation[C].2003 Electrical Insulation Conference and Electrical Manufacturing & Coil Winding Technology Conference Proceedings. Toronto, Canada,2003:283-288
[27]周泽存,沈其工,方瑜,王大忠.高电压技术[M].北京,中国电力出版社,2007
[28]唐超,廖瑞金,黄飞龙,等.电力变压器绝缘纸热老化的击穿电压特性.电工技术学报,2010,25(11)：1-8
[29]李军浩,司文荣,姚秀,等.油纸绝缘变压器老化状态评估的极化/去极化电流技术研究[J].仪器仪表学报,2009,30(12)：2605-2611
[30]廖瑞金,袁泉,唐超,等.不同老化因素对油纸绝缘介质频域谱特性的影响[J].高电压技术,2010,36(7)：1612-1618
[31]Li Junhao, Si Wenrong, Yao Xiu, Et Al. Partial Discharge Characteristics over Differently Aged Oil/Pressboard Interfaces [J]. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation.2009,16(6):1640-1647
[32]Dai J, Wang Z D, Jarman P. Moisture and Aging Effect on the Creepage Discharge Characteristics at the Oil/Transformer-Board Interface Under Divergent Field[C]. Annual Report Conference On Electrical Insulation Dielectric Phenomena, Quebec City, Canada,2008:662-665
[33]Oommen T V. Moisture Equilibrium Charts For Transformer Insulation Dying Practice[J]. IEEE Trans Power Appar. Syst.,1984,103(10):3063-3067
[34]Emsley A M, Xiao X, Heywood R J, Et Al. Degradation of Cellulosic Insulation in Power Transformers. Part 3:Effects of Oxygen and Water in Ageing in Oil[J]. IEE Proceedings-Science, Measurement And Technology, 2000,147(3):115-119
[35]廖瑞金,郝建,梁帅伟,等.水分和酸对矿物油与天然酯混合油-纸绝缘热老化的影响[J].电工技术学报,2010,25(7)：31-37
[36]杨丽君,廖瑞金,孙才新,等.油纸绝缘老化阶段的多元统计分析[J].中国电机工程学报,2005,25(18)：151-156
[37]Du Y, Zahn M, Lesieutre B C, Et Al. Moisture Equilibrium in Transformer Paper-Oil Systems[J]. Electrical Insulation Magazine,1999,15(1):11-20
[38]王维政,闵连荣,曹斌.变压器油中绝缘纸板沿面放电试验研究[J].变压器.1993,30(2)：21-25
[39]何伯俭,钱之银,张德勤.油浸纸板爬电性能的研究[J].高电压技术,1991,17(3)：54-56
[40]何伯俭,钱之银.大型变压器围屏放电研究[J].华东电力,1990年第12期：1-6
[41]原丽,路宝民,郑殿春.绝缘纸板微水含量的测试[J].黑龙江电力技术,1997,19(4)：201-203
[42]崔立丽,王乃庆.水份对变压器油纸绝缘沿面放电影响的探讨[J].电网技术,1987年第4期：54-61
[43]王文端,何大海.水分对油中沿而放电的影响[J].变压器,1987,24(7)：12-17
[44]Rushall, R.T. Dielectric Properties of Oil-Soaked Pressboard as Affected by Water[J].Proceedings of the IEE-Part Iia:Insulating Materials,1953, 100(3):81-88
[45]Kamal Miners. Particles And Moisture Effect on Dielectric Strength of Transformer Oil Using VDE Electrodes[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1982,Pas-01(3):751-756
[46]C.Y. Li, T.C. Cheng, F. Wang, E.M. Worland.The Effect of Moisture on the Breakdown of Aged Oil in Underground Load Interrupter Switches[J]. IEEE Transaction On Electrical Insulation,1992,27(5):1054-1057
[47]Ch. Krause, P.Brupbacher, A. Fehlmann, B.Heinrich. Moisture Effects on the Electric Strength of Oil/Pressboard Insulation Used in Power Transformers[C]. Icdl,2005:369-372
[48]J. Dai, Z.D. Wang, P. Jarman. Creepage Discharge on Insulation Barriers in Aged Power Transformers [J]. IEEE Transaction on Dieletrics and Electrical Insulation.2010,17(4):1327-1335
[49]韩贵,韩恩山.220kv电力变压器围屏爬电故障起因的研究.变压器.1992,29(1)：30-34
[50]韩贵,王淑娟.油浸纸板沿面放电特性的研究.变压器.1990,27(2)：5-9
[51]韩贵,王文端,王淑娟,操敦奎.电力变压器围屏爬电故障诊断.高电压技术.1990,16(2)：14-18
[52]李军浩,司文荣,姚秀,等.油/纸绝缘沿而局部放电特性研究.西安交通大学学报.2009,43(6)：108-112
[53]Yang Jia-Xiang,Chi Xiao-Chun,Ding Li-Jian and Liu Ji.Creeping Discharge Performance of Oil-Paper Insulation with Streaming Electrification.IEEE Transactions on Dielecfrics and Electrical Insulation,1997,4(6):780-784
[54]苗银银.变压器内部油楔放电发展过程及规律的研究[D].北京：华北电力大学电气与电子工程学院,2009
[55]岳华山.油纸绝缘针板放电发展过程的试验研究[D].北京：华北电力大学电气与电子工程学院,2010
[56]王辉.变压器油纸绝缘典型局部放电发展过程的研究[D].北京：华北电力大学电气与电子工程学院,2008
[57]薛阳.油纸绝缘沿面放电的发展过程及其严重程度的表征[D].北京：华北电力大学电气与电子工程学院,2011
[58]H.-Z. Ding,Z.D. Wang And P. Jarman.On Electric Stresses at Wedge-Shaped Oil Gaps in Power Transformers with Application to Surface Discharge and Breakdown. IEEE International Conference on Dielectric Liquids.2008:1-4
[59]
[60]Yoshihito Ebisawa, Shin Yamada, Shigekazu Mori and Tsuneharu Teranishi.DC Creepage Breakdown Characteristics of Oil-Immersed Insulation. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2009,16(6):1686-1692
[61]P. M. Mitchinson, P. L. Lewin, G. Chen and P. N. Jarman. A New Approach to the Study of Surface Discharge on the Oil-Pressboard Interface, France. ICDL, 2008:1-4
[62]P. M. Mitchinson, P. L. Lewin, G. Chen And P. N. Jarman. Creep Stress Failure in High Voltage Transformer Interwinding Insulation, Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena,2007:572-575
[63]Wada, Akitoshi Nakajima, Hideyuki Miyahara, Tadasu Takuma, Satoru Yanabu Surface Breakdown Characteristics of Silicone Oil for Electric Power Apparatus[J]. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2006, 13(4):830-837
[64]Gb/T 7595-2000运行中变压器油质量[S].中华人民共和国国家标准
[65]Gb 2536-1990变压器油[S].中华人民国和国国家标准标准
[66]周利军,汤浩,张血琴,等.油纸绝缘微水扩散的暂态分布模型[J].中国电机工程学报,2008,28(7)：134-140
[67]L.J. Zhou, G.N. Wu and J. Liu. Modeling of Transient Moisture Equilibrium in Oil-Paper Insulation [J]. IEEE Transaction on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2008,5(3):872-878
[68]Lijun Zhou, Guangning Wu, Jun Liu, Et Al. Transient Moisture Equilibrium in Oil-Immersed Transformer[C]. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference On Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials, Harbin, China,2009: 19-23
[69]刘玉仙.油纸绝缘变压器中水分的聚积及其对热老化寿命的影响[J].变压器,2004,41(2)：8-12
[70]Kan H, Miyamoto T. Proposals For An Improvement in Transformer Diagnosis Using Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA)[J]. IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine. 1995,11(6):15-21
[71]Suwanasri T, Chaidee E, Adsoongnoen C. Failure Statistics and Power Transformer Condition Evaluation by Dissolved Gas Analysis Technique[C]. International Conference on Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis,2008: 492-496
[72]Duval, M. Calculation of DGA Limit Values and Sampling Intervals in Transformers in Service [J]. IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine. 2008,24(5):7-13
[73]Howells E, Norton E T. Detection of Partial Discharges in Transformers Using Acoustic Emission Techniques [J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus And Systems,1978,97(5):1538-1549
[74]Howells E, Norton E T. Location of Partial Discharge Sites in On-Line Transformers[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, 1981,100(1):158-162
[75]H Kawada, Et Al. Partial Discharges Acoustics Aonitor for Oil-Filled Power Transformer [J].IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems.1984: 422-427
[76]W R Rutgers and Y H Fu. UHF PD-Detection in a Power Transformer[C]. Proceedings of 10th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering, Montreal,1997:219-222
[77]M D Judd, B M Pryor, S C Kelly and B F Hampton. Transformer Monitoring Using the UHF Technique[C]. IEE Conference on High Voltage Engineering, London,1999:362-365
[78]M D Judd, O Farish. Power Transformer Monitoring Using UHF Sensors: Installation and Testing[C]. Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE International Symposium on Electrical Insulation,Anaheim, CA USA,2000:373-376
[79]L Yang And M D Judd. Propagation Characteristics of UHF Signals in Transformers for Locating Partial Discharge Source[C].13th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering, Netherlands,2003:1003-1008
[80]Gb/T 26793-2011库仑法微量水分测定仪[S].中华人民共和国国家标准
[81]Gb 7600-1987运行中变压器油水分含量测定法(库仑法)[S].中华人民共和国国家标准
[82]赵静月.变压器制造工艺[M].北京：中国电力出版社,2009
[83]Gb/T 7252-2001变压器油中溶解气体分析和判断导则[S].中华人民共和国国家标准
[84]Gb/T 7354-2003局部放电测量[S].中华人民共和国国家标准
[85]Iec 60270-2000 Partial Discharge Measurements[S]. Iec International Standard
[86]A. M. Emsley, G. C. Stevens. Review of Chemical Indicators of Degradation of Cellulosic Electrical Paper Insulation in Oil-Filled Transformers, IEE Proceedings:Science, Measurement and Technology,1994, Vol.141,324-334.
[87]M. Darveniza, T. K. Saha, D. J. T. Hill, T. T. Le. Study of Degradation of Cellulosic Insulation Materials in Aged Power Transformers by Electrical and Chemical Techniques, Presented at Gigre Symposium, Berlin,1993
[88]杨丽君,廖瑞金,孙会刚,等.变压器油纸绝缘热老化特性及特征量研究[J].电工技术学报,2009,24(8)：27-33
[89]Gb/T15164-1994油浸式电力变压器负载导则[S].中华人民共和国国家标准
[90]雷铭.电力设备诊断手册[M].北京：中国电力出版社,2001
[91]Iec60354-1991 Loading Guide for Oil-Immersed Power Ttransformers [S]. IEC International Standard
[92]Gb/T 1408-2006绝缘材料电气强度试验方法[S].中华人民共和国国家标准
[93]Qb/T 2688-2005绝缘纸板[S].中国轻工行业标准
[94]A.K. Lokhanin, G.Y. Shneider, V.V. Sokolov, V.M. Chornogotsky. Internal Insulation Failure Mechanisms of HV Equipment under Service Conditions[R]. 2002, CIGRE 5-201
[95]Fabre J, Pichon A. Deteriorating Processes and Products of Paper in Oil Application to Transformers[C]. International Conference on Large High Voltage Electric System(Cigre), Paris, France, Paper 137,1960
[96]Oommen T V. Moisture Equilibrium In Paper-Oil Systems[C]. Proceedings of the Electrical/Electronics Insulation Conference, Chicago,1983:162-166
[97]Shkohzilc. Determination of Water Content in Transformer Insulation[C]. Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Dielectric Liquids. Graz, 2002:7-12.
[98]Du Y, Zahn M, Lesieutre B C. Dielectrometry Measurements of Effects of Moisture and Anti-Static Additive on Transformer Board[C]. IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena.Minneapolis,1997:226-229
[99]Du Y, M. Zahn, A. Vt Mamishev And D. E. Schliclter. Moisture Dynamics Measurements of Transformer Board Using a Three-Wavelength Dielectrometry Sensor[C]. IEEE International Symposium on Electrical Insulation, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,1996:53-56
[100]Du Y, Mamishev A V, Lesieutre B C, Et Al. Measurement of Moisture Diffusion as a Function of Temperature and Moisture in Transformer Pressboard[C]. Conference of Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena. Atlanta,1998:341-344
[101]Gb 1094.2电力变压器第2部分温升[S].中华人民共和国国家标准
[102]Belen Garcia, Juan Carlos Burgos, Et Al. Moisture-In-Oil Model for Power Transformer Monitoring-Part I:Theoretical Foundation[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2005,20(2):1417-422
[103]Bird R B, Steuart W E, Lightfoot E N. Transport Phenomena[M].New York: John Wiley&Sons Inc.2002
[104]姚穆.纺织材料学[M].北京：中国纺织出版社,2009
[105]高培基,刘洁,张玉忠,曲音波.天然纤维素在生物降解过程中超分子结构的变化-氢键断裂在纤维素降解中作用的探讨[J].自然科学进展,1998,8(4)：392-397
[106]B. Hinterstoisser, L. Salmen. Application of Dynamic 2D FTIR to Cellulose[J]. Vibrational Spectroscopy,2000,22(1-2):111-118