光谱吸收型光纤气体传感技术研究
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摘要
近年来，石油、化工、煤炭、冶金等工业得到迅猛的发展，随着工业生产而产生的各种各样有毒有害气体也迅速增加，造成的气体中毒事故也不断增多，对人民财产安全和生存环境构成很大威胁。因此对可燃气体和有毒有害气体的检测显得尤为重要。
光纤气体传感器由于具有常规气体传感器无法比拟的体积小、重量轻、灵敏度高、结构灵活、抗电磁干扰等优点，因此近几年来备受关注。本文在综述光纤气体传感器的发展过程和现状的基础上，分析了现有的光纤气体传感技术的原理和方法，指出它们的优点与应用局限性。并基于气体分子吸收光谱理论和比尔－朗伯定律，分析了差分吸收型气体传感器的数学模型和基于窄带光源的谐波检测光纤气体传感器的数学模型，提出了基于扫描光源的差分光谱吸收型气体传感系统，本系统可以实现多种气体的同时检测。
研究的主要工作如下：
（1）提出了基于光源扫描的光纤气体传感系统设计方案，设计了一种新的基于差分吸收原理的气体传感系统，能对单一气体进行多波长定标检测，同时可以完成多种气体共存环境下的检测。
（2）提出采用并联谐振回路来解决扫描光源驱动电路线性失真的方法，通过合理选择与可调谐法波滤波器相匹配的电路参数，实现并联谐振回路，以消除由于可调谐法珀滤波器的电容特性所引起的锯齿波驱动电路的线性失真，保证了扫描光源工作的稳定性。
（3）提出了光谱意义上的数字平均滤波法，利用法珀标准具ETALON和参考光栅提供的波长参考，实现输出信号的光谱重现，并在此基础上实现气体在N个扫描周期内相同光谱信号的叠加，克服了可调谐法珀滤波器的驱动电压和透射波长的不确定性影响。实验结果表明，气体检测的灵敏度和信噪比得到了明显提高。
（3提出了一种基于最小二乘的背景噪声消除方法。利用传感气室的输出和输出的拟合曲线相除的方法，实现了传感器输出的归一化，解决了传感器背景噪声漂移的问题，同时解决了浓度对气体吸收谱拟合线的影响，提高了测量精度。
（4）提出了基于扫描光源的光纤气体传感系统微弱信号检测方法，分析了传感器的噪声产生机理，设计了低噪声、高信噪比的光电微弱信号检测电路。
（5）对单一气体和两种气体共存情况下的的气体检测进行了实验研究。实验验证了采用基于扫描光源的光纤气体传感系统，在两种及两种以上种类的气体混合环境下，可以完成对不同组分气体浓度的检测。该方法可有效降低工业化气体检测的成本。
In recent years, the petroleum, coal, metallurgy and chemical industry have developed rapidly.Along with the development of industry, many kinds of poisonous gases are produced. At the sametime, there are many cases happened because of poisonous gases. Some kinds of gases are very easyto explode, and they indeed can harm human being’s health and public property. It is very importantto inspect the poisonous and explosive gases.
Compared with the conventional gas sensors, optical fiber gas sensors have many advantages,such as excellent flexibility, small volume, light weight, high sensitivity and anti-electromagnetisminterference. They have obtained wide attention in recent years.
Based on principle of absorption spectrum and Beer-Lambert law, this dissertation analyzes themathematical model of gas sensor based on differential absorption and harmonic detection based onnarrow-band optical source. A new type of gas sensor system based on differential absorption theoryis designed.
Main researches performed in this dissertation include:
1、A new optical fiber gas sensor system based on a scanning light source is presented, and anovel optical gas sensor system is designed. By using broadband light source——ASE(AmplifiedSpontaneous Emission) and a tunable Fabry-Perot filter (FFP) driven by a saw-tooth wave, a scanninglight source is developed. This scanning light source can sweep over several gas absorption peaks atthe same time, which is necessary to realize a variety of gas detection.
2、By using parallel resonant circuit, the linear distortion of the scanning light source’s drivingsaw-tooth wave is reduced. As the Fabry-Perot tunable filter is a capacitive device, it can cause thelinear distortion of the saw-tooth wave. By selecting the appropriate inductance and resistancecomponents to match the tunable Fabry-Perot filter, it can generate parallel resonance. In this way, itcan eliminate the linear distortion of the saw-tooth waveform. As a result, it can ensure the stability ofthe scanning light source.
3、A new kind of digital average filtering method based on spectrum is put forward. By usingETALON and reference grating, it can provide reference wavelength, and realize the spectrumreproducing of the output signal. Therefore, the same N spectral signals can be superposed. Thismethod is able to overcome the uncertainty effects caused by the transmission wavelength of tunableFabry-Perot filter and filter’s driving voltage. Experimental results show that gas detection sensitivityand signal-to-noise ratio is remarkably improved.
4、Although different detection method can diminish the source jitter and other instability, it cannot eliminate other background noise generated by the system. In this paper, a modified least squaremethod is used to fit the envelope of gas absorption lines. By dividing the gas absorption lines and theenvelope fit line of absorption lines, it can reduce the drift of the background noise curve due to thechange of experimental environment. The modified fitting curve does not carry any information onabsorption peaks of gas, so it can eliminate the changes of fitting curve accounting for concentrationsof gas. As a result, the accuracy of measurement can be improved.
5、Experiments including one and two gases respectively are performed. The analysis ofexperimental results shows that the outputs of these two experiments are similar and verify thatfiber-optic gas sensor system based on a scanning light source can be applied to dectect two or moretypes of gases.
光纤气体传感器由于具有常规气体传感器无法比拟的体积小、重量轻、灵敏度高、结构灵活、抗电磁干扰等优点，因此近几年来备受关注。本文在综述光纤气体传感器的发展过程和现状的基础上，分析了现有的光纤气体传感技术的原理和方法，指出它们的优点与应用局限性。并基于气体分子吸收光谱理论和比尔－朗伯定律，分析了差分吸收型气体传感器的数学模型和基于窄带光源的谐波检测光纤气体传感器的数学模型，提出了基于扫描光源的差分光谱吸收型气体传感系统，本系统可以实现多种气体的同时检测。
研究的主要工作如下：
（1）提出了基于光源扫描的光纤气体传感系统设计方案，设计了一种新的基于差分吸收原理的气体传感系统，能对单一气体进行多波长定标检测，同时可以完成多种气体共存环境下的检测。
（2）提出采用并联谐振回路来解决扫描光源驱动电路线性失真的方法，通过合理选择与可调谐法波滤波器相匹配的电路参数，实现并联谐振回路，以消除由于可调谐法珀滤波器的电容特性所引起的锯齿波驱动电路的线性失真，保证了扫描光源工作的稳定性。
（3）提出了光谱意义上的数字平均滤波法，利用法珀标准具ETALON和参考光栅提供的波长参考，实现输出信号的光谱重现，并在此基础上实现气体在N个扫描周期内相同光谱信号的叠加，克服了可调谐法珀滤波器的驱动电压和透射波长的不确定性影响。实验结果表明，气体检测的灵敏度和信噪比得到了明显提高。
（3提出了一种基于最小二乘的背景噪声消除方法。利用传感气室的输出和输出的拟合曲线相除的方法，实现了传感器输出的归一化，解决了传感器背景噪声漂移的问题，同时解决了浓度对气体吸收谱拟合线的影响，提高了测量精度。
（4）提出了基于扫描光源的光纤气体传感系统微弱信号检测方法，分析了传感器的噪声产生机理，设计了低噪声、高信噪比的光电微弱信号检测电路。
（5）对单一气体和两种气体共存情况下的的气体检测进行了实验研究。实验验证了采用基于扫描光源的光纤气体传感系统，在两种及两种以上种类的气体混合环境下，可以完成对不同组分气体浓度的检测。该方法可有效降低工业化气体检测的成本。
In recent years, the petroleum, coal, metallurgy and chemical industry have developed rapidly.Along with the development of industry, many kinds of poisonous gases are produced. At the sametime, there are many cases happened because of poisonous gases. Some kinds of gases are very easyto explode, and they indeed can harm human being’s health and public property. It is very importantto inspect the poisonous and explosive gases.
Compared with the conventional gas sensors, optical fiber gas sensors have many advantages,such as excellent flexibility, small volume, light weight, high sensitivity and anti-electromagnetisminterference. They have obtained wide attention in recent years.
Based on principle of absorption spectrum and Beer-Lambert law, this dissertation analyzes themathematical model of gas sensor based on differential absorption and harmonic detection based onnarrow-band optical source. A new type of gas sensor system based on differential absorption theoryis designed.
Main researches performed in this dissertation include:
1、A new optical fiber gas sensor system based on a scanning light source is presented, and anovel optical gas sensor system is designed. By using broadband light source——ASE(AmplifiedSpontaneous Emission) and a tunable Fabry-Perot filter (FFP) driven by a saw-tooth wave, a scanninglight source is developed. This scanning light source can sweep over several gas absorption peaks atthe same time, which is necessary to realize a variety of gas detection.
2、By using parallel resonant circuit, the linear distortion of the scanning light source’s drivingsaw-tooth wave is reduced. As the Fabry-Perot tunable filter is a capacitive device, it can cause thelinear distortion of the saw-tooth wave. By selecting the appropriate inductance and resistancecomponents to match the tunable Fabry-Perot filter, it can generate parallel resonance. In this way, itcan eliminate the linear distortion of the saw-tooth waveform. As a result, it can ensure the stability ofthe scanning light source.
3、A new kind of digital average filtering method based on spectrum is put forward. By usingETALON and reference grating, it can provide reference wavelength, and realize the spectrumreproducing of the output signal. Therefore, the same N spectral signals can be superposed. Thismethod is able to overcome the uncertainty effects caused by the transmission wavelength of tunableFabry-Perot filter and filter’s driving voltage. Experimental results show that gas detection sensitivityand signal-to-noise ratio is remarkably improved.
4、Although different detection method can diminish the source jitter and other instability, it cannot eliminate other background noise generated by the system. In this paper, a modified least squaremethod is used to fit the envelope of gas absorption lines. By dividing the gas absorption lines and theenvelope fit line of absorption lines, it can reduce the drift of the background noise curve due to thechange of experimental environment. The modified fitting curve does not carry any information onabsorption peaks of gas, so it can eliminate the changes of fitting curve accounting for concentrationsof gas. As a result, the accuracy of measurement can be improved.
5、Experiments including one and two gases respectively are performed. The analysis ofexperimental results shows that the outputs of these two experiments are similar and verify thatfiber-optic gas sensor system based on a scanning light source can be applied to dectect two or moretypes of gases.
引文
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