喀斯特石漠化区植物水分适应机制的稳定同位素研究
|
摘要
喀斯特石漠化是在90年代末期才受到普遍重视。它代表了独特的湿润区石质荒漠化生态系统。荒漠化是生态系统退化的过程和结果，破坏了系统结构，导致生态机能障碍。本论文试图通过植物群落和个体对环境梯度的反应，结合稳定同位素技术和植物生理生态学方法，针对喀斯特地区植物生长的限制因子——水分因子，认识石漠化过程对植物结构功能造成的改变，及植物在干旱环境中维持水分平衡的能力，探讨在喀斯特石漠化生境中植物对水分的竞争和利用策略。
通过对花江喀斯特低热河谷小流域典型石漠化样区的环境、植物指标分析，得出以下认识：
1 石漠化等级对环境背景的影响
(1)小气候梯度响应研究数据表明，石漠化一旦发生，植被覆盖率的下降，植被的生态调节作用也会严重退化，依次顺序为：潜在石漠化(L)＞轻度石漠化(SL)＞中度石漠化(M)＞强度石漠化(ST)。
(2)在群落组成结构上，群落各层片内层次差异不显著，不同石漠化等级间群落盖度存在差异。无论是否发生石漠化，优势种都不明显。同一等级中相似性系数均值最高的是潜在石漠化，从潜在至强度石漠化间呈现轻微下降趋势，但差异不显著。群落所有物种共有度的几个谷值分别出现于L-SL、L-M之间。各石漠化等级间生物量及生物量年增长量总体上均具显著差异。各等级生物量变异系数为L＞M＞ST＞SL，表明潜在石漠化植物群落稳定性最高，轻度最低。不同等级石漠化群落间多样性指数、均匀度指数、优势度和丰富度指数总体差异显著。多种多样性指数均表明随石漠化等级的加重有下降的趋势，丰富度指数表现为L＞SL＞ST＝M；均匀度指数表明，轻度石漠化均匀度程度最低，群落稳定性低。从L—SL—M间βw多样性增加，且变化幅度很大，表明相邻群落类型间物种组成差异明显。
2 石漠化地区乔灌植物的水分来源
(1)干季末期(4月)的δD／δ~(18)O值明显低于降水集中的季节(7／8月)，各因素对氢氧同位素的影响表现为石漠等级差异＞石漠等级与季节交互效应＞季节效应。雨季植物叶片黎明前水势与植物木质部水分的δD值成负相关关系。利用表土夏季降水的植物水势低于利用土壤下层水的植物。
(2)在干旱的4月，喀斯特皮下水成为强度石漠化样地植物水分的主要贡献者，野桐利用了高达76％皮下水，而清香木也利用了53％的皮下水；在雨季的7、8月，土壤下层水分成为植物水分的主要贡献者，尤其是常绿种土壤下层水均达
The problem of karst rocky desertification was attached importance in 1990's, which represents a unique rocky desertification ecosystem in humid area. Desertification often results in a dysfunctional system in which the mean residence time is reduced for resources entering the ecosystem or being produced by it. The degraded process of the vegetation structure and functions changed by the rocky desertification were in relation with water, the key limiting factor. The plant water use strategies were examined by stable isotope and plant ecophysiology techniques. Along a water gradient, the competitive and adaptive strategies of plant were discussed.
By the analysis of the characters of plants and environment of a small drainage basin in the hot valley of Huajiang area, we get the conclusions as bellow:
1. Implication of karst rocky desertification on the environmental background
(1) On the basis of measurement for microclimatic parameters, once the desertification occurring, followed the order of strong (ST)> medium (M) > slight (SL) > latent (L), owing to the decrease of the coverage and degeneration of adjustment of vegetation.
(2) The layers of the synusia were no significantly different in the community. The coverage of the vegetation is different in the degree of desertification. There were no dominant species in all the community. Co-occurrence of plant species among communities at different grade desertification was analyzed, for species of trees or all the species as a whole, co-occurrence of plant species between the plots of latent desertification was the highest. The valley values of co-occurrence of plant species among communities along environment gradient were between the L-SL and SL-M, the results showed that turning point of plant species compositions at the types. The above ground biomass and the gross per annum were significantly different. The coefficient of variability of biomass in different degrees followed the order of L>M>ST>SL, showed the highest stable community was the latent one contrast with the unstable slight plots. Species abundance, species richness, total diversity and species evenness were significantly different. In general, most of the diversity index showed a decrease trend. The abundance takes the order of L>SL >ST=M. The lowest equitability (species evenness) occurred in the slight community, which can describe the low community stability. The β _W diversity in plant communities along the
通过对花江喀斯特低热河谷小流域典型石漠化样区的环境、植物指标分析，得出以下认识：
1 石漠化等级对环境背景的影响
(1)小气候梯度响应研究数据表明，石漠化一旦发生，植被覆盖率的下降，植被的生态调节作用也会严重退化，依次顺序为：潜在石漠化(L)＞轻度石漠化(SL)＞中度石漠化(M)＞强度石漠化(ST)。
(2)在群落组成结构上，群落各层片内层次差异不显著，不同石漠化等级间群落盖度存在差异。无论是否发生石漠化，优势种都不明显。同一等级中相似性系数均值最高的是潜在石漠化，从潜在至强度石漠化间呈现轻微下降趋势，但差异不显著。群落所有物种共有度的几个谷值分别出现于L-SL、L-M之间。各石漠化等级间生物量及生物量年增长量总体上均具显著差异。各等级生物量变异系数为L＞M＞ST＞SL，表明潜在石漠化植物群落稳定性最高，轻度最低。不同等级石漠化群落间多样性指数、均匀度指数、优势度和丰富度指数总体差异显著。多种多样性指数均表明随石漠化等级的加重有下降的趋势，丰富度指数表现为L＞SL＞ST＝M；均匀度指数表明，轻度石漠化均匀度程度最低，群落稳定性低。从L—SL—M间βw多样性增加，且变化幅度很大，表明相邻群落类型间物种组成差异明显。
2 石漠化地区乔灌植物的水分来源
(1)干季末期(4月)的δD／δ~(18)O值明显低于降水集中的季节(7／8月)，各因素对氢氧同位素的影响表现为石漠等级差异＞石漠等级与季节交互效应＞季节效应。雨季植物叶片黎明前水势与植物木质部水分的δD值成负相关关系。利用表土夏季降水的植物水势低于利用土壤下层水的植物。
(2)在干旱的4月，喀斯特皮下水成为强度石漠化样地植物水分的主要贡献者，野桐利用了高达76％皮下水，而清香木也利用了53％的皮下水；在雨季的7、8月，土壤下层水分成为植物水分的主要贡献者，尤其是常绿种土壤下层水均达
The problem of karst rocky desertification was attached importance in 1990's, which represents a unique rocky desertification ecosystem in humid area. Desertification often results in a dysfunctional system in which the mean residence time is reduced for resources entering the ecosystem or being produced by it. The degraded process of the vegetation structure and functions changed by the rocky desertification were in relation with water, the key limiting factor. The plant water use strategies were examined by stable isotope and plant ecophysiology techniques. Along a water gradient, the competitive and adaptive strategies of plant were discussed.
By the analysis of the characters of plants and environment of a small drainage basin in the hot valley of Huajiang area, we get the conclusions as bellow:
1. Implication of karst rocky desertification on the environmental background
(1) On the basis of measurement for microclimatic parameters, once the desertification occurring, followed the order of strong (ST)> medium (M) > slight (SL) > latent (L), owing to the decrease of the coverage and degeneration of adjustment of vegetation.
(2) The layers of the synusia were no significantly different in the community. The coverage of the vegetation is different in the degree of desertification. There were no dominant species in all the community. Co-occurrence of plant species among communities at different grade desertification was analyzed, for species of trees or all the species as a whole, co-occurrence of plant species between the plots of latent desertification was the highest. The valley values of co-occurrence of plant species among communities along environment gradient were between the L-SL and SL-M, the results showed that turning point of plant species compositions at the types. The above ground biomass and the gross per annum were significantly different. The coefficient of variability of biomass in different degrees followed the order of L>M>ST>SL, showed the highest stable community was the latent one contrast with the unstable slight plots. Species abundance, species richness, total diversity and species evenness were significantly different. In general, most of the diversity index showed a decrease trend. The abundance takes the order of L>SL >ST=M. The lowest equitability (species evenness) occurred in the slight community, which can describe the low community stability. The β _W diversity in plant communities along the
引文
1. Alatalo R.V. Problems in the measurement of evenness in ecology. Oikos, 1981, 37: 199-204.
2. Allison G.B., Barnes C.J., Hughes M.W., The distribution of deuterium and ~(18)O in dry soils 2. Experimental. J. Hydrol. 1983, 64:377-397.
3. Alessio GA. Water Sources and Water-Use Efficiency in Mediterranean Coastal Dune Vegetation. Plant Biology; 2004, 6 (3): 350-357.
4. Amrita G de Soyza, Walter G. W., Jeffrey E. H. et al. Early warning indicators of desertification examples of tests in the chihuahuan Desert. Journal of Arid Environments, 1998,39:101-112.
5. Anderson J.E., Kriedemann P.E., Austin M.P. Farquhar G.D. Eucalypts forming a canopy functional type in dry sclerophyll forests respond differentially to environment. Australian Journal of Botany, 2000, 48:759-775.
6. Arslan A., Zapata F., Kumarasinghe K.S. Carbon isotope discrimination as indicator of water use efficiency of pring wheat as affected by salinity and gypsum addition. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 1999,30:2681-2693.
7. Atsuko S., Nao Y, Daisuke N., et al., Importance of ermafrost as a source of water for plants in east Siberian taiga. Ecological Research , 2002,17: 493-503.
8. Balesdent J. Site-related δ~(13)C of tree leaves and soil organic matter in a temperate forest. Ecology, 1993, 74(6): 1713-1721.
9. Bariac, T., Ferhi, A., Jusserand, C. and Letolle, R., Sol-plante-atmosphere: contribution a 1'etude de la composition isotopique de l'eau des difterentes composantes de ce systeme. Isotope and Radiation Techniques in Soil Physics and Irrigation Studies. IAEA-SM-267/23. IAEA, Vienna, 1983. 561-576.
10. Bariac T., Gonzalez D. J., Katerji N., Bethenod O., Bertolini J. M, and Mariotti A., Spatial variation of the isotopic composition of water (~(18)O,~2H) in the soil-plant-atmosphere system, 2. Assessment under field conditions. Chemical geology. 1994,115{3-4):317-333.
11. Becker P,Castillo A. Root architecture of shrubs and saplings in the understory of a tropical moist forest in lowland Panama. Biotropica 1990,22:242-249.
12. Benedict C.R. Nature of obligate photoautotrophy. Annunal Review Plant Physilology. 1978, 29(7645):67-93.
13. Beyschlag W. Lange O.L. Tenhunene J.D. Diurnal patterns of leaf internal CO_2 partial pressure of the sclerophyll shrub Arbutus unedo growing in Portugal. In: Tenhunen J.D. Catarino F.M. Lange O.L. et al. Plant Reponse to Stress: Functional Analysis in Mediterranean Ecosystems. Berlin: Springer-Verlat, 1987.355-368.
14. Bollard E.G. Transport in the xylem. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol., 1960, 11:141-166.
15. Black C.C. & Bender M.M.δ~(13)C values in marine or gnaisms from the Great Barrier Reef. Aust. J. Plant Physiol., 1976, 3(1): 25-32.
16. Brugnoli E. Scartazza A. Lauteri M. et al. Carbon isotope discrimination in structural and nonstructural carbohydrates in relation to productivity and adaptation to unfavourable conditions. In: Griffthsed H. Stable Isotopes: Integration of Biological, Ecological and Geochemical Processes. BIOS Scientific Publishers,1998.133-146.
17. Brunei, J.P., Walker, G.R., Kennett-Smith, A.K., Field validation of isotopic procedures for determining source water used by plants in a semi-arid environment. J. Hydrol. 1995.167, 351-368.
18. Brunel, J-P., Walker, G.R., Walker, C.D., Dighton, J.C. and Kennett-Smith, A.K., Using stable isotopes of water to trace plant water uptake. In: Stable Isotopes in Plant Nutrition, Soil Fertility, IAEA and FAO International Symposium, Vienna, 1-5 October 1990. IAEA, Vienna. 1991.
19. Brown G. Factors maintaining plant diversity in degraded areas of northern Kuwait. Journal of Arid Environment, 2003, 54: 183-194.
20. Bunchmann N., Kao W.Y., Ehleringer J.R. Influence of stand structure on carbon-13 of vegetation, solids and canopy air within deciduous and evergreen forests in Utah, United States. Oecologia, 1997, 110: 109-119.
21. Burgess S.S.O., Adams M.A., Turner N.C. et al. Characterisation of hydrogen isotope profiles in an agroforestry system: implicaations for tracing water sources of trees. Agricultural Wateer Management, 2000, 45: 229-441.
22. Busch D.E., Ingraham N.L., Smith S.D. Water uptake in woody riparian phratophytes of the southwestern united states: a stable isotope study. Ecological Applications, 1992, 2(4): 450-459.
23. Craig, H. The geochemistry of stable carbon isotopes. Geoehimiea et Cosmoehimica Aeta, 1953, 3: 53-92.
24. Craig, H. Carbon-13 variations in plants and the relationship between carbon-13 and carbon-15 variations in nature. Journal of Geology, 1954, 62: 115-149.
25. Craig, H. Isotopic variations in the meteoric water. Science. 1961. 133: 1702-1703.
26. Condon A.G., Richards R.A., Farquhar G.D. The effect of variation in soil water availability, vapour pressure deficiency and nitrogen nutrition on carbon isotope discrimination in wheat. Australian Journal of Agriculture Research, 1992, 43: 935-947.
27. Conteaux M.M. Bottner P. Anderson J.M. et al., Decomposition of ~(13)C-labelled standard plant material in a latitudinal transect of European coniferous forests: Differential impact of climate on the decomposition of soil organic matter compartments. Biogeochemistry, 2001, 54: 147-170.
28. Chen S.P., Bai Y.F. , Lin G.H., Han X.G. Variations in life-form composition and foliar carbon isotope discrimination among eight plant communities under different soil moisture conditions in the Xilin River Basin, Inner Mongolia, China. Ecological Research, Plant Science, 2005, 20(2): 167-176.
29. Chartzoulakis K., Patakas A., Kofidis G, Bosabaiidis A., Nastou A. Water stress affects leaf anatomy, gas exchange, water relations and growth of two avocado eultivars. Seientia Horticulturae, 2002, 95: 39-50.
30. Chavs M.M. Pereira J S. Maroco J. et al. How Plants Cope with Water Stress in the Field? Photosynthesis and Growth. Annals of Botany, 2002, 89(7): 907-916.
31. Cramer V.A., Thorburn P.T., Fraser G.W. Transpiration and groundwater uptake from farm forest plots of Casuarina glauca and Eucalyptus camaldulensis in saline areas of southeast Queensland, Australia. Agricultural Water Management, 1999, 39: 187-204.
32．C．A．萨鲍日尼科娃，小气候与地方气候，周思济等译．北京：科学出版社，1955．
33. Dansgaard W., Stable isotope in precipitation. Tellus.1964, 16: 436-468.
34. Dawson, T.E., Hydraulic lift and water use by plants: implications for water balance, performance and plant-plant interactions. Oecologia 1993.95: 565-574.
35. Dawson, T.E., Ehleringer, J.R., Streamside trees that do not use stream water. Nature. 1991.350, 335-337.
36. Dawson, T.E., Hydraulic lift and water use by plants: implications for water balance, performance and plant-plant interactions. Oecologia 1993a. 95: 565-574.
37. Dawson, T.E., Ehieringer, J.R., Isotopic enrichment of water in the woody tissues of plants —implications for plant water source, water uptake, and other studies which use the stable isotopic composition of cellulose. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 1993. 57, 3487-3492.
38. Dawson T.E. Ehieringer J.R. Gender-specific physiology, carbon isotope discrimination, and habitat distribution in boxelder. Acer negundo. Ecology, 1993, 74: 798-815.
39. Dawson T.E., Water source of plants as determined from xylem-water isotopic composition: perspectives on plant competition, distribution, and water relations. In: Ehieringer J.R., Hall A.E., Earquhar GD.(Eds), Stable Isotopes and Plant Carbon-Water Relations, Academic Press, San Diego, 1993, pp. 465-496.
40. Dawson T.E., Pate J.S. Seasonal water uptake and movement in root systems of Australian phraeatophytic plants of dimorphic root morphology: a stable isotope investigation. Oecologia 1996,107: 13-20.
41. Dawson, T.E., Pausch, R.C., Parker, H.M., The role of hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes in understanding water movement along the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. In: Griffiths, H. (Ed.), Stable Isotopes: Integration of Biological, Ecological and Geochemical Processes. BIOS Scientific Publishers, Oxford, 1998.pp. 169-183.
42. Damesin C.S., Rambal S., Joffre R. Between tree variations in leaf δ~(13)C of Quercus ilex among Mediterranean habitats with different water availability. Oecologia, 1997,111:26-35.
43. Damesin C.S., Rambal S., Joffre R. Seasonal and annual changes in leaf δ~(13)C in two co-occurring Mediterranean oaks:relations to leaf growth and drought progression. Functional Ecology, 1998,12:778-785.
44. DeLucia E H, Schlesinger W H. Resource-use efficiency and drought tolerance in adjacent Great Basin and Sierran plants. Ecology, 1991,72: 51-58.
45.Devitt D.A., S.D. Smith, D.S. Neuman. Leaf carbon isotope ratios in three landscape species growing in an arid environment. Journal of Arid Environments , 1997. 36:249-257.
46. Donovan L.A., Ehieringer J.R. Contrasting water-use patterns among size and life history classes of a semi-arid shrub. Funct. Ecol. 1992,6: 482-488.
47. Donovan L A and Ehieringer J R. Wate rstress and use of summer precipitation in a Great Basin shrub community. Functional Ecology, 1994, 8: 289~297.
48. Downton W.J.S., Loveys B.R. Grant W.J.R. Stomatal closure fully accounts for the inhibition of photosynthesis by abscisic acid. New Phytol. 1988,108(2):263-266.
49. Drake P L, Franks P J. Water resource partitioning, stem xylem hydraulic properties, and plant water uses trategies in a seasonally dry riparian tropical rainforest. Oecologia, 2003,137(3): 321-329.
50. Ebdon J.S., Petrovic A.M., Dawson T.E., Relationship between carbon isotope discrimination, water use efficiency and evapotranspiration in Kentucky bluegrass. Crop Science, 1998, 38:157-162.
51. Ebukanson G.J. Retardation of chloroplast ATPase activity in maize seedlings by drought stress. J. Plant Physiol. 1987,129(1):187-189.
52. Ebdon J.S., Kopp K.L. Relationships between Water Use Efficiency, Carbon Isotope Discrimination, and Turf Performance in Genotypes of Kentucky Bluegrass during Drought. Crop Science, 2004,44(5): 1754-1762.
53. Ehleringer J.R., Field C.B., Lin Z.F., Kuo C.Y. Leaf carbon isotope and mineral composition in subtropical plants along an irradiance dine. Oecologia, 1986,70:520-526.
54. Ehleringer J.R., Cooper T. A. Correlations between carbon isotope ratio and microhabitat in desert plants. Oecologia, 1988,76:562-566.
55. Ehleringer, J.R., Osmond, C.B. Stable isotopes. In: Pearcy, R.W., Ehleringer, J., Mooney, H.A., Rundel, P.W. Plant Physiological Ecology: Field Methods and Instrumentation. Chapman & Hall, London, 1989. 281-300.
56. Ehleringer J R, Phillips S L, Schuster W S F, et al. Differential utilization of summer rains by desert plants, implications for competition and climate change.Oecologia, 1991,88:430-434.
57. Ehleringer J R. Dawson T E. Water uptake by plants: perspectives from stable isotope composition. Plant Cell and Environment, 1992,15: 1073-1082.
58. Ehleringer J.R. Carbon and water relations in desert plants: an isotopic perspective. In: Ehleringer J.R., Hall A.E., Farquhar GD. et al. Stable isotopes and plant carbonwater relations. San Diego: Academic Press. 1993a.l55-172.
59. Ehleringer J.R. Gas-exchange implications of isotopic variation in arid-land plants. In: Smith J.A.C.& Griffiths H. Water deficits-plant responses From cell to community. Oxford:Bios Scientific Publishers. 1993b. 265-284.
60. Ehleringer J.R., Rundel P.W., Palma B. et al. Carbon isotope ratios of Atacama desert plants reflect hyperaridity of region. Reviews Chil. Hist. Nat., 1998,71:79-86.
61. Ehleringer J.R.& Cook C.S. Carbon and oxygen isotope rations of ecosystem respiration along an Oregon conifer transect: preliminary observations based on small-flask sampling. Tree Physiology, 1998. 18:513-519.
62. Ehdaie B, Waines J.G. Variation in water-use efficiency and its components in wheat I. Well-watered pot experiment.Crop Science, 1993. 33(2): 294-299.
63. Emrich K., Ehhalt D.H., Vogel J.C. Carbon isotope fractionation during the precipitation of calcium carbonate. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 1970, 8: 363-371.
64. Epstein, S., Mayeda, T. Variations of 0-18 content of water from natural sources. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 1953.42:213-224.
65. Evans J.R., Sharkey T.D., Berry J.A. Fraquhar G.D. Carbon isotope discrimination measured concurrently with gas exchange to investigate CO_2 diffusion I leaves of higher plants. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 1986,13:281-292.
66.Evans JR., von Caemmerrer S., Setchell B.A., Hudson GS. The relationship between CO_2 transfer conductance and eaf anatomy in transenic tobacco with a reduced content of Rubisco. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 1994, 21:4754-4795.
67. Ewe S.M.L. Sternberg L.S.L. Busch D.E. Water-use patterns of woody species in pineland and hammock communities of South Florida. Forest Ecology and Management, 1999, 118:139-148.
68.E.W.腊塞尔[英]. 土壤条件与植物生长。谭世文,林振骐,郭公佑等,译。北京：科学出版社,1979.326-369.
69. Farquhar, G.D. O'Leary M.H., Berry J.A.. On the relationship between carbon isotope discrimination and the intercellular carbon dioxide concentrationin leaves. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 1982,9:121-137.
70. Farquhar G.D. On the nature of carbon isotope discrimination in C4 species. Australian Journal of Agriculture Research, 1983,10: 205—226
71. Farquhar, G.D. & Richards R.A. Isotope composition of plant carbon correlates with water-use efficiency of wheat genotypes. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 1984,11:539-552.
72. Farquhar GD. .Ehleringer J.R.& Hubick, K.T., Carbon isotope discerimination and photosynthesis Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 1989,40:503-537.
73. Flanagan, L.B. Ehleringer, J.R., Stable isotope composition of stem and leaf water: applications to the study of plant water use. Funct. Ecol. 1991. 5: 270-277.
74. Flanagan L B, Ehleringer J R, Marshall J D. Differential uptake of summer precipitation among co-occurring trees and shrubs in a pinyon-juniper woodland. Plant Cell Environ.,1992,15: 831-836.
75. Flanagan L.B., Brooks J.R., Varney G.T., Berry S.C. Ehleringer J.R. Carbon isotope discrimination during photosynthesis and the isotope ration of respired CO_2 in boreal forest ecosystem. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 1996,10:629-640.
76. Francey R.J., Farquhar G.D., An explanation of ~(13)C/~(12)C variations in tree rings. Nature, 1982,295:28-31.
77. Friend A.D., Woodward F.I. Evolutionary and ecophysiological responses of mountain plants to the growing season environment. Advance in Ecology Research, 1990,20:59-124.
78. Fisher & Tieszen. Carbon isotope characterization of vegetation and soil orgnic matter in subtropical forests in Luquillo, Puerto Rico. Biotropica, 1995,27:138-148.
79. Friend A.D., Woodward F.I. Evolutionary and ecophysiological responses of mountain plants to the growing season environment. Advance in Ecology Research, 1990,20:59-124.
80. Gan K.S, Wong S.C, et al. O-18 spatial patterns of vein xylem water, leafwater, and drymatter in cotton leaves.Plant Physiology, 2002,130(2): 1008-1021.
81. Garten C.T., Tnylor G.E. Foliar delta C-13 within a temperature deciduous forest-spatial, temporal. and\ species sources of variation. Oecologia., 1992, 90:1-7.
82. Galimov E. M.. Carbon isotope composition of Antarctic plants. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2000, 64 (10) : 1737-1739.
83. Gimenez C, Mitchell V.G., Lawlor D.W. Regulation of photosynthetic rate of two sunflower hybrids under water stress. Plant Physiol. 1992,98(2):516-524.
84. Gonfiantini R., Gratziu S. and Tongiorgi E. Oxygen isotopic composition of water in leaves. In: Isotopes and Radi-ation in Soil-Plant Nutrition Studies. Vienna: Intern. At. Energy Agency. 1965. 405-410.
85. Guy R.D., Fogel M.F., Berry J.A. Hoering T.C. Isotope fractionation during oxygen production and consumption by plants. In: Biggins J. In progress in Photosynthetic Research III. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1987. 597-600.
86. Guehl J.M., Fort C, Ferhi A. Differential response of leaf conductance, carbon isotope discrimination and water-use efficiency to nitrogen deficiency in maritime pine and pedunculate oak plants. New Phytologist, 1995, 131:149-157.
87. Gower S.T. & Richards J.H. Larches:deciduous conifers in an evergreen world. BioScience, 1990,40: 818-826.
88. Gonfiantini R., Gratziu S. and Tongiorgi E. Oxygen isotopic composition of water in leaves. In: Isotopes and Radi-ation in Soil-Plant Nutrition Studies. Vienna: Intern. At. Energy Agency. 1965.405~410.
89. Gregg J. The differential occurrence of the mistletoe, Phoradendronjuniperinum, on its host, Juniperus osteosperma, in the Western United States. MS Thesis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 1991.
90. Hamerlynck E P, Huxman T E, McAuliffe J R, et al. Carbon isotope discrimination and foliarnutrient status of Larrea tridenlate (creosote bush) in contrasting Mojave Desert soils.Oecologia,2004,138: 210-215.
91. Hanba Y.T.Shigeta M., Lei T.T., Koike T., Wada E. Variations in leafδ~(13)Calong a vertical profile of irradiance in a temperate Japanese forest. Oecologia, 1997,110:253-361.
92. Hanba Y.T., Miyazama S.I., Terashima I. The influence of leaf thickness on the CO2 transfer conductance and leaf stable carbon isotope ratio for some evergreen trees pecies in Japanese warmtemperate forests.Functional Ecology, 1999,13:632~639.
93. Hall A E, Farquhar G. D, Ehleringer J.R.,et al. Stable isotopes and plant Carbon-water relations. San Diego, CA, USA: Academic Press, 1993. 155-172.
94. Ismail A.M., Hall A.E. Correlation between water use efficiency and carbon isotope discrimination in diverse cowpea genotypes and isogenic lines. Crop Science, 1992.32(1): 7-12.
95. Ismail A.M., Hall A.E. Bray E.M. Drought and potsize effects on transpiration efficiency and carbon isotope discrimination of cowpea accessions and hybrids. Amt J.Plant Physiol., 1994. 21(1): 23-35.
96. Jackson P.C., Caveliser J., Goldstein G.,et al.Partitioning of water resources among plants of a lowland tropical forest. Oecologia, 1995,101:197-203.
97. Johnson D.A, Asay K.H., Tieszen L.L. et al. Carbon isotope discrimination:potential for screening cool-season grasses for water-limited environments.Crop Science, 1990,30(2): 338—343.
98. Jones. H. G. Plant and microclimate: a quantitative approach to environmental plant physiology. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1992. 131-161.
99. Keely J.E. Sandquist D.R. Carbon: freshwater plants. Plant Cell Environment, 1992,15:1021-1035.
100. Korol R.L., Kirschbaum M U F, Farquhar G D, et al. Effects of water status and soil fertility on the C-isotope signature in Pinusradiata. Tree Physiology, 1999,19: 551-562.
101. Kogami H.Hanba Y.T., Kibe T.,et al. CO_2 transfer conductance, leaf structure and carbon isotope composition of Polygonum cuspidatum leaves from low and high altitudes.Plant,Cell and Environment,2001,24:529—538.
102. Kolb, T.E., Hart, S.C., Amundson, R., Boxelder water source and physiology at perennial and ephemeral stream sites in Arizona. Tree Physiol. 1997, 17: 151-160.
103.Komer C, Diemer M. Institu photosynthetic responses to light, temperature and carbon dioxide in herbaceous plants from low and high altitude. Functional Ecology, 1987,1:179-194.
104. Komer C, Farquhar G.D., Roksandic Z. A global survey of carbon isotope discrimination in plants from high altitude. Oecologia, 1988,74:623—632.
105. Knight J.D., Livingston N.J., van Kessel C. Carbon isotope discrimination and water-use effciecy of six crops grown under wet and dry land conditions. Plant Cell and Environment, 1994. 17(2): 173-179.
107. Kloeppel B.D., Gower S.T., Treichel I.W., Khruk S. Foliar carbon iotope discrimination in Larix species and sympatric evergreen conifers: a global comparison. Oecologia, 1998,114:153-159.
108. Krabbenhoft D.R., Bowser C.J., Anderson M.P., et al., Estimating ground water exchange with lakesl. The stable isotope mass balance method. Water Resources Research, 1990, 26(10): 2445- 2453.
109.Larcher W. 植物生理生态学。北京：中国农业出版社,1997.47-128.
110.Lewis D.C., Grant I L., Maier N.A. Factors affecting the imterpretation and adoption of plant analysis services. Astralian Journal of Experimontal Agricultural, 1993, 33:1053-1066.
111. Lin, G., Stemberg, L. da S.L., Comparative study of water uptake and photosynthetic gas exchange between scrub and fringe red mangrove, Rhizophora mangle L. Oecologia. 1981, 90, 399-403.
112. Lin G, Phillips S L and Ehleringer JR. Monsoonal precipitation responses of shrubs in a cold desert community on the Colorado Plateau. Oecologia, 1996,106: 8~17.
113.Lshede O.B. Xeromorphic features of three stem assimilating in relation to their ecology. Botanica Journal of the Linnean Society, 1979, 78:85-98.
114. Luo Y H, Sternberg L. Spatial D/H heterogeneity of leaf water. Plant Physiology, 1992,99:348-350.
115. Marshall J.D., Zhang J. Carbon isotope discriminatio and water use efficiency of native plants of the north central Rockies. Ecology, 1994, 75:1887-1895.
116. Magurran A.E. Ecological Diversity and Its Measurement. New Jersy: Princeton University Press, 1988.
117. Madhavan D., Treichel I., O'Leary M.H. Effects of relative humidity on carbon isotope fractionation I plants. Botanica Acta, 1991,104:292-294.
118. Medina E., Minchin P. Stratification ofδ~(13)C value of leaves in Amazonian rain forests. Oecologia, 1980,45: 377-378.
119. Medina E, Francisco M. Osmolality and δ~(13)C of Leaf Tissues of Mangrove Species from Environments of Contrasting Rain fall and salinity.Estuarine.Coastal and Shelf Science, 1997,45(3):337~344.
120. Mensforth, L.J., Thorbum, P.J., Tyerman, S.D., Walker, G.R., Sources of water used by riparian Eucalyptus camaldulensis overlying highly saline groundwater. Oecologia. 1994,100, 21-28.
121.McCarroll D, Loader N J. Stable isotopes in treerings. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2004,23(7~8): 771-801.
122. Morecroft M.D., Woodward F.I.Experimental investigation on the environmental determination of ~(13)C at different altitudes. Journal of Experimental Botany,1990,41:1303~1308.
123. Morecroft M.D., Woodward F.I.,Marrs R.H. Altitudinal trends in leaf nutrient contents,leaf size and ~(13)C of Alchemilla alpina. Functional Ecology,1992,6:730~740.
124. Monteith J.L., Unsworth M.H. Principles of environ—mental physics. London: Edward Arnold. 1990. 146-163.
125. Magurran AE. Ecological diversity and its measurement.New Jersy: Princeton University Press. 1988.
126. Margalef R. On certain unifying principles in ecology. The American Naturist, 1963. 97: 357-364.
127. Mueller-Dombois D. and Ellenberg H. Aims and methods of vegetation ecology. John Wiley & Sons. 1974.
128. O'Leary M.H. Carbon isotope fractionation in plants. Phytochemistry, 1981, 20:553-567.
129. O'Leary M.H., Reife J.E., Slater J.D. Kinetic and isotope effect studies of maize phosphenolpyruvate carboxylase. Biochemistry, 1981,20: 7308-7314.
130. O'Leary M.H. Measurement of the isotopic fractionation associated with diffusion of carbon dioxide in aqueous solution. J. Phys. Chem. 1984, 88: 823-825.
131. O'Leary M.H., Carbon isotope in phyotosynthesis. Bioscicnce, 1988,38(5):497-502.
132. Osmond C.B., Bender M.M., Burris R.H. Pathways of CO_2 fixation in the CAMplant Kalanchoe daigrenontiana.III. Correlation withδ~(13)C value during growth and water sress. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 1976,3:787-799.
133. Park R B, Epstein S. Carbon isotope fractionation during photosynthesis. Plant Physiol., 1960,36(1): 133-138.
134. Panek J.A.& Waring R.H. Stable carbon isotopes as indicators of limitations to forest growth imposed by climate stress. Ecological Applications, 1997,7:854-863.
135. Peterson B.J., Fry B., Stable isotopes in ecosystem studies. ANNUAL review of Ecology and Systematics, 1987,18:293-320.
136. Pefluelas J., Filella I. Deuterium labelling of roots provides evidence of deep water access and hydraulic lift by Pinus nigra in a Mediterranean forest of NE Spain. Environmental and Experimental Botany.2003, 49: 201-/208
137. Poiley H.W., Johnson H.B., Marino B.D., Mayeux H.S. Increase in C3 plant water-use efficiency and biomass over glacial to present CO_2 concentrations. Nature, 1993,361:61-63.
138. Phillips S L. Ehleringer J R. Limited uptake of summer precipitation by big tooth maple (Acer grandidentatum Nutt) and Gam bel's oak {Quercus gambelii Nutt).Trees, 1995,9: 214~219.
139. Pefluelas J., Filella I. Deuterium labelling of roots provides evidence of deep water access and hydraulic lift by Pinus nigra in a Mediterranean forest of NE Spain. Environmental and Experimental Botany.2003. 49: 201-/208
140. Peet P.K.. The measurement of species diversity. In: Cody M L, Diamond J M eds. Ecology and Evolution Communities. London: Blackwell. 1974.81-120.
141. Raschke K. Resemann A. The middy depression of CO_2 assimilation in leaves of Arbutus unedo: Diurnal changes in photosynthetic capacity related to changes in temperature and humidity. Planta, 1986,168(4):546-558.
142. Raschke K. How abscisic acid causes depression of the photosynthetic capacity of leaves. In: Pharis R.P. Rood S.B. Plant Growth Substance. Berlin: Springer-Verlag,1988.383-390.
143. Revesz, K.,Woods, PH., 1990. A method to extract soil water for stable isotope analysis. J. Hydrol. 115: 397-406.
144. Rozanski K., Sonntag C, Nunnich K.O. Factors controlling stable isotope composition of European precipitation. Tellus, 1982,34:142-150.
145. Rodelli M.R. et al., Table isotope ratios as a tracter of mangrove carbon in Malaysian ecosystem. Oecologia, 1984,61:326-333.
146. Reibach P.H., Benedict C.R. Fractionation of stable carbon isotopes by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from C_4 plants. Plant Physiol. 1977, 59:564-568.
147. Reich,P.B. Quantifying plant response to ozone:a unifying theory. Tree Physiology 1987, 3 : 63-91.
148. Roeske C.A., O'Leary M.H. Carbon isotope effects on the enzymecatalyzed carboxylationof ribulose bisphosphate. Biochemistry, 1984, 23: 6275-6284.
149. Rundel P.W., Esler K. J., Cowling R.M. Ecological and phylogenetic patterns of carbon isotope discrimination in the winter rainfall flora of the Richterveld, South Africa. Plant Ecology, 1999,142:133-148.
150. Saurer M., Siegenthaler U. Schweingruber F. The climate-carbon isotope relationship in tree rings and the significance of site conditions. Tellus, 1995. 46b: 320-330.
151. Smith B.N.,Epstein S. Two categories of ~(13)C/~(12)Cratios for higher plants. Plant Physiol.,1971,47(3):380~384.
152. Smith B.N., Oliver J., McMillan C. Influence of carbon source, oxygen concentration, light intensity and temperature on ~(13)C/~(12)C ratios in plant tissues. Botanical Gazette, 1976, 137:99-104.
153. Smith, S.D., Wellington, A.B., Nachlinger, J.A., Fox, C.A., Functional responses of riparian vegetation to streamflow diversions in the eastern Sierra Nevada. Ecol. Appl. 1991. 1: 89-97.
154. Sugimoto A. Higuchi K. Oxygen isotopic variation of falling snow particles with time during the lifetime of a convective cloud: observation and modeling. Tellus, 1989,41:511-523.
155. Sekiya N., Yano K. Water acquisition from rainfall and groundwater by legume crops developing deep rooting systems determined with stable hydrogen isotope compositions of xylem waters. Field Crops Research. 2002,78: 133-139.
156. Schuster W.S.F., Sandquist D.R., Philips S.L. Ehleringer J.R. Comparisons of carbon isotope discrimination in populations of arid land plant species differing in lifespan. Oecologia, 1992, 91:332-337.
157. Schlesinger M.E. Mitchell J F B. Climate model simulations of the equilibrium climatic response to increased carbon dioxide. Rev. Geophys., 1987,25: 760~798.
158. Schleser G.H. δ~(13)C pattern in a forest tree as an indicator of carbon transfer in tree. Ecology, 1992, 73: 1922-1925.
159. Schulze E.D., Mooney H.A., Sala O.E., Jobbagy E., Buchmann N., Bauer G., Canadell J., Jackson R.B., Loreti J., Oesterheld M., Ehleringer J.R. Rooting depth, water availability, and vegetation cover along an aridity gradient in Patagonia. Oecologia, 1996,108:503-511.
160. Scrimgeour C.M., Measurement of plant and soil water isotope composition by direct equilibration methods. J. Hydrol. 1995, 172:261-274.
161. Sharkey T.D. Loreto F, Vassey T.L. Effects of stress on photosynthesis. In: Baltscheffsky M. Current Research in Photosynthesis. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1990.549-556.
162. Slavich P.G., Smith K.S., Tyerman S.D., Walker G.R., Water use of grazed salt bush plantations with saline watertable. Agricultural Water Management. 1999,39: 169-185
163. Stemberg L.O.,Deniro M.J., Johnson H.B. Isotope ratios of cellulose from plants having different photosynthetic pathways. Plant Physiology, 1984, 74:557-561.
164. Stemberg, L.S.L and Swart, P.K., Utilization of freshwater and ocean water by coastal plants of southern Florida. Ecology, 1987. 68: 1898-1905.
165. Sternberg L, DeNiro M, Savidge R. Oxygen isotope exchange between metabolites and water during biochemical reactions leading to cellulosesynthesis. Plant Physiology, 1986,82: 423-427.
166. Sternberg L d S L, Ish-Shalom-Gordon N, Ross M, et al. Water relations of coastal plant communities near the ocean/freshwater boundary. Oecologia, 1991, 88: 305—310.
167. Stewart G.R., Turnbull M.H., Schmidt S., Erskine P.D. ~(13)C natural abundance in plant communities along a rainfall gradient: a biological integrator of water availability. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 1995,22:51-55.
168. Stuiver M., Braziunas T.F. Tree cellulose ~(13)C/~(12)C isotope ratios and climatic change. Nature, 1987,(328):58-60.
169. Socki R.A., Karlsson H.R., Gibson E.K., Extraction technique for the determination of oxygen-18 in water use preevacuated glass vial. Analytical Chemistry, 1992, 64: 829-831.
170. Snyder K A, Williams D G. Watersources used by riparian trees varies among stream types on the San Pedro River, Arizona. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2000,105(1~3): 227-240.
171. Thorburn P.J. and Walker G.R. The source of water transpired by Eucalyptus camaldulensis: soil, groundwater, orstreams? In: Ehleringer J, Hall A. and Farqubar G. eds. Stable Isotopes and Plant Carbon-Water Relations. Aca-demic Press, Inc., 1993a. 511-527.
172. Thorbum, P.J., Walker, G.R., Brunei, J.-P., Extraction of water from Eucalyptus trees for analysis of deuterium and oxygen-18; laboratory and field techniques. Plant Cell Environ., 1993b. 16, 269-277.
173. Thorburn, P.J., Ehleringer, J.R., Root water uptake of field-growing plants indicated by measurements of natural-abundance deuterium. Plant Soil 1995.177,225-233.
174. Thorbum, P.J., Walker, G.R., Variations in stream water uptake by Eucalyptus camaldulensis with differing access to stream water. Oecologia. 1994, 100: 293-301.
175. Sharifi M R, Rundel P W. The effect of vapour pressure deficit on carbon isotope discrimination in the desert shrub Larrea tridentate (creosote bush). Journal of Experimental Botany, 1993,44: 481-487.
176. Snyder K.A.,Williams D.G. Water sources used by riparian trees varies among stream typeson the San Pedro River, Arizona. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2000,105(1 -3):227-240.
177. Schwinning S., Starr B.I., Ehleringer J.R. Summer and winter drought in a cold desert ecosystem (Colorado Plateau) I: effects on soil water and plant water uptake. Joural of Arid Environments, 2005,60:547-566.
178. Sekiya N., Yano K. Water acquisition from rainmfall and groundwater by legume crops developing deep rooting systems determined with stable hydrogen isotope compositions of xylem waters. Field Crops Research, 2002,78: 133-139.
179. Valentini R, Scarascia Mugnozza G E, Ehleringer J R. Hydrogen and carbon isotope ratios of selected species of a Mediterranean macchia ecosystem. Functional Ecology, 1992,6:627-631.
180. Valentini R., Mugnozza G. S., Angelis P. D., Matteucci G., Coupling water sources and carbon metabolism of natural vegetation at integrated time and space scales, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 1995, 73: 297-306
181 Vitousek P M.,Field C.B.,Matson P.A. Variation in foliar ~(13)C in Hawaiian Metrosideros polymorpha: A case of internal resistance? Oecologia,1990,84:362~370.
182. Walker C.D., Richardon, S.B., The use of stable isotope of water in characterizing the source of water in vegetation. Chem. Geol. (Isotope Geosci. Sect.). 1991. 94: 145-158.
183. Wang S.J., Li R.L., Sun C.X., et al. How types of carbonate rock assemblages constrain the distribution of karst rocky desertified land in Guizhou Province, P.R. China: Phenomena and mechanisms. Land Degrad. Develop., 2004,15: 123-131.
184. Waring R H, Silvester W B. Variation in foliarδ~(13)C values within tree crowns of Pinus radiata. Tree Physiology, 1994, 14: 1203-1213.
185. Wershaw R. L., Friedman I. and Heller S.J. Hydrogen isotope fractionation of water passing through trees. In: Hobson Fand Speers M. eds. Advances in Organic Geochemistry. NewYork: Pergamon, 1966.55～67.
186. White J W C, Cook E R, Lawrence J R, et al. The deuterium to hydrogen ratios of sap in trees: implications for water sources and tree ring deuterium to hydrogenratios. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta, 1985, 49: 237-246.
187. White, J.W.C., Cook, E.R., Lawrence, J.R. and Broecker, W.S., The D/H ratios of sap in trees: implications for water sources and tree ring D/H ratios. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 1985.49: 237-246.
188. White J W C. Stable hydrogen isotope ratios in plants: A review of current theory and some potential applications. In: Rundel P W, Ehleringer J R and Nagy K A. eds. Ecological Studies. Vol.68. Stable Isotopes in Ecological Research. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag., 1988. 142～162.
189. Williams D G, Ehleringer J R. Intra-and interspeeific variation for summer precipitation use in pinyon-juniper woodlands. Ecological Monograph, 2000, 70: 517-537.
190. Williams D.G., Gemko V., Fravolini A., Leavitt S.W., Wall G.W., Kimball B.A., Pinter P.J., LaMorre R. Jr., Ottman M. Carbon isotope discrimination by Sorghum bicolor under CO_2 enrichment and drought. New Phytologist, 2001, 150: 285-293.
191. Williams P.W. Subcutaneous hydrology and the development of doline and cockpit karst. Z. Geomorph. N.F., 1985, 29(4): 463-482.
192. Wong W.W., Benedict C.R., Kohel R.J. Stomatal conductance correlates with photosynthetic capacity. Nature, 1979, 282(5737): 424-426.
193. Wong S.C., Cowan Z.R., Farquhar G.D. Leaf conductance in relation to rate of CO_2 assimilation, influence of nitrogen nutrition, phosphora natrition, photo flux density and ambient partial pressure of CO_2 during ontogeny. Plant Physiology, 1985, 78: 821-825.
194. Yakir D, DeNiro M J. Oxygen and hydrogen isotope fractionation during cellulose metabolism in Lemnagibba L. Plant Physiology, 1990, 93: 325-332.
195. Ziegler H., Batanouny K.H., Sankhla N., et al. The photosynthetic pathway types of some desert plants from India, Saudi Arabia. Egypt and Iraqu. Oecologica, 1981, 48: 93-99.
196. Zieglar H. Stable isotopes in plant physiology and ecology. Progress in Botany, 1995, 56: 1-24.
197. Zimmermann V, Ehhalt D and Munnich K.O. Soil-water movement and evapotranspiration: Changes in the isotopic composition of water. In: Proceedings of the Symposium of Isotopes in Hydrology. Intern. At. Energy As-soc. Pub., 1966. 567～585.
198．白永飞，陈佐忠．锡林河流域羊草草原植物种群和功能群的长期变异性及其对群落稳定性的影响．植物生态学报，2000，24(6)：641-647．
199．白永飞，刑雪荣，许志信，等．内蒙古高原针茅草原群落β多样性研究．应用生态学报，2000，11(3)：408-412．
200．白永飞．降水量季节分配对克氏针茅草原群落初级生产力的影响．植物生态学报．1999．23(2)：155-160．
201．陈英华，胡俊，李裕红，等．碳稳定同位素技术在植物水分胁迫研究中的应用．生态学报，2004．24(5)：1027-1033．
202．陈拓，马健，冯虎元，等．阜康典型荒漠C3植物稳定碳同位素值的环境分析．干旱区地理，2002a，25(4)：342-345．
203．陈拓，冯虎元，徐世建，等．荒漠植物叶片碳同位素组成及其水分利用效率．中国沙漠，2002b，22(3)：22(3)：288-291．
204．陈灵芝．中国的生物多样性．北京：科学出版社，1993：112-156．
205．蔡明刚，黄奕普，陈敏．刘广山，金德秋．厦门岛南岸地下水的氢氧同位素的示踪研究，海洋科学．2003．27(9)：71-79．
206．蔡永立，王希华，宋永昌．中国东部亚热带青冈种群叶片的生态解剖．生态学报，1999，19(6)：844-849．
207．常杰，潘晓东．青冈常绿阔叶林内的小气候特征．生态学报，1999，19(1)：6-11
208．冯虎元，安黎哲，陈拓．马先蒿属(Pedicularis L．)植物稳定碳同位素组成与环境因子之间的关系．冰川冻土，2003，25(1)：88-92．
209．傅松玲，刘胜清．石灰岩地区几种树种抗旱特性的研究．水土保持学报，2001，15(5)：89-94．
210．傅抱璞．山地气候．北京：科学出版社，1983．
211．高贤明，陈灵芝．北京山区辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)群落物种多样性的研究．植物生态学报，1998，22(1)：23-32．
212．高贤明，马克平，黄建辉，等．北京东灵山地区植物群落多样性的研究Ⅺ．山地草甸β多样性．生态学报，1998，18(1)：24-32．
213．高贤明，马克平，陈灵芝．暖温带若干落叶阔叶林群落物种多样性及其与群落动态的关系．植物生态学报，2001．25(3)：283-290．
214．甘天箴，穆彪．茂兰喀斯特森林气候考察报告．见：周政贤主编．茂兰喀斯特森林科学考察集．贵阳：贵州人民出版社，1987．98-109．
215．韩冰，吴钦孝．赵鸿雁，等．黄土丘陵区油松人工林对土壤水分因子影响的相关分析．防护林科技，1998，(3)：2-5．
216．黄建辉，林光辉，韩兴国．不同生境间红树科植物水分利用效率的比较研究．植物生态学报，2005，29(4)：530-536．
217．黄亮．吴莹．张经，等．长江中游若干湖泊水生植物体内C、N、P及δ~(13)C分布．地球学报，2003，24(6)：515-518．
218．黄奕普，施文远，金德秋，等．南海东北部重氢的分布与黑潮水入侵南海．见：南海东北部海区环流课题组编．中国海洋学文集．第6集．北京：海洋出版社，1996．71-81．
219．黄小澜，丁瑞兴．亚热带秋林区茶林复合系统小气候特征的研究．生态学报，1991．11(1)：7-12
220．何梅．27种乔灌木水分生态生理及耐临时性干旱的多种途径探讨．贵州林业科技，1998，26(1)：17-24．
221．何纪星，朱守谦，韦小丽．喀斯特森林树种水势特征初步研究．见：朱守谦．喀斯特森林生态研究(Ⅱ)．1997．9-15
222．何纪星，朱守谦，韦小丽，喀斯特森林树种蒸腾特性初步研究．见：朱守谦．喀斯特森林生态研究(Ⅱ)．1997．16-24．
223．何纪星．朱守谦，韦小丽．喀斯特森林树种的PV曲线研究．见：朱守谦．喀斯特森林生态研究(Ⅱ)．1997．25-32．
224．何纪星，朱守谦．韦小丽．喀斯特森林树种对水分亏缺的适应类型．见：朱守谦．喀斯特森林生态研究 (Ⅱ)．1997．42-46．
225．郝占庆，邓红兵，姜萍，等．长白山北坡植物群落间物种共有度的海拔梯度变化．生态学报，2001，21(9)：1421-1426．
226．侯扶江，肖金玉，南志标．黄土高原退耕还林地的生态恢复．应用生态学报．2003．8．13(8)：923-929．
227．贺金生，王勋陵，陈伟烈 试用多元分析方法研究植物形态结构与生态环境的关系．应用生态学报，1994，5(4)：378-384．
228．贺金生，陈伟烈，王勋陵．高山栎叶的形态结构及其与生态环境的关系．植物生态学报，1994，18(3)：219-227．
229．蒋高明．植物生理生态学研究中的稳定碳同位素技术及其应用．生态学杂志，1996，15(2)：49-54．
230．李阳兵．岩溶生态系统基础理论与恢复重建实践研究．中科院地球化学研究所博士后研究工作报告，2004．
231．李援越，穆彪，祝小科，等．喀斯特森林不同演替阶段群落的小气候特征．山地农业生物学报，1998．17(6)：364-367．
232．李援越，朱守谦，祝小科．黔中退化喀斯特群落自然恢复生态学过程研究．见：朱守谦．喀斯特森林生态研究(Ⅲ)．贵阳：贵州科技出版社．2002．
233．李正理，李荣敖．我国甘肃九种早生植物同化枝的解剖观察．植物学报，1981，23(3)：181-185．
234．李军超，陈鹗，康博之，等．宁夏盐池县草原常见植物同化枝解剖结构观察．西北植物学报，1989，19(3)：191-196．
235．李相博，陈践发．植物碳同位素分馏作用与环境变化研究进展．地球科学进展，1998，13(3)：285-290．
236．林植芳．稳定性碳同位素在植物生理生态研究中的应用．植物生理学通讯，1990(3)：1-6．
237．林清，王绍令．沉水植物稳定碳同位素组成及影响因素分析．生态学报，2001，21(5)：806-809．
238．梁银丽．水分和氮磷水平对小麦碳同位素分辨率和水利用效率的影响．植物生态学报，2000，24(3)：289-292．
239．刘树华，辛国君，陈菏生，等．沙漠人工植被和流动沙丘的小气候特征观测研究．干旱区地理．1994，17(1)：16-22．
240．刘文杰，李庆军，张光明，等．西双版纳望天树林干热季不同林窗间的小气候差异．生态学报，2000，20(6)：932-937．
241．刘友良．植物水分逆境生理．北京：农业出版社，1992．127-130．
242．马克平，刘玉明．生物多样性的测度方法Ⅰ．α多样性的测度方法(下)．生物多样性，1994，2(4)：231-239．
243．马克平，黄建辉，于顺利，等．北京东灵山地区植物群落多样性的研究Ⅱ．丰富度、均匀度和物种多样性指数．生态学报，1995，15(3)：268-272．
244．马发鑫，刘玉洪，张克映．西双版纳热带雨林片断小气候边缘效应的初步研究．植物生态学报，1998，22(3)：250-255．
245．朴河春，朱建明，朱书法，等．植物营养元素的含量和δ~(13)C值随海拔而变化的特征及营养元素相互作用对碳同位素分馏作用的影响．地球科学进展，2004，19(增刊)：412-419．
246．彭少麟．热带亚热带恢复生态学研究与实践．北京：科学出版社，2003．77
247．钱迎倩，马克平．生物多样性研究的原理和方法．北京：中国科学技术出版社，1994．1-12．
248．冉景丞，何师意，曹建华，等．茂兰喀斯特森林水文效应初步研究．水土保持学报，2002，16(5)：43-47．
249．容丽，王世杰，刘宁，等．喀斯特山区先锋植物叶片解剖特征及其生态适应性评价．山地学报，2005，23(1)：35-42．
250．任海，彭少麟．恢复生态学导论．北京：科学出版社，2002．
251．苏波，韩兴国，李凌浩，等．中国东北样带草原区植物δ~(13)C值及水分利用效率对环境梯度的响应．植物生态学报，2000，24(6)：648-655．
252．渠春梅．韩兴国．苏波，等．西双版纳片断化热带雨林常绿乔木幼树水分利用效率的边缘效应研究．植物生态学报，2001，(25)：1-5．
253．渠春梅，韩兴国，苏波．等．云南西双版纳片断化热带雨林植物叶片δ~(13)C值的特点及其对水分利用效率的指示．植物学报，2001，43(2)：186-192．
254．孙谷畴，林植芳，林桂珠，等．亚热带人工林松树~(13)C／~(12)C比率和水分利用效率．应用生态学报，1993，4：325-327．
255．苏培玺，陈怀顺，李启森．河西走廊中部沙漠植物δ~(13)C值的特点及其对水分利用效率的指示．冰川冻土，2003，25(5)：597-602．
256．上官铁梁，郑凤英，张金屯，张峰．濒危植物矮牡丹种群生物量的研究[J]．应用与环境生物学报．1998，4(2)：120-125．
257．屠玉麟，杨军．贵州中部喀斯特灌丛群落生物量研究．中国岩溶．1995，14(3)：199-208．
258．王世杰．喀斯特石漠化概念演绎及其科学内涵的探讨．中国岩溶，2002，21(2)：101-105．
259．王世杰，季宏兵，欧阳自远，等．碳酸盐岩风化成土作用的初步研究．中国科学(D辑)．1999，29：441-449．
260．王国安，韩家懋，刘东生．中国北方黄土区C-3草本植物碳同位素组成研究．中国科学(D辑)．2003，33(6)：550-556．
261．王国安，韩家懋．C3植物碳同位素在旱季和雨季中的变化．海洋地质与第四纪地质．2001，21(4)：43-47．
262．王正菲．森林气象学．北京：中国林业出版社，1985．
263．王德炉．喀斯特石漠化的形成过程及防治研究．[博士学位论文]．南京林业大学，2003．
264．王耀芝，王勋陵，李蔚．荒漠化草原常见植物叶内部结构的观察．兰州大学学报(自然科学版)，1983，19(3)：87-96．
265．旺罗，吕厚远，吴乃琴，等．青藏高原现生禾本科植物的δ~(13)C与海拔高度的关系．笫四纪研究．2003，23(5)：573-580．
266．韦小丽，何纪星，朱守谦．女贞滇柏耐水分胁迫的实验研究．见：朱守谦．喀斯特森林生态研究(Ⅱ)．1997．47-54．
267．吴祥云．荒漠化防治中的恢复生态学研究热点．沈阳农业大学学报，2000．31(3)：290-294．
268．万里强，李向林，苏加楷，白静仁．不同放牧强度对三峡区灌从草地植物产量的影响．草业学报．2002．6．11(2)：51-58．
269．熊康宁，黎平，周忠发，等．喀斯特石漠化的遥感—GIS典型研究——以贵州省为例．北京：地质出版社，2002．
270．熊康宁．锥状喀斯特发育的水文结构与水动力过程——以贵州安顺地区为例．贵州师范大学学报(自)．1995，14(2)：14-22．
271．熊志斌，冉景丞，谭成江，等，2003．濒危植物掌叶木种子生态特征．生态学报，23(3)：820-825．
272．徐世健，陈拓，冯虎元，等．新疆乌鲁木齐河上游植物叶片δ~(13)C空间分异的环境分析．自然科学进展，2002，12(6)：617-620。
273．许大全．光合作用速率．上海：上海科学技术出版社，2002．84-98．
274．肖云，察尔汗湖表层卤水及沉积物中各类水体的氢氧同位素研究，厦门大学学报(自)，1995，34(2)：249-255．
275．向悟生，李先琨，吕仕洪，等．广西岩溶植被演替过程中主要小气候因子日变化特征．生态科学，2004．23(1)：25-31．
276．严昌荣，白涛，蔡绍平，等．稳定同位素技术在植物水分研究中的应用．湖北林业科技，1998，(4)：29-33．
277．严昌荣，韩兴国，陈灵芝，等．暖温带落叶阔叶林主要植物叶片中δ~(13)C值的种间差异及时空变化．植物学报，1998，40(9)：853-859．
278．严昌荣，韩兴国，陈灵芝，等．中国暖温带落叶阔叶林中某些树种的~(13)C自然丰度：~(13)C值及其生态学意义，生态学报，2002，22(12)：2163-2166．
279．杨勤业，李双成．中国生态地域划分的若干问题．生态学报，1999，19(5)：596-601．
280．杨明德．论喀斯特地貌地域结构及其环境效应．贵阳：贵州人民出版社，1988．
281．杨汉奎，程仕泽．贵州茂兰喀斯特森林群落生物量研究．生态学报，1991，11(4)：307-312．
282．喻理飞，朱守谦，魏鲁明等．退化喀斯特森林自然恢复评价研究．林业科学，2000，38(1)：1-7．
283．喻理飞，朱守谦，叶镜中等．退化喀斯特森林自然恢复过程中群落动态研究．林业科学，2002，38(1)：1-7．
284．喻理飞，朱守谦，叶镜中．喀斯特森林不同种组的耐旱适应性．南京林业大学学报(自然科学版)，2002，26(1)：19-22．
285．喻理飞，朱守谦，叶镜中，等．人为干扰与喀斯特森林群落退化及评价研究．应用生态学报，2002，13(5)：529-532．
286．赵文智，常学礼，李启森，何志斌．荒漠绿洲区芦苇种群构件生物量与地下水埋深关系[J]．生态学报．2003．6．
287．赵翠仙，黄子琛．腾格里沙漠主要早生植物早生结构的初步研纪植物学报，1981，23(4)：278-283．
288．郑凤英，彭少麟，赵平．两种山黄麻属植物在近一世纪里气孔密度和潜在水分利用效率的变化．植物生态学报，2001，25(4)：405-409．
289．张小珊，刘延惠．贵州喀斯特山地主要造林树种耗水量研究．贵州林业科技，2005，33(4)：25-27．
290．张金屯．数量生态学．北京：科学出版社，2004．
291．张金屯，陈廷贵．关帝山植物群落物种多样性研究Ⅱ．统一多样性和β多样性．山西大学学报(自然科学版)，2002，25(2)：173-175．
292．张林静，岳明，赵桂仿，等．新疆阜康地区植物群落物种多样性及其测度指标的比较．西北植物学报，2002，22(2)：350-358．
293．张忠义．生物资源抽样调查技术．北京：气象出版社，1996．263-279．
294．张邦琨，韦小丽，曾信波．喀斯特地貌森林不同小生境的小气候特征研究．贵州气象，1995．4：16-19．
295．臧润国．2002．海南热带山地雨林森林循环不同阶段光、温环境的测定与分析．北京林业大学学报，24(5／6)：125-130．
296．朱守谦，陈正仁，魏鲁明等．退化喀斯特森林自然恢复的过程和格局．见：朱守谦．喀斯特森林生态研 究(Ⅲ)．贵阳：贵州科技出版社，2003．172-179．
297．朱守谦．喀斯特森林生态研究(Ⅲ)．贵阳：贵州科技出版社，2002．3-9．
298．朱守谦．贵州部分森林群落物种多样性的比较研究．植物生态学与地植物学学报，1987．11(4)：286-295．
299．朱守谦，魏鲁明，陈正仁．等．茂兰喀斯特森林生物量构成初步研究．植物生态学报，1995，19(4)：358-367．
300．朱守谦，何纪星，魏鲁明．等．茂兰喀斯特森林小生境特征研究．见：朱守谦．喀斯特森林生态研究Ⅲ．贵阳：贵州科技出版社，2003．
301．朱守谦．何纪星，祝小科，等．喀斯特森林小生境特征初步研究．见：朱守谦．喀斯特森林生态研究Ⅰ．贵阳：贵州科技出版社，1993．
302．周政贤．茂兰喀斯特森林科学考察集．贵阳：贵州人民出版社，1987．
303．周国逸．生态系统水热原理及其应用．北京：气象出版社，1997．
304．中国科学院贵阳地球化学研究所《简明地球化学手册》编译组。简明地球化学手册．1977．166，177．
305．祝小科，朱守谦．喀斯特石质山地月月青无性生殖生态研究——根系形态、生物量分配特征．见：朱守谦．喀斯特森林生态研究．贵阳：贵州科技出版社．2003．105-108．
306．祝小科，朱守谦．马尾松林、华山松林对降雨再分配和涵养水源功能的影响．贵州农学院从刊，1991，(1)：62-68．
2. Allison G.B., Barnes C.J., Hughes M.W., The distribution of deuterium and ~(18)O in dry soils 2. Experimental. J. Hydrol. 1983, 64:377-397.
3. Alessio GA. Water Sources and Water-Use Efficiency in Mediterranean Coastal Dune Vegetation. Plant Biology; 2004, 6 (3): 350-357.
4. Amrita G de Soyza, Walter G. W., Jeffrey E. H. et al. Early warning indicators of desertification examples of tests in the chihuahuan Desert. Journal of Arid Environments, 1998,39:101-112.
5. Anderson J.E., Kriedemann P.E., Austin M.P. Farquhar G.D. Eucalypts forming a canopy functional type in dry sclerophyll forests respond differentially to environment. Australian Journal of Botany, 2000, 48:759-775.
6. Arslan A., Zapata F., Kumarasinghe K.S. Carbon isotope discrimination as indicator of water use efficiency of pring wheat as affected by salinity and gypsum addition. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 1999,30:2681-2693.
7. Atsuko S., Nao Y, Daisuke N., et al., Importance of ermafrost as a source of water for plants in east Siberian taiga. Ecological Research , 2002,17: 493-503.
8. Balesdent J. Site-related δ~(13)C of tree leaves and soil organic matter in a temperate forest. Ecology, 1993, 74(6): 1713-1721.
9. Bariac, T., Ferhi, A., Jusserand, C. and Letolle, R., Sol-plante-atmosphere: contribution a 1'etude de la composition isotopique de l'eau des difterentes composantes de ce systeme. Isotope and Radiation Techniques in Soil Physics and Irrigation Studies. IAEA-SM-267/23. IAEA, Vienna, 1983. 561-576.
10. Bariac T., Gonzalez D. J., Katerji N., Bethenod O., Bertolini J. M, and Mariotti A., Spatial variation of the isotopic composition of water (~(18)O,~2H) in the soil-plant-atmosphere system, 2. Assessment under field conditions. Chemical geology. 1994,115{3-4):317-333.
11. Becker P,Castillo A. Root architecture of shrubs and saplings in the understory of a tropical moist forest in lowland Panama. Biotropica 1990,22:242-249.
12. Benedict C.R. Nature of obligate photoautotrophy. Annunal Review Plant Physilology. 1978, 29(7645):67-93.
13. Beyschlag W. Lange O.L. Tenhunene J.D. Diurnal patterns of leaf internal CO_2 partial pressure of the sclerophyll shrub Arbutus unedo growing in Portugal. In: Tenhunen J.D. Catarino F.M. Lange O.L. et al. Plant Reponse to Stress: Functional Analysis in Mediterranean Ecosystems. Berlin: Springer-Verlat, 1987.355-368.
14. Bollard E.G. Transport in the xylem. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol., 1960, 11:141-166.
15. Black C.C. & Bender M.M.δ~(13)C values in marine or gnaisms from the Great Barrier Reef. Aust. J. Plant Physiol., 1976, 3(1): 25-32.
16. Brugnoli E. Scartazza A. Lauteri M. et al. Carbon isotope discrimination in structural and nonstructural carbohydrates in relation to productivity and adaptation to unfavourable conditions. In: Griffthsed H. Stable Isotopes: Integration of Biological, Ecological and Geochemical Processes. BIOS Scientific Publishers,1998.133-146.
17. Brunei, J.P., Walker, G.R., Kennett-Smith, A.K., Field validation of isotopic procedures for determining source water used by plants in a semi-arid environment. J. Hydrol. 1995.167, 351-368.
18. Brunel, J-P., Walker, G.R., Walker, C.D., Dighton, J.C. and Kennett-Smith, A.K., Using stable isotopes of water to trace plant water uptake. In: Stable Isotopes in Plant Nutrition, Soil Fertility, IAEA and FAO International Symposium, Vienna, 1-5 October 1990. IAEA, Vienna. 1991.
19. Brown G. Factors maintaining plant diversity in degraded areas of northern Kuwait. Journal of Arid Environment, 2003, 54: 183-194.
20. Bunchmann N., Kao W.Y., Ehleringer J.R. Influence of stand structure on carbon-13 of vegetation, solids and canopy air within deciduous and evergreen forests in Utah, United States. Oecologia, 1997, 110: 109-119.
21. Burgess S.S.O., Adams M.A., Turner N.C. et al. Characterisation of hydrogen isotope profiles in an agroforestry system: implicaations for tracing water sources of trees. Agricultural Wateer Management, 2000, 45: 229-441.
22. Busch D.E., Ingraham N.L., Smith S.D. Water uptake in woody riparian phratophytes of the southwestern united states: a stable isotope study. Ecological Applications, 1992, 2(4): 450-459.
23. Craig, H. The geochemistry of stable carbon isotopes. Geoehimiea et Cosmoehimica Aeta, 1953, 3: 53-92.
24. Craig, H. Carbon-13 variations in plants and the relationship between carbon-13 and carbon-15 variations in nature. Journal of Geology, 1954, 62: 115-149.
25. Craig, H. Isotopic variations in the meteoric water. Science. 1961. 133: 1702-1703.
26. Condon A.G., Richards R.A., Farquhar G.D. The effect of variation in soil water availability, vapour pressure deficiency and nitrogen nutrition on carbon isotope discrimination in wheat. Australian Journal of Agriculture Research, 1992, 43: 935-947.
27. Conteaux M.M. Bottner P. Anderson J.M. et al., Decomposition of ~(13)C-labelled standard plant material in a latitudinal transect of European coniferous forests: Differential impact of climate on the decomposition of soil organic matter compartments. Biogeochemistry, 2001, 54: 147-170.
28. Chen S.P., Bai Y.F. , Lin G.H., Han X.G. Variations in life-form composition and foliar carbon isotope discrimination among eight plant communities under different soil moisture conditions in the Xilin River Basin, Inner Mongolia, China. Ecological Research, Plant Science, 2005, 20(2): 167-176.
29. Chartzoulakis K., Patakas A., Kofidis G, Bosabaiidis A., Nastou A. Water stress affects leaf anatomy, gas exchange, water relations and growth of two avocado eultivars. Seientia Horticulturae, 2002, 95: 39-50.
30. Chavs M.M. Pereira J S. Maroco J. et al. How Plants Cope with Water Stress in the Field? Photosynthesis and Growth. Annals of Botany, 2002, 89(7): 907-916.
31. Cramer V.A., Thorburn P.T., Fraser G.W. Transpiration and groundwater uptake from farm forest plots of Casuarina glauca and Eucalyptus camaldulensis in saline areas of southeast Queensland, Australia. Agricultural Water Management, 1999, 39: 187-204.
32．C．A．萨鲍日尼科娃，小气候与地方气候，周思济等译．北京：科学出版社，1955．
33. Dansgaard W., Stable isotope in precipitation. Tellus.1964, 16: 436-468.
34. Dawson, T.E., Hydraulic lift and water use by plants: implications for water balance, performance and plant-plant interactions. Oecologia 1993.95: 565-574.
35. Dawson, T.E., Ehleringer, J.R., Streamside trees that do not use stream water. Nature. 1991.350, 335-337.
36. Dawson, T.E., Hydraulic lift and water use by plants: implications for water balance, performance and plant-plant interactions. Oecologia 1993a. 95: 565-574.
37. Dawson, T.E., Ehieringer, J.R., Isotopic enrichment of water in the woody tissues of plants —implications for plant water source, water uptake, and other studies which use the stable isotopic composition of cellulose. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 1993. 57, 3487-3492.
38. Dawson T.E. Ehieringer J.R. Gender-specific physiology, carbon isotope discrimination, and habitat distribution in boxelder. Acer negundo. Ecology, 1993, 74: 798-815.
39. Dawson T.E., Water source of plants as determined from xylem-water isotopic composition: perspectives on plant competition, distribution, and water relations. In: Ehieringer J.R., Hall A.E., Earquhar GD.(Eds), Stable Isotopes and Plant Carbon-Water Relations, Academic Press, San Diego, 1993, pp. 465-496.
40. Dawson T.E., Pate J.S. Seasonal water uptake and movement in root systems of Australian phraeatophytic plants of dimorphic root morphology: a stable isotope investigation. Oecologia 1996,107: 13-20.
41. Dawson, T.E., Pausch, R.C., Parker, H.M., The role of hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes in understanding water movement along the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. In: Griffiths, H. (Ed.), Stable Isotopes: Integration of Biological, Ecological and Geochemical Processes. BIOS Scientific Publishers, Oxford, 1998.pp. 169-183.
42. Damesin C.S., Rambal S., Joffre R. Between tree variations in leaf δ~(13)C of Quercus ilex among Mediterranean habitats with different water availability. Oecologia, 1997,111:26-35.
43. Damesin C.S., Rambal S., Joffre R. Seasonal and annual changes in leaf δ~(13)C in two co-occurring Mediterranean oaks:relations to leaf growth and drought progression. Functional Ecology, 1998,12:778-785.
44. DeLucia E H, Schlesinger W H. Resource-use efficiency and drought tolerance in adjacent Great Basin and Sierran plants. Ecology, 1991,72: 51-58.
45.Devitt D.A., S.D. Smith, D.S. Neuman. Leaf carbon isotope ratios in three landscape species growing in an arid environment. Journal of Arid Environments , 1997. 36:249-257.
46. Donovan L.A., Ehieringer J.R. Contrasting water-use patterns among size and life history classes of a semi-arid shrub. Funct. Ecol. 1992,6: 482-488.
47. Donovan L A and Ehieringer J R. Wate rstress and use of summer precipitation in a Great Basin shrub community. Functional Ecology, 1994, 8: 289~297.
48. Downton W.J.S., Loveys B.R. Grant W.J.R. Stomatal closure fully accounts for the inhibition of photosynthesis by abscisic acid. New Phytol. 1988,108(2):263-266.
49. Drake P L, Franks P J. Water resource partitioning, stem xylem hydraulic properties, and plant water uses trategies in a seasonally dry riparian tropical rainforest. Oecologia, 2003,137(3): 321-329.
50. Ebdon J.S., Petrovic A.M., Dawson T.E., Relationship between carbon isotope discrimination, water use efficiency and evapotranspiration in Kentucky bluegrass. Crop Science, 1998, 38:157-162.
51. Ebukanson G.J. Retardation of chloroplast ATPase activity in maize seedlings by drought stress. J. Plant Physiol. 1987,129(1):187-189.
52. Ebdon J.S., Kopp K.L. Relationships between Water Use Efficiency, Carbon Isotope Discrimination, and Turf Performance in Genotypes of Kentucky Bluegrass during Drought. Crop Science, 2004,44(5): 1754-1762.
53. Ehleringer J.R., Field C.B., Lin Z.F., Kuo C.Y. Leaf carbon isotope and mineral composition in subtropical plants along an irradiance dine. Oecologia, 1986,70:520-526.
54. Ehleringer J.R., Cooper T. A. Correlations between carbon isotope ratio and microhabitat in desert plants. Oecologia, 1988,76:562-566.
55. Ehleringer, J.R., Osmond, C.B. Stable isotopes. In: Pearcy, R.W., Ehleringer, J., Mooney, H.A., Rundel, P.W. Plant Physiological Ecology: Field Methods and Instrumentation. Chapman & Hall, London, 1989. 281-300.
56. Ehleringer J R, Phillips S L, Schuster W S F, et al. Differential utilization of summer rains by desert plants, implications for competition and climate change.Oecologia, 1991,88:430-434.
57. Ehleringer J R. Dawson T E. Water uptake by plants: perspectives from stable isotope composition. Plant Cell and Environment, 1992,15: 1073-1082.
58. Ehleringer J.R. Carbon and water relations in desert plants: an isotopic perspective. In: Ehleringer J.R., Hall A.E., Farquhar GD. et al. Stable isotopes and plant carbonwater relations. San Diego: Academic Press. 1993a.l55-172.
59. Ehleringer J.R. Gas-exchange implications of isotopic variation in arid-land plants. In: Smith J.A.C.& Griffiths H. Water deficits-plant responses From cell to community. Oxford:Bios Scientific Publishers. 1993b. 265-284.
60. Ehleringer J.R., Rundel P.W., Palma B. et al. Carbon isotope ratios of Atacama desert plants reflect hyperaridity of region. Reviews Chil. Hist. Nat., 1998,71:79-86.
61. Ehleringer J.R.& Cook C.S. Carbon and oxygen isotope rations of ecosystem respiration along an Oregon conifer transect: preliminary observations based on small-flask sampling. Tree Physiology, 1998. 18:513-519.
62. Ehdaie B, Waines J.G. Variation in water-use efficiency and its components in wheat I. Well-watered pot experiment.Crop Science, 1993. 33(2): 294-299.
63. Emrich K., Ehhalt D.H., Vogel J.C. Carbon isotope fractionation during the precipitation of calcium carbonate. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 1970, 8: 363-371.
64. Epstein, S., Mayeda, T. Variations of 0-18 content of water from natural sources. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 1953.42:213-224.
65. Evans J.R., Sharkey T.D., Berry J.A. Fraquhar G.D. Carbon isotope discrimination measured concurrently with gas exchange to investigate CO_2 diffusion I leaves of higher plants. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 1986,13:281-292.
66.Evans JR., von Caemmerrer S., Setchell B.A., Hudson GS. The relationship between CO_2 transfer conductance and eaf anatomy in transenic tobacco with a reduced content of Rubisco. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 1994, 21:4754-4795.
67. Ewe S.M.L. Sternberg L.S.L. Busch D.E. Water-use patterns of woody species in pineland and hammock communities of South Florida. Forest Ecology and Management, 1999, 118:139-148.
68.E.W.腊塞尔[英]. 土壤条件与植物生长。谭世文,林振骐,郭公佑等,译。北京：科学出版社,1979.326-369.
69. Farquhar, G.D. O'Leary M.H., Berry J.A.. On the relationship between carbon isotope discrimination and the intercellular carbon dioxide concentrationin leaves. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 1982,9:121-137.
70. Farquhar G.D. On the nature of carbon isotope discrimination in C4 species. Australian Journal of Agriculture Research, 1983,10: 205—226
71. Farquhar, G.D. & Richards R.A. Isotope composition of plant carbon correlates with water-use efficiency of wheat genotypes. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 1984,11:539-552.
72. Farquhar GD. .Ehleringer J.R.& Hubick, K.T., Carbon isotope discerimination and photosynthesis Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 1989,40:503-537.
73. Flanagan, L.B. Ehleringer, J.R., Stable isotope composition of stem and leaf water: applications to the study of plant water use. Funct. Ecol. 1991. 5: 270-277.
74. Flanagan L B, Ehleringer J R, Marshall J D. Differential uptake of summer precipitation among co-occurring trees and shrubs in a pinyon-juniper woodland. Plant Cell Environ.,1992,15: 831-836.
75. Flanagan L.B., Brooks J.R., Varney G.T., Berry S.C. Ehleringer J.R. Carbon isotope discrimination during photosynthesis and the isotope ration of respired CO_2 in boreal forest ecosystem. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 1996,10:629-640.
76. Francey R.J., Farquhar G.D., An explanation of ~(13)C/~(12)C variations in tree rings. Nature, 1982,295:28-31.
77. Friend A.D., Woodward F.I. Evolutionary and ecophysiological responses of mountain plants to the growing season environment. Advance in Ecology Research, 1990,20:59-124.
78. Fisher & Tieszen. Carbon isotope characterization of vegetation and soil orgnic matter in subtropical forests in Luquillo, Puerto Rico. Biotropica, 1995,27:138-148.
79. Friend A.D., Woodward F.I. Evolutionary and ecophysiological responses of mountain plants to the growing season environment. Advance in Ecology Research, 1990,20:59-124.
80. Gan K.S, Wong S.C, et al. O-18 spatial patterns of vein xylem water, leafwater, and drymatter in cotton leaves.Plant Physiology, 2002,130(2): 1008-1021.
81. Garten C.T., Tnylor G.E. Foliar delta C-13 within a temperature deciduous forest-spatial, temporal. and\ species sources of variation. Oecologia., 1992, 90:1-7.
82. Galimov E. M.. Carbon isotope composition of Antarctic plants. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2000, 64 (10) : 1737-1739.
83. Gimenez C, Mitchell V.G., Lawlor D.W. Regulation of photosynthetic rate of two sunflower hybrids under water stress. Plant Physiol. 1992,98(2):516-524.
84. Gonfiantini R., Gratziu S. and Tongiorgi E. Oxygen isotopic composition of water in leaves. In: Isotopes and Radi-ation in Soil-Plant Nutrition Studies. Vienna: Intern. At. Energy Agency. 1965. 405-410.
85. Guy R.D., Fogel M.F., Berry J.A. Hoering T.C. Isotope fractionation during oxygen production and consumption by plants. In: Biggins J. In progress in Photosynthetic Research III. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1987. 597-600.
86. Guehl J.M., Fort C, Ferhi A. Differential response of leaf conductance, carbon isotope discrimination and water-use efficiency to nitrogen deficiency in maritime pine and pedunculate oak plants. New Phytologist, 1995, 131:149-157.
87. Gower S.T. & Richards J.H. Larches:deciduous conifers in an evergreen world. BioScience, 1990,40: 818-826.
88. Gonfiantini R., Gratziu S. and Tongiorgi E. Oxygen isotopic composition of water in leaves. In: Isotopes and Radi-ation in Soil-Plant Nutrition Studies. Vienna: Intern. At. Energy Agency. 1965.405~410.
89. Gregg J. The differential occurrence of the mistletoe, Phoradendronjuniperinum, on its host, Juniperus osteosperma, in the Western United States. MS Thesis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 1991.
90. Hamerlynck E P, Huxman T E, McAuliffe J R, et al. Carbon isotope discrimination and foliarnutrient status of Larrea tridenlate (creosote bush) in contrasting Mojave Desert soils.Oecologia,2004,138: 210-215.
91. Hanba Y.T.Shigeta M., Lei T.T., Koike T., Wada E. Variations in leafδ~(13)Calong a vertical profile of irradiance in a temperate Japanese forest. Oecologia, 1997,110:253-361.
92. Hanba Y.T., Miyazama S.I., Terashima I. The influence of leaf thickness on the CO2 transfer conductance and leaf stable carbon isotope ratio for some evergreen trees pecies in Japanese warmtemperate forests.Functional Ecology, 1999,13:632~639.
93. Hall A E, Farquhar G. D, Ehleringer J.R.,et al. Stable isotopes and plant Carbon-water relations. San Diego, CA, USA: Academic Press, 1993. 155-172.
94. Ismail A.M., Hall A.E. Correlation between water use efficiency and carbon isotope discrimination in diverse cowpea genotypes and isogenic lines. Crop Science, 1992.32(1): 7-12.
95. Ismail A.M., Hall A.E. Bray E.M. Drought and potsize effects on transpiration efficiency and carbon isotope discrimination of cowpea accessions and hybrids. Amt J.Plant Physiol., 1994. 21(1): 23-35.
96. Jackson P.C., Caveliser J., Goldstein G.,et al.Partitioning of water resources among plants of a lowland tropical forest. Oecologia, 1995,101:197-203.
97. Johnson D.A, Asay K.H., Tieszen L.L. et al. Carbon isotope discrimination:potential for screening cool-season grasses for water-limited environments.Crop Science, 1990,30(2): 338—343.
98. Jones. H. G. Plant and microclimate: a quantitative approach to environmental plant physiology. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1992. 131-161.
99. Keely J.E. Sandquist D.R. Carbon: freshwater plants. Plant Cell Environment, 1992,15:1021-1035.
100. Korol R.L., Kirschbaum M U F, Farquhar G D, et al. Effects of water status and soil fertility on the C-isotope signature in Pinusradiata. Tree Physiology, 1999,19: 551-562.
101. Kogami H.Hanba Y.T., Kibe T.,et al. CO_2 transfer conductance, leaf structure and carbon isotope composition of Polygonum cuspidatum leaves from low and high altitudes.Plant,Cell and Environment,2001,24:529—538.
102. Kolb, T.E., Hart, S.C., Amundson, R., Boxelder water source and physiology at perennial and ephemeral stream sites in Arizona. Tree Physiol. 1997, 17: 151-160.
103.Komer C, Diemer M. Institu photosynthetic responses to light, temperature and carbon dioxide in herbaceous plants from low and high altitude. Functional Ecology, 1987,1:179-194.
104. Komer C, Farquhar G.D., Roksandic Z. A global survey of carbon isotope discrimination in plants from high altitude. Oecologia, 1988,74:623—632.
105. Knight J.D., Livingston N.J., van Kessel C. Carbon isotope discrimination and water-use effciecy of six crops grown under wet and dry land conditions. Plant Cell and Environment, 1994. 17(2): 173-179.
107. Kloeppel B.D., Gower S.T., Treichel I.W., Khruk S. Foliar carbon iotope discrimination in Larix species and sympatric evergreen conifers: a global comparison. Oecologia, 1998,114:153-159.
108. Krabbenhoft D.R., Bowser C.J., Anderson M.P., et al., Estimating ground water exchange with lakesl. The stable isotope mass balance method. Water Resources Research, 1990, 26(10): 2445- 2453.
109.Larcher W. 植物生理生态学。北京：中国农业出版社,1997.47-128.
110.Lewis D.C., Grant I L., Maier N.A. Factors affecting the imterpretation and adoption of plant analysis services. Astralian Journal of Experimontal Agricultural, 1993, 33:1053-1066.
111. Lin, G., Stemberg, L. da S.L., Comparative study of water uptake and photosynthetic gas exchange between scrub and fringe red mangrove, Rhizophora mangle L. Oecologia. 1981, 90, 399-403.
112. Lin G, Phillips S L and Ehleringer JR. Monsoonal precipitation responses of shrubs in a cold desert community on the Colorado Plateau. Oecologia, 1996,106: 8~17.
113.Lshede O.B. Xeromorphic features of three stem assimilating in relation to their ecology. Botanica Journal of the Linnean Society, 1979, 78:85-98.
114. Luo Y H, Sternberg L. Spatial D/H heterogeneity of leaf water. Plant Physiology, 1992,99:348-350.
115. Marshall J.D., Zhang J. Carbon isotope discriminatio and water use efficiency of native plants of the north central Rockies. Ecology, 1994, 75:1887-1895.
116. Magurran A.E. Ecological Diversity and Its Measurement. New Jersy: Princeton University Press, 1988.
117. Madhavan D., Treichel I., O'Leary M.H. Effects of relative humidity on carbon isotope fractionation I plants. Botanica Acta, 1991,104:292-294.
118. Medina E., Minchin P. Stratification ofδ~(13)C value of leaves in Amazonian rain forests. Oecologia, 1980,45: 377-378.
119. Medina E, Francisco M. Osmolality and δ~(13)C of Leaf Tissues of Mangrove Species from Environments of Contrasting Rain fall and salinity.Estuarine.Coastal and Shelf Science, 1997,45(3):337~344.
120. Mensforth, L.J., Thorbum, P.J., Tyerman, S.D., Walker, G.R., Sources of water used by riparian Eucalyptus camaldulensis overlying highly saline groundwater. Oecologia. 1994,100, 21-28.
121.McCarroll D, Loader N J. Stable isotopes in treerings. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2004,23(7~8): 771-801.
122. Morecroft M.D., Woodward F.I.Experimental investigation on the environmental determination of ~(13)C at different altitudes. Journal of Experimental Botany,1990,41:1303~1308.
123. Morecroft M.D., Woodward F.I.,Marrs R.H. Altitudinal trends in leaf nutrient contents,leaf size and ~(13)C of Alchemilla alpina. Functional Ecology,1992,6:730~740.
124. Monteith J.L., Unsworth M.H. Principles of environ—mental physics. London: Edward Arnold. 1990. 146-163.
125. Magurran AE. Ecological diversity and its measurement.New Jersy: Princeton University Press. 1988.
126. Margalef R. On certain unifying principles in ecology. The American Naturist, 1963. 97: 357-364.
127. Mueller-Dombois D. and Ellenberg H. Aims and methods of vegetation ecology. John Wiley & Sons. 1974.
128. O'Leary M.H. Carbon isotope fractionation in plants. Phytochemistry, 1981, 20:553-567.
129. O'Leary M.H., Reife J.E., Slater J.D. Kinetic and isotope effect studies of maize phosphenolpyruvate carboxylase. Biochemistry, 1981,20: 7308-7314.
130. O'Leary M.H. Measurement of the isotopic fractionation associated with diffusion of carbon dioxide in aqueous solution. J. Phys. Chem. 1984, 88: 823-825.
131. O'Leary M.H., Carbon isotope in phyotosynthesis. Bioscicnce, 1988,38(5):497-502.
132. Osmond C.B., Bender M.M., Burris R.H. Pathways of CO_2 fixation in the CAMplant Kalanchoe daigrenontiana.III. Correlation withδ~(13)C value during growth and water sress. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 1976,3:787-799.
133. Park R B, Epstein S. Carbon isotope fractionation during photosynthesis. Plant Physiol., 1960,36(1): 133-138.
134. Panek J.A.& Waring R.H. Stable carbon isotopes as indicators of limitations to forest growth imposed by climate stress. Ecological Applications, 1997,7:854-863.
135. Peterson B.J., Fry B., Stable isotopes in ecosystem studies. ANNUAL review of Ecology and Systematics, 1987,18:293-320.
136. Pefluelas J., Filella I. Deuterium labelling of roots provides evidence of deep water access and hydraulic lift by Pinus nigra in a Mediterranean forest of NE Spain. Environmental and Experimental Botany.2003, 49: 201-/208
137. Poiley H.W., Johnson H.B., Marino B.D., Mayeux H.S. Increase in C3 plant water-use efficiency and biomass over glacial to present CO_2 concentrations. Nature, 1993,361:61-63.
138. Phillips S L. Ehleringer J R. Limited uptake of summer precipitation by big tooth maple (Acer grandidentatum Nutt) and Gam bel's oak {Quercus gambelii Nutt).Trees, 1995,9: 214~219.
139. Pefluelas J., Filella I. Deuterium labelling of roots provides evidence of deep water access and hydraulic lift by Pinus nigra in a Mediterranean forest of NE Spain. Environmental and Experimental Botany.2003. 49: 201-/208
140. Peet P.K.. The measurement of species diversity. In: Cody M L, Diamond J M eds. Ecology and Evolution Communities. London: Blackwell. 1974.81-120.
141. Raschke K. Resemann A. The middy depression of CO_2 assimilation in leaves of Arbutus unedo: Diurnal changes in photosynthetic capacity related to changes in temperature and humidity. Planta, 1986,168(4):546-558.
142. Raschke K. How abscisic acid causes depression of the photosynthetic capacity of leaves. In: Pharis R.P. Rood S.B. Plant Growth Substance. Berlin: Springer-Verlag,1988.383-390.
143. Revesz, K.,Woods, PH., 1990. A method to extract soil water for stable isotope analysis. J. Hydrol. 115: 397-406.
144. Rozanski K., Sonntag C, Nunnich K.O. Factors controlling stable isotope composition of European precipitation. Tellus, 1982,34:142-150.
145. Rodelli M.R. et al., Table isotope ratios as a tracter of mangrove carbon in Malaysian ecosystem. Oecologia, 1984,61:326-333.
146. Reibach P.H., Benedict C.R. Fractionation of stable carbon isotopes by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from C_4 plants. Plant Physiol. 1977, 59:564-568.
147. Reich,P.B. Quantifying plant response to ozone:a unifying theory. Tree Physiology 1987, 3 : 63-91.
148. Roeske C.A., O'Leary M.H. Carbon isotope effects on the enzymecatalyzed carboxylationof ribulose bisphosphate. Biochemistry, 1984, 23: 6275-6284.
149. Rundel P.W., Esler K. J., Cowling R.M. Ecological and phylogenetic patterns of carbon isotope discrimination in the winter rainfall flora of the Richterveld, South Africa. Plant Ecology, 1999,142:133-148.
150. Saurer M., Siegenthaler U. Schweingruber F. The climate-carbon isotope relationship in tree rings and the significance of site conditions. Tellus, 1995. 46b: 320-330.
151. Smith B.N.,Epstein S. Two categories of ~(13)C/~(12)Cratios for higher plants. Plant Physiol.,1971,47(3):380~384.
152. Smith B.N., Oliver J., McMillan C. Influence of carbon source, oxygen concentration, light intensity and temperature on ~(13)C/~(12)C ratios in plant tissues. Botanical Gazette, 1976, 137:99-104.
153. Smith, S.D., Wellington, A.B., Nachlinger, J.A., Fox, C.A., Functional responses of riparian vegetation to streamflow diversions in the eastern Sierra Nevada. Ecol. Appl. 1991. 1: 89-97.
154. Sugimoto A. Higuchi K. Oxygen isotopic variation of falling snow particles with time during the lifetime of a convective cloud: observation and modeling. Tellus, 1989,41:511-523.
155. Sekiya N., Yano K. Water acquisition from rainfall and groundwater by legume crops developing deep rooting systems determined with stable hydrogen isotope compositions of xylem waters. Field Crops Research. 2002,78: 133-139.
156. Schuster W.S.F., Sandquist D.R., Philips S.L. Ehleringer J.R. Comparisons of carbon isotope discrimination in populations of arid land plant species differing in lifespan. Oecologia, 1992, 91:332-337.
157. Schlesinger M.E. Mitchell J F B. Climate model simulations of the equilibrium climatic response to increased carbon dioxide. Rev. Geophys., 1987,25: 760~798.
158. Schleser G.H. δ~(13)C pattern in a forest tree as an indicator of carbon transfer in tree. Ecology, 1992, 73: 1922-1925.
159. Schulze E.D., Mooney H.A., Sala O.E., Jobbagy E., Buchmann N., Bauer G., Canadell J., Jackson R.B., Loreti J., Oesterheld M., Ehleringer J.R. Rooting depth, water availability, and vegetation cover along an aridity gradient in Patagonia. Oecologia, 1996,108:503-511.
160. Scrimgeour C.M., Measurement of plant and soil water isotope composition by direct equilibration methods. J. Hydrol. 1995, 172:261-274.
161. Sharkey T.D. Loreto F, Vassey T.L. Effects of stress on photosynthesis. In: Baltscheffsky M. Current Research in Photosynthesis. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1990.549-556.
162. Slavich P.G., Smith K.S., Tyerman S.D., Walker G.R., Water use of grazed salt bush plantations with saline watertable. Agricultural Water Management. 1999,39: 169-185
163. Stemberg L.O.,Deniro M.J., Johnson H.B. Isotope ratios of cellulose from plants having different photosynthetic pathways. Plant Physiology, 1984, 74:557-561.
164. Stemberg, L.S.L and Swart, P.K., Utilization of freshwater and ocean water by coastal plants of southern Florida. Ecology, 1987. 68: 1898-1905.
165. Sternberg L, DeNiro M, Savidge R. Oxygen isotope exchange between metabolites and water during biochemical reactions leading to cellulosesynthesis. Plant Physiology, 1986,82: 423-427.
166. Sternberg L d S L, Ish-Shalom-Gordon N, Ross M, et al. Water relations of coastal plant communities near the ocean/freshwater boundary. Oecologia, 1991, 88: 305—310.
167. Stewart G.R., Turnbull M.H., Schmidt S., Erskine P.D. ~(13)C natural abundance in plant communities along a rainfall gradient: a biological integrator of water availability. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 1995,22:51-55.
168. Stuiver M., Braziunas T.F. Tree cellulose ~(13)C/~(12)C isotope ratios and climatic change. Nature, 1987,(328):58-60.
169. Socki R.A., Karlsson H.R., Gibson E.K., Extraction technique for the determination of oxygen-18 in water use preevacuated glass vial. Analytical Chemistry, 1992, 64: 829-831.
170. Snyder K A, Williams D G. Watersources used by riparian trees varies among stream types on the San Pedro River, Arizona. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2000,105(1~3): 227-240.
171. Thorburn P.J. and Walker G.R. The source of water transpired by Eucalyptus camaldulensis: soil, groundwater, orstreams? In: Ehleringer J, Hall A. and Farqubar G. eds. Stable Isotopes and Plant Carbon-Water Relations. Aca-demic Press, Inc., 1993a. 511-527.
172. Thorbum, P.J., Walker, G.R., Brunei, J.-P., Extraction of water from Eucalyptus trees for analysis of deuterium and oxygen-18; laboratory and field techniques. Plant Cell Environ., 1993b. 16, 269-277.
173. Thorburn, P.J., Ehleringer, J.R., Root water uptake of field-growing plants indicated by measurements of natural-abundance deuterium. Plant Soil 1995.177,225-233.
174. Thorbum, P.J., Walker, G.R., Variations in stream water uptake by Eucalyptus camaldulensis with differing access to stream water. Oecologia. 1994, 100: 293-301.
175. Sharifi M R, Rundel P W. The effect of vapour pressure deficit on carbon isotope discrimination in the desert shrub Larrea tridentate (creosote bush). Journal of Experimental Botany, 1993,44: 481-487.
176. Snyder K.A.,Williams D.G. Water sources used by riparian trees varies among stream typeson the San Pedro River, Arizona. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2000,105(1 -3):227-240.
177. Schwinning S., Starr B.I., Ehleringer J.R. Summer and winter drought in a cold desert ecosystem (Colorado Plateau) I: effects on soil water and plant water uptake. Joural of Arid Environments, 2005,60:547-566.
178. Sekiya N., Yano K. Water acquisition from rainmfall and groundwater by legume crops developing deep rooting systems determined with stable hydrogen isotope compositions of xylem waters. Field Crops Research, 2002,78: 133-139.
179. Valentini R, Scarascia Mugnozza G E, Ehleringer J R. Hydrogen and carbon isotope ratios of selected species of a Mediterranean macchia ecosystem. Functional Ecology, 1992,6:627-631.
180. Valentini R., Mugnozza G. S., Angelis P. D., Matteucci G., Coupling water sources and carbon metabolism of natural vegetation at integrated time and space scales, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 1995, 73: 297-306
181 Vitousek P M.,Field C.B.,Matson P.A. Variation in foliar ~(13)C in Hawaiian Metrosideros polymorpha: A case of internal resistance? Oecologia,1990,84:362~370.
182. Walker C.D., Richardon, S.B., The use of stable isotope of water in characterizing the source of water in vegetation. Chem. Geol. (Isotope Geosci. Sect.). 1991. 94: 145-158.
183. Wang S.J., Li R.L., Sun C.X., et al. How types of carbonate rock assemblages constrain the distribution of karst rocky desertified land in Guizhou Province, P.R. China: Phenomena and mechanisms. Land Degrad. Develop., 2004,15: 123-131.
184. Waring R H, Silvester W B. Variation in foliarδ~(13)C values within tree crowns of Pinus radiata. Tree Physiology, 1994, 14: 1203-1213.
185. Wershaw R. L., Friedman I. and Heller S.J. Hydrogen isotope fractionation of water passing through trees. In: Hobson Fand Speers M. eds. Advances in Organic Geochemistry. NewYork: Pergamon, 1966.55～67.
186. White J W C, Cook E R, Lawrence J R, et al. The deuterium to hydrogen ratios of sap in trees: implications for water sources and tree ring deuterium to hydrogenratios. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta, 1985, 49: 237-246.
187. White, J.W.C., Cook, E.R., Lawrence, J.R. and Broecker, W.S., The D/H ratios of sap in trees: implications for water sources and tree ring D/H ratios. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 1985.49: 237-246.
188. White J W C. Stable hydrogen isotope ratios in plants: A review of current theory and some potential applications. In: Rundel P W, Ehleringer J R and Nagy K A. eds. Ecological Studies. Vol.68. Stable Isotopes in Ecological Research. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag., 1988. 142～162.
189. Williams D G, Ehleringer J R. Intra-and interspeeific variation for summer precipitation use in pinyon-juniper woodlands. Ecological Monograph, 2000, 70: 517-537.
190. Williams D.G., Gemko V., Fravolini A., Leavitt S.W., Wall G.W., Kimball B.A., Pinter P.J., LaMorre R. Jr., Ottman M. Carbon isotope discrimination by Sorghum bicolor under CO_2 enrichment and drought. New Phytologist, 2001, 150: 285-293.
191. Williams P.W. Subcutaneous hydrology and the development of doline and cockpit karst. Z. Geomorph. N.F., 1985, 29(4): 463-482.
192. Wong W.W., Benedict C.R., Kohel R.J. Stomatal conductance correlates with photosynthetic capacity. Nature, 1979, 282(5737): 424-426.
193. Wong S.C., Cowan Z.R., Farquhar G.D. Leaf conductance in relation to rate of CO_2 assimilation, influence of nitrogen nutrition, phosphora natrition, photo flux density and ambient partial pressure of CO_2 during ontogeny. Plant Physiology, 1985, 78: 821-825.
194. Yakir D, DeNiro M J. Oxygen and hydrogen isotope fractionation during cellulose metabolism in Lemnagibba L. Plant Physiology, 1990, 93: 325-332.
195. Ziegler H., Batanouny K.H., Sankhla N., et al. The photosynthetic pathway types of some desert plants from India, Saudi Arabia. Egypt and Iraqu. Oecologica, 1981, 48: 93-99.
196. Zieglar H. Stable isotopes in plant physiology and ecology. Progress in Botany, 1995, 56: 1-24.
197. Zimmermann V, Ehhalt D and Munnich K.O. Soil-water movement and evapotranspiration: Changes in the isotopic composition of water. In: Proceedings of the Symposium of Isotopes in Hydrology. Intern. At. Energy As-soc. Pub., 1966. 567～585.
198．白永飞，陈佐忠．锡林河流域羊草草原植物种群和功能群的长期变异性及其对群落稳定性的影响．植物生态学报，2000，24(6)：641-647．
199．白永飞，刑雪荣，许志信，等．内蒙古高原针茅草原群落β多样性研究．应用生态学报，2000，11(3)：408-412．
200．白永飞．降水量季节分配对克氏针茅草原群落初级生产力的影响．植物生态学报．1999．23(2)：155-160．
201．陈英华，胡俊，李裕红，等．碳稳定同位素技术在植物水分胁迫研究中的应用．生态学报，2004．24(5)：1027-1033．
202．陈拓，马健，冯虎元，等．阜康典型荒漠C3植物稳定碳同位素值的环境分析．干旱区地理，2002a，25(4)：342-345．
203．陈拓，冯虎元，徐世建，等．荒漠植物叶片碳同位素组成及其水分利用效率．中国沙漠，2002b，22(3)：22(3)：288-291．
204．陈灵芝．中国的生物多样性．北京：科学出版社，1993：112-156．
205．蔡明刚，黄奕普，陈敏．刘广山，金德秋．厦门岛南岸地下水的氢氧同位素的示踪研究，海洋科学．2003．27(9)：71-79．
206．蔡永立，王希华，宋永昌．中国东部亚热带青冈种群叶片的生态解剖．生态学报，1999，19(6)：844-849．
207．常杰，潘晓东．青冈常绿阔叶林内的小气候特征．生态学报，1999，19(1)：6-11
208．冯虎元，安黎哲，陈拓．马先蒿属(Pedicularis L．)植物稳定碳同位素组成与环境因子之间的关系．冰川冻土，2003，25(1)：88-92．
209．傅松玲，刘胜清．石灰岩地区几种树种抗旱特性的研究．水土保持学报，2001，15(5)：89-94．
210．傅抱璞．山地气候．北京：科学出版社，1983．
211．高贤明，陈灵芝．北京山区辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)群落物种多样性的研究．植物生态学报，1998，22(1)：23-32．
212．高贤明，马克平，黄建辉，等．北京东灵山地区植物群落多样性的研究Ⅺ．山地草甸β多样性．生态学报，1998，18(1)：24-32．
213．高贤明，马克平，陈灵芝．暖温带若干落叶阔叶林群落物种多样性及其与群落动态的关系．植物生态学报，2001．25(3)：283-290．
214．甘天箴，穆彪．茂兰喀斯特森林气候考察报告．见：周政贤主编．茂兰喀斯特森林科学考察集．贵阳：贵州人民出版社，1987．98-109．
215．韩冰，吴钦孝．赵鸿雁，等．黄土丘陵区油松人工林对土壤水分因子影响的相关分析．防护林科技，1998，(3)：2-5．
216．黄建辉，林光辉，韩兴国．不同生境间红树科植物水分利用效率的比较研究．植物生态学报，2005，29(4)：530-536．
217．黄亮．吴莹．张经，等．长江中游若干湖泊水生植物体内C、N、P及δ~(13)C分布．地球学报，2003，24(6)：515-518．
218．黄奕普，施文远，金德秋，等．南海东北部重氢的分布与黑潮水入侵南海．见：南海东北部海区环流课题组编．中国海洋学文集．第6集．北京：海洋出版社，1996．71-81．
219．黄小澜，丁瑞兴．亚热带秋林区茶林复合系统小气候特征的研究．生态学报，1991．11(1)：7-12
220．何梅．27种乔灌木水分生态生理及耐临时性干旱的多种途径探讨．贵州林业科技，1998，26(1)：17-24．
221．何纪星，朱守谦，韦小丽．喀斯特森林树种水势特征初步研究．见：朱守谦．喀斯特森林生态研究(Ⅱ)．1997．9-15
222．何纪星，朱守谦，韦小丽，喀斯特森林树种蒸腾特性初步研究．见：朱守谦．喀斯特森林生态研究(Ⅱ)．1997．16-24．
223．何纪星．朱守谦，韦小丽．喀斯特森林树种的PV曲线研究．见：朱守谦．喀斯特森林生态研究(Ⅱ)．1997．25-32．
224．何纪星，朱守谦．韦小丽．喀斯特森林树种对水分亏缺的适应类型．见：朱守谦．喀斯特森林生态研究 (Ⅱ)．1997．42-46．
225．郝占庆，邓红兵，姜萍，等．长白山北坡植物群落间物种共有度的海拔梯度变化．生态学报，2001，21(9)：1421-1426．
226．侯扶江，肖金玉，南志标．黄土高原退耕还林地的生态恢复．应用生态学报．2003．8．13(8)：923-929．
227．贺金生，王勋陵，陈伟烈 试用多元分析方法研究植物形态结构与生态环境的关系．应用生态学报，1994，5(4)：378-384．
228．贺金生，陈伟烈，王勋陵．高山栎叶的形态结构及其与生态环境的关系．植物生态学报，1994，18(3)：219-227．
229．蒋高明．植物生理生态学研究中的稳定碳同位素技术及其应用．生态学杂志，1996，15(2)：49-54．
230．李阳兵．岩溶生态系统基础理论与恢复重建实践研究．中科院地球化学研究所博士后研究工作报告，2004．
231．李援越，穆彪，祝小科，等．喀斯特森林不同演替阶段群落的小气候特征．山地农业生物学报，1998．17(6)：364-367．
232．李援越，朱守谦，祝小科．黔中退化喀斯特群落自然恢复生态学过程研究．见：朱守谦．喀斯特森林生态研究(Ⅲ)．贵阳：贵州科技出版社．2002．
233．李正理，李荣敖．我国甘肃九种早生植物同化枝的解剖观察．植物学报，1981，23(3)：181-185．
234．李军超，陈鹗，康博之，等．宁夏盐池县草原常见植物同化枝解剖结构观察．西北植物学报，1989，19(3)：191-196．
235．李相博，陈践发．植物碳同位素分馏作用与环境变化研究进展．地球科学进展，1998，13(3)：285-290．
236．林植芳．稳定性碳同位素在植物生理生态研究中的应用．植物生理学通讯，1990(3)：1-6．
237．林清，王绍令．沉水植物稳定碳同位素组成及影响因素分析．生态学报，2001，21(5)：806-809．
238．梁银丽．水分和氮磷水平对小麦碳同位素分辨率和水利用效率的影响．植物生态学报，2000，24(3)：289-292．
239．刘树华，辛国君，陈菏生，等．沙漠人工植被和流动沙丘的小气候特征观测研究．干旱区地理．1994，17(1)：16-22．
240．刘文杰，李庆军，张光明，等．西双版纳望天树林干热季不同林窗间的小气候差异．生态学报，2000，20(6)：932-937．
241．刘友良．植物水分逆境生理．北京：农业出版社，1992．127-130．
242．马克平，刘玉明．生物多样性的测度方法Ⅰ．α多样性的测度方法(下)．生物多样性，1994，2(4)：231-239．
243．马克平，黄建辉，于顺利，等．北京东灵山地区植物群落多样性的研究Ⅱ．丰富度、均匀度和物种多样性指数．生态学报，1995，15(3)：268-272．
244．马发鑫，刘玉洪，张克映．西双版纳热带雨林片断小气候边缘效应的初步研究．植物生态学报，1998，22(3)：250-255．
245．朴河春，朱建明，朱书法，等．植物营养元素的含量和δ~(13)C值随海拔而变化的特征及营养元素相互作用对碳同位素分馏作用的影响．地球科学进展，2004，19(增刊)：412-419．
246．彭少麟．热带亚热带恢复生态学研究与实践．北京：科学出版社，2003．77
247．钱迎倩，马克平．生物多样性研究的原理和方法．北京：中国科学技术出版社，1994．1-12．
248．冉景丞，何师意，曹建华，等．茂兰喀斯特森林水文效应初步研究．水土保持学报，2002，16(5)：43-47．
249．容丽，王世杰，刘宁，等．喀斯特山区先锋植物叶片解剖特征及其生态适应性评价．山地学报，2005，23(1)：35-42．
250．任海，彭少麟．恢复生态学导论．北京：科学出版社，2002．
251．苏波，韩兴国，李凌浩，等．中国东北样带草原区植物δ~(13)C值及水分利用效率对环境梯度的响应．植物生态学报，2000，24(6)：648-655．
252．渠春梅．韩兴国．苏波，等．西双版纳片断化热带雨林常绿乔木幼树水分利用效率的边缘效应研究．植物生态学报，2001，(25)：1-5．
253．渠春梅，韩兴国，苏波．等．云南西双版纳片断化热带雨林植物叶片δ~(13)C值的特点及其对水分利用效率的指示．植物学报，2001，43(2)：186-192．
254．孙谷畴，林植芳，林桂珠，等．亚热带人工林松树~(13)C／~(12)C比率和水分利用效率．应用生态学报，1993，4：325-327．
255．苏培玺，陈怀顺，李启森．河西走廊中部沙漠植物δ~(13)C值的特点及其对水分利用效率的指示．冰川冻土，2003，25(5)：597-602．
256．上官铁梁，郑凤英，张金屯，张峰．濒危植物矮牡丹种群生物量的研究[J]．应用与环境生物学报．1998，4(2)：120-125．
257．屠玉麟，杨军．贵州中部喀斯特灌丛群落生物量研究．中国岩溶．1995，14(3)：199-208．
258．王世杰．喀斯特石漠化概念演绎及其科学内涵的探讨．中国岩溶，2002，21(2)：101-105．
259．王世杰，季宏兵，欧阳自远，等．碳酸盐岩风化成土作用的初步研究．中国科学(D辑)．1999，29：441-449．
260．王国安，韩家懋，刘东生．中国北方黄土区C-3草本植物碳同位素组成研究．中国科学(D辑)．2003，33(6)：550-556．
261．王国安，韩家懋．C3植物碳同位素在旱季和雨季中的变化．海洋地质与第四纪地质．2001，21(4)：43-47．
262．王正菲．森林气象学．北京：中国林业出版社，1985．
263．王德炉．喀斯特石漠化的形成过程及防治研究．[博士学位论文]．南京林业大学，2003．
264．王耀芝，王勋陵，李蔚．荒漠化草原常见植物叶内部结构的观察．兰州大学学报(自然科学版)，1983，19(3)：87-96．
265．旺罗，吕厚远，吴乃琴，等．青藏高原现生禾本科植物的δ~(13)C与海拔高度的关系．笫四纪研究．2003，23(5)：573-580．
266．韦小丽，何纪星，朱守谦．女贞滇柏耐水分胁迫的实验研究．见：朱守谦．喀斯特森林生态研究(Ⅱ)．1997．47-54．
267．吴祥云．荒漠化防治中的恢复生态学研究热点．沈阳农业大学学报，2000．31(3)：290-294．
268．万里强，李向林，苏加楷，白静仁．不同放牧强度对三峡区灌从草地植物产量的影响．草业学报．2002．6．11(2)：51-58．
269．熊康宁，黎平，周忠发，等．喀斯特石漠化的遥感—GIS典型研究——以贵州省为例．北京：地质出版社，2002．
270．熊康宁．锥状喀斯特发育的水文结构与水动力过程——以贵州安顺地区为例．贵州师范大学学报(自)．1995，14(2)：14-22．
271．熊志斌，冉景丞，谭成江，等，2003．濒危植物掌叶木种子生态特征．生态学报，23(3)：820-825．
272．徐世健，陈拓，冯虎元，等．新疆乌鲁木齐河上游植物叶片δ~(13)C空间分异的环境分析．自然科学进展，2002，12(6)：617-620。
273．许大全．光合作用速率．上海：上海科学技术出版社，2002．84-98．
274．肖云，察尔汗湖表层卤水及沉积物中各类水体的氢氧同位素研究，厦门大学学报(自)，1995，34(2)：249-255．
275．向悟生，李先琨，吕仕洪，等．广西岩溶植被演替过程中主要小气候因子日变化特征．生态科学，2004．23(1)：25-31．
276．严昌荣，白涛，蔡绍平，等．稳定同位素技术在植物水分研究中的应用．湖北林业科技，1998，(4)：29-33．
277．严昌荣，韩兴国，陈灵芝，等．暖温带落叶阔叶林主要植物叶片中δ~(13)C值的种间差异及时空变化．植物学报，1998，40(9)：853-859．
278．严昌荣，韩兴国，陈灵芝，等．中国暖温带落叶阔叶林中某些树种的~(13)C自然丰度：~(13)C值及其生态学意义，生态学报，2002，22(12)：2163-2166．
279．杨勤业，李双成．中国生态地域划分的若干问题．生态学报，1999，19(5)：596-601．
280．杨明德．论喀斯特地貌地域结构及其环境效应．贵阳：贵州人民出版社，1988．
281．杨汉奎，程仕泽．贵州茂兰喀斯特森林群落生物量研究．生态学报，1991，11(4)：307-312．
282．喻理飞，朱守谦，魏鲁明等．退化喀斯特森林自然恢复评价研究．林业科学，2000，38(1)：1-7．
283．喻理飞，朱守谦，叶镜中等．退化喀斯特森林自然恢复过程中群落动态研究．林业科学，2002，38(1)：1-7．
284．喻理飞，朱守谦，叶镜中．喀斯特森林不同种组的耐旱适应性．南京林业大学学报(自然科学版)，2002，26(1)：19-22．
285．喻理飞，朱守谦，叶镜中，等．人为干扰与喀斯特森林群落退化及评价研究．应用生态学报，2002，13(5)：529-532．
286．赵文智，常学礼，李启森，何志斌．荒漠绿洲区芦苇种群构件生物量与地下水埋深关系[J]．生态学报．2003．6．
287．赵翠仙，黄子琛．腾格里沙漠主要早生植物早生结构的初步研纪植物学报，1981，23(4)：278-283．
288．郑凤英，彭少麟，赵平．两种山黄麻属植物在近一世纪里气孔密度和潜在水分利用效率的变化．植物生态学报，2001，25(4)：405-409．
289．张小珊，刘延惠．贵州喀斯特山地主要造林树种耗水量研究．贵州林业科技，2005，33(4)：25-27．
290．张金屯．数量生态学．北京：科学出版社，2004．
291．张金屯，陈廷贵．关帝山植物群落物种多样性研究Ⅱ．统一多样性和β多样性．山西大学学报(自然科学版)，2002，25(2)：173-175．
292．张林静，岳明，赵桂仿，等．新疆阜康地区植物群落物种多样性及其测度指标的比较．西北植物学报，2002，22(2)：350-358．
293．张忠义．生物资源抽样调查技术．北京：气象出版社，1996．263-279．
294．张邦琨，韦小丽，曾信波．喀斯特地貌森林不同小生境的小气候特征研究．贵州气象，1995．4：16-19．
295．臧润国．2002．海南热带山地雨林森林循环不同阶段光、温环境的测定与分析．北京林业大学学报，24(5／6)：125-130．
296．朱守谦，陈正仁，魏鲁明等．退化喀斯特森林自然恢复的过程和格局．见：朱守谦．喀斯特森林生态研 究(Ⅲ)．贵阳：贵州科技出版社，2003．172-179．
297．朱守谦．喀斯特森林生态研究(Ⅲ)．贵阳：贵州科技出版社，2002．3-9．
298．朱守谦．贵州部分森林群落物种多样性的比较研究．植物生态学与地植物学学报，1987．11(4)：286-295．
299．朱守谦，魏鲁明，陈正仁．等．茂兰喀斯特森林生物量构成初步研究．植物生态学报，1995，19(4)：358-367．
300．朱守谦，何纪星，魏鲁明．等．茂兰喀斯特森林小生境特征研究．见：朱守谦．喀斯特森林生态研究Ⅲ．贵阳：贵州科技出版社，2003．
301．朱守谦．何纪星，祝小科，等．喀斯特森林小生境特征初步研究．见：朱守谦．喀斯特森林生态研究Ⅰ．贵阳：贵州科技出版社，1993．
302．周政贤．茂兰喀斯特森林科学考察集．贵阳：贵州人民出版社，1987．
303．周国逸．生态系统水热原理及其应用．北京：气象出版社，1997．
304．中国科学院贵阳地球化学研究所《简明地球化学手册》编译组。简明地球化学手册．1977．166，177．
305．祝小科，朱守谦．喀斯特石质山地月月青无性生殖生态研究——根系形态、生物量分配特征．见：朱守谦．喀斯特森林生态研究．贵阳：贵州科技出版社．2003．105-108．
306．祝小科，朱守谦．马尾松林、华山松林对降雨再分配和涵养水源功能的影响．贵州农学院从刊，1991，(1)：62-68．