生物质颗粒破碎以及生物质与煤混合颗粒的流动特性研究
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摘要
本文以生物质与煤的干法气流床共气化技术为背景,主要对生物质原料的预处理以及生物质与煤混合颗粒的流动特性进行研究。考察了生物质粉碎后其颗粒的外形及粒径分布规律,并结合其组织结构的各向异性建立了关于生物质颗粒破碎的二维有限随机分裂模型。生物质颗粒与煤颗粒在形状、密度、粒径等方面存在较大差异,这会对颗粒之间的填充、压缩、摩擦、混合以及流化等特性产生影响,故对混合颗粒的流动性以及在料仓中的行为特性进行了研究。主要内容如下：
(1)利用显微镜对几种典型农林废弃物(松树、悬铃木、樟树、水杉、稻草、芦苇、豆秸等)粉碎后的颗粒拍照,并用统计分析和分形方法对颗粒的形状进行了定量研究,同时用筛分法考察了生物质颗粒破碎后的粒径分布。结果表明,生物质材料组织结构的各向异性明显,颗粒外形极不规则。各向异性越强,针状特性越明显,随着颗粒粒径的减小,各向异性减弱。分形和圆度在表征生物质颗粒的外形方面存在线性关系：C=-0.61D+1.20。在实验粒径范围内,生物质颗粒的累计质量分率w和无因次化粒径d之间存在线性关系：w=65.49d-16.37,且不同种生物质以及不同生物质部位得到的颗粒的粒径分布存在良好的一致性。
(2)基于生物质材料组织结构的各向异性,结合有限随机分裂模型,建立了针对生物质颗粒破碎的二维有限随机分裂模型(2D-FSBM),结合实验数据和生物质材料的自身特性对模型参数进行了确定,并对生物质颗粒的粒径分布进行了模拟。通过比较模拟结果和实验结果,发现二者具有良好的吻合度,表明该模型在相关参数确定后,可以对生物质颗粒破碎后的粒径分布进行合理的预测。
(3)对煤与稻草组成的混合颗粒的流动性进行了研究,重点考察了稻草的粒径以及含量对混合颗粒的流动性的影响,并用Haunser ratio、内摩擦角、壁摩擦角以及休止角等流动性参数进行了表征。结果表明,稻草颗粒的可压缩性较煤粉低,而内摩擦角和壁摩擦角却高于煤粉。稻草含量较低时,稻草粒径对混合颗粒堆积密度的影响并不明显,但随着含量增加,影响变得显著。由于两种颗粒密度和粒径的差异所造成的离析,Hausner ratio无法对混合颗粒的流动性做出正确的表征。稻草的加入导致混合颗粒的内摩擦角和休止角均有所增加,并且在稻草含量较低时,内摩擦角ΦI及休止角ΦR与稻草含量w和颗粒外形A分别存在如下关系：tanφ1-tanφ1,c=0.209w(A-1.87) tanα-tanα=0.213w(A-1.87)式中,α=(ΦI+ΦR)/2。
(4)分别在不同的料位下,对煤与稻草的混合颗粒进行自然重力下料研究,考察了稻草粒径及含量、煤粉粒径、存储时间等因素对下料流率的影响。结果表明,稻草含量较低时会促进混合颗粒的下料,但是含量过高则作用恰好相反。在料仓直段,稻草含量较低时,混合颗粒的下料速率随着煤粉粒径的增加而增大,随着稻草粒径的增大而减小。并且随着稻草含量的增加,煤粉粒径的影响减弱。煤粉和稻草的混合颗粒在料仓锥段的下料速率随着稻草含量的增加呈现出减小趋势。混合颗粒在料仓中的存储时间对于颗粒的流动性有一定的影响,并且对锥段下料速率的影响较为明显。
(5)在通气料仓中对混合颗粒进行下料实验,考察了流化气速、料仓压力等对下料速率的影响。结果发现,对于北宿煤粉与稻草组成的混合颗粒,稻草含量低于10%时,物料在通气料仓中的流动状态与单独的煤粉比较接近；稻草含量超过10%后,料仓中容易出现结拱现象。料仓压力对下料稳定性有积极作用,它能有效地破坏结拱,在稻草含量较低时,作用明显；稻草含量较高时,作用变得微弱,并且流化气容易穿透物料层,对下料起到阻碍作用。
(6)通过研究混合颗粒在流化状态以及流出料仓后的混合情况,对在物性方面存在较大差异的混合颗粒的混合特性进行考察。结果发现,在流化床中,稻草在一定含量下,与物性存在较大差异的石英砂(或玻璃微珠)组成的混合颗粒可获得稳定的床层压降,实现有效流,并且流化床中不同床层高度的物料组成差异较小。此外,稻草与玻璃微珠的混合颗粒在料仓下料过程以及进入到接料罐后,其均匀度与原物料的差异不大,并未出现明显的离析现象。
Under the background of co-gasification of biomass and coal in an entrained flow gasifier, the present work focused on the pretreatment of biomass material and the research on the characteristics of biomass and coal blends. The shape and size distribution of biomass particles were studied firstly, and the 2 dimension finite stochastic breakup model of biomass particle was proposed based on the anisotropy of biomass material in organizational structure. There are great differences between biomass particles and coal particles in shape, density, and size, which would influence the packing, compressibility, friction, mixing, and fluidizing of the blends. Thus the flow ability and the behavior in the hopper of biomass and coal blends were also studied. The main contents are as follow:
(1) Several typical biomass materials (pine, chinar, camphor tree, metasequoia, rice straw, reed, and beanstalk) were chosen. After being ground, the shape of biomass particles was studied with the method of statistics and fractal, and meanwhile, the particle size distribution was also researched with the sieving method. Results showed that the organizational structure of biomass materials is anisotropic, which induces the irregular shape of biomass particles. The stronger the anisotropy, the more needle-shaped the biomass particles. And the anisotropy decrease with particle size. It is also found that the fractal dimension of biomass particles increase with the roundness decreasing, just as C=-0.61D+1.20. The cumulative mass fraction of biomass particles has a linear relationship with particle size, w= 65.49d-16.37, and a good consistency could be obtained for different kinds of biomass.
(2) The 2 dimension finite stochastic breakup model of biomass particle (2D-FSBM) was proposed based on the anisotropy of biomass material, which describes the breakup process of biomass particles. The parameters of the model were also determined by the experimental data. Comparing the experimental and simulation results, it was found that 2D-FSBM could predict the results after that the relative parameters were confirmed.
(3) The characteristics of biomass and coal blends were studied, and the main object is to research the effects of content and size of biomass particle on the flow ability of the blends. Results showed that the Haunser ratio of rice straw particles is lower than coal, whereas the friction angle is much higher. When the content of rice straw is lower, the effect of rice straw particle size on the bulk density of the blends is weak, but become stronger with the increase of rice straw content. Hausner ratio is not a good indicator to the flow ability of the blends due to the segregation induced by the difference of size and density. The addition of rice straw leads to the increase of the angle of internal friction and angle of repose of the blends. When the content of rice straw is lower, the increment of tangent of friction angle (φ) has something with the rice straw content (w) and particle shape (A), just as follow: tanφ1-tanφ1,c=0.209w(A-1.87) tanα-tanαc=0.213w(A-1.87) in which,α=(φ1+φR)/2.
(4) The effects of particle size, content, storage time on the flow rate of the blends from hopper under gravity were studied. Results showed that rice straw could enhance the flow rate when its content is lower, but it will act contrarily when the content is too high. Both the increase of coal particle size and decrease of rice straw size are positive to the flow of the blend when the content of rice straw is lower. But the effect of coal particle size becomes weaker with the increase of rice straw content. The flow rate of the blends in the cone of the hopper decrease with the increase of rice straw content. In addition, the storage time influences the flow ability of the blends, which is more serious in the cone of hopper.
(5) The effects of fluidizing gas velocity and hopper pressure on the flow rate of the blends were studied in an aerated hopper with the blends of biomass particles and beisu coal paritcles. When the content of rice straw is lower, the flow state of the blends is similar to that of coal. And arching would occur easily if rice straw content is too high. Hopper pressure plays a positive role on the discharge, which get weaker with the increase of rice straw content. When the content of rice straw is high, fluidizing gas passes the material layer easily to block the discharge.
(6) The segregation was researched in a fluidized bed and after the blends discharging from the hopper. Results showed that the blends of rice straw and quartz sand (or glass bead) could fluidize although there is a great difference in physical properties between different particles. And the content of rice straw is nearly the same at different heights of bed. In addition, the segregation of the blends is unobvious during the discharge and in the reviser hopper.
(1)利用显微镜对几种典型农林废弃物(松树、悬铃木、樟树、水杉、稻草、芦苇、豆秸等)粉碎后的颗粒拍照,并用统计分析和分形方法对颗粒的形状进行了定量研究,同时用筛分法考察了生物质颗粒破碎后的粒径分布。结果表明,生物质材料组织结构的各向异性明显,颗粒外形极不规则。各向异性越强,针状特性越明显,随着颗粒粒径的减小,各向异性减弱。分形和圆度在表征生物质颗粒的外形方面存在线性关系：C=-0.61D+1.20。在实验粒径范围内,生物质颗粒的累计质量分率w和无因次化粒径d之间存在线性关系：w=65.49d-16.37,且不同种生物质以及不同生物质部位得到的颗粒的粒径分布存在良好的一致性。
(2)基于生物质材料组织结构的各向异性,结合有限随机分裂模型,建立了针对生物质颗粒破碎的二维有限随机分裂模型(2D-FSBM),结合实验数据和生物质材料的自身特性对模型参数进行了确定,并对生物质颗粒的粒径分布进行了模拟。通过比较模拟结果和实验结果,发现二者具有良好的吻合度,表明该模型在相关参数确定后,可以对生物质颗粒破碎后的粒径分布进行合理的预测。
(3)对煤与稻草组成的混合颗粒的流动性进行了研究,重点考察了稻草的粒径以及含量对混合颗粒的流动性的影响,并用Haunser ratio、内摩擦角、壁摩擦角以及休止角等流动性参数进行了表征。结果表明,稻草颗粒的可压缩性较煤粉低,而内摩擦角和壁摩擦角却高于煤粉。稻草含量较低时,稻草粒径对混合颗粒堆积密度的影响并不明显,但随着含量增加,影响变得显著。由于两种颗粒密度和粒径的差异所造成的离析,Hausner ratio无法对混合颗粒的流动性做出正确的表征。稻草的加入导致混合颗粒的内摩擦角和休止角均有所增加,并且在稻草含量较低时,内摩擦角ΦI及休止角ΦR与稻草含量w和颗粒外形A分别存在如下关系：tanφ1-tanφ1,c=0.209w(A-1.87) tanα-tanα=0.213w(A-1.87)式中,α=(ΦI+ΦR)/2。
(4)分别在不同的料位下,对煤与稻草的混合颗粒进行自然重力下料研究,考察了稻草粒径及含量、煤粉粒径、存储时间等因素对下料流率的影响。结果表明,稻草含量较低时会促进混合颗粒的下料,但是含量过高则作用恰好相反。在料仓直段,稻草含量较低时,混合颗粒的下料速率随着煤粉粒径的增加而增大,随着稻草粒径的增大而减小。并且随着稻草含量的增加,煤粉粒径的影响减弱。煤粉和稻草的混合颗粒在料仓锥段的下料速率随着稻草含量的增加呈现出减小趋势。混合颗粒在料仓中的存储时间对于颗粒的流动性有一定的影响,并且对锥段下料速率的影响较为明显。
(5)在通气料仓中对混合颗粒进行下料实验,考察了流化气速、料仓压力等对下料速率的影响。结果发现,对于北宿煤粉与稻草组成的混合颗粒,稻草含量低于10%时,物料在通气料仓中的流动状态与单独的煤粉比较接近；稻草含量超过10%后,料仓中容易出现结拱现象。料仓压力对下料稳定性有积极作用,它能有效地破坏结拱,在稻草含量较低时,作用明显；稻草含量较高时,作用变得微弱,并且流化气容易穿透物料层,对下料起到阻碍作用。
(6)通过研究混合颗粒在流化状态以及流出料仓后的混合情况,对在物性方面存在较大差异的混合颗粒的混合特性进行考察。结果发现,在流化床中,稻草在一定含量下,与物性存在较大差异的石英砂(或玻璃微珠)组成的混合颗粒可获得稳定的床层压降,实现有效流,并且流化床中不同床层高度的物料组成差异较小。此外,稻草与玻璃微珠的混合颗粒在料仓下料过程以及进入到接料罐后,其均匀度与原物料的差异不大,并未出现明显的离析现象。
Under the background of co-gasification of biomass and coal in an entrained flow gasifier, the present work focused on the pretreatment of biomass material and the research on the characteristics of biomass and coal blends. The shape and size distribution of biomass particles were studied firstly, and the 2 dimension finite stochastic breakup model of biomass particle was proposed based on the anisotropy of biomass material in organizational structure. There are great differences between biomass particles and coal particles in shape, density, and size, which would influence the packing, compressibility, friction, mixing, and fluidizing of the blends. Thus the flow ability and the behavior in the hopper of biomass and coal blends were also studied. The main contents are as follow:
(1) Several typical biomass materials (pine, chinar, camphor tree, metasequoia, rice straw, reed, and beanstalk) were chosen. After being ground, the shape of biomass particles was studied with the method of statistics and fractal, and meanwhile, the particle size distribution was also researched with the sieving method. Results showed that the organizational structure of biomass materials is anisotropic, which induces the irregular shape of biomass particles. The stronger the anisotropy, the more needle-shaped the biomass particles. And the anisotropy decrease with particle size. It is also found that the fractal dimension of biomass particles increase with the roundness decreasing, just as C=-0.61D+1.20. The cumulative mass fraction of biomass particles has a linear relationship with particle size, w= 65.49d-16.37, and a good consistency could be obtained for different kinds of biomass.
(2) The 2 dimension finite stochastic breakup model of biomass particle (2D-FSBM) was proposed based on the anisotropy of biomass material, which describes the breakup process of biomass particles. The parameters of the model were also determined by the experimental data. Comparing the experimental and simulation results, it was found that 2D-FSBM could predict the results after that the relative parameters were confirmed.
(3) The characteristics of biomass and coal blends were studied, and the main object is to research the effects of content and size of biomass particle on the flow ability of the blends. Results showed that the Haunser ratio of rice straw particles is lower than coal, whereas the friction angle is much higher. When the content of rice straw is lower, the effect of rice straw particle size on the bulk density of the blends is weak, but become stronger with the increase of rice straw content. Hausner ratio is not a good indicator to the flow ability of the blends due to the segregation induced by the difference of size and density. The addition of rice straw leads to the increase of the angle of internal friction and angle of repose of the blends. When the content of rice straw is lower, the increment of tangent of friction angle (φ) has something with the rice straw content (w) and particle shape (A), just as follow: tanφ1-tanφ1,c=0.209w(A-1.87) tanα-tanαc=0.213w(A-1.87) in which,α=(φ1+φR)/2.
(4) The effects of particle size, content, storage time on the flow rate of the blends from hopper under gravity were studied. Results showed that rice straw could enhance the flow rate when its content is lower, but it will act contrarily when the content is too high. Both the increase of coal particle size and decrease of rice straw size are positive to the flow of the blend when the content of rice straw is lower. But the effect of coal particle size becomes weaker with the increase of rice straw content. The flow rate of the blends in the cone of the hopper decrease with the increase of rice straw content. In addition, the storage time influences the flow ability of the blends, which is more serious in the cone of hopper.
(5) The effects of fluidizing gas velocity and hopper pressure on the flow rate of the blends were studied in an aerated hopper with the blends of biomass particles and beisu coal paritcles. When the content of rice straw is lower, the flow state of the blends is similar to that of coal. And arching would occur easily if rice straw content is too high. Hopper pressure plays a positive role on the discharge, which get weaker with the increase of rice straw content. When the content of rice straw is high, fluidizing gas passes the material layer easily to block the discharge.
(6) The segregation was researched in a fluidized bed and after the blends discharging from the hopper. Results showed that the blends of rice straw and quartz sand (or glass bead) could fluidize although there is a great difference in physical properties between different particles. And the content of rice straw is nearly the same at different heights of bed. In addition, the segregation of the blends is unobvious during the discharge and in the reviser hopper.
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