茶园遮荫栽培与茶叶品质相关性机理的研究
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摘要
中国茶叶主要分布在亚热带地区,亚热带红壤丘陵茶区在我国茶叶生产中占有非常重要的地位。亚热带红壤丘陵茶园土壤贫瘠,病虫草害猖獗,高温和季节性干旱经常发生,自然生态条件较差,加上施肥结构不合理,茶叶产量和品质逐年下降,经济效益日趋减少,严重制约了该地区茶叶生产的持续发展。
本试验通过黑色遮阳网覆盖茶园,研究了不同遮荫程度和不同覆盖方式对茶园生态和茶叶品质的影响,对指导该区茶叶优质、安全、高效生产具有重要的理论意义和实用价值。
本研究设在典型亚热带红壤丘陵茶区—湖南省长沙县金井镇中国科学院有机茶试验基地、湖南湘丰茶业有限公司飞跃茶园。试验分春、夏、秋三个季节进行,设有单层遮阳网遮荫、双层遮阳网遮荫和露地对照三个处理以及辅以夏天的直接覆盖遮荫。研究比较了不同遮荫程度对茶园生态、茶叶理化性状、茶叶加工品质和茶园的经济效益的影响。主要研究结果如下:
首次在红壤丘陵茶区发现遮荫后,能够显著的降低高温干旱季节的茶园温度,日均温最大可降低5.6℃,极端高温最大可降低10.3℃,双层遮阳网的降温效果要好于单层遮阳网。遮荫后茶园的环境改善,昆虫数量有不同程度的增加。
遮荫后,茶叶茶多酚、粗纤维含量减少,相比对照,茶多酚最高减少13.45%,粗纤维最多减少56.4%;叶绿素、咖啡碱、氨基酸含量增加,相比对照,三者的增加最大值分别为40.65%、18.80%和15.94%。故遮荫后茶叶的持嫩性增加、苦涩味减少、鲜爽度提高,颜色较对照绿,绿茶的品质得到提高。首次提出双层遮阳网的品质提高效果要好于对照和单层遮阳网。
遮荫后,茶叶的产量略有下降,但其经济效益提高。综合考虑茶园遮荫后产量、品质平衡的前提下,首次提出遮荫时间,春天以遮荫6天、夏天遮荫8天、秋天遮荫6天效果为好。
Tea plantation in china is spreaded in subtropical regions. The tea growing in the red soil plays a important parts in Chinese tea production. The soil is lean, the insects are rampant, the drought is seasonal, the natural conditions are poor and the structure of fertilization is irrational ,all these decreased the production and quality of tea in subtropical red hill. These environment state also decreased ecological benefits and confined the sustained development. So, through dark sun-shading net covering tea plantation ,we studied the effects of different manner and degree of covering on tea plantation environment and tea quality in order to offer some theories for high quality、safety、effective production of tea.
Research was performed in Feiyue tea plantation of Xiangfeng tea co., Ltd、a organic tea base of Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, a typical subtropical red hill in Changsha County, Hunan province. Research was made respectively in spring、summer、autumn, and had three treatments : monolayer sun-shading net covering、double layer sun-shading covering and CK. The research compared the effects of different degree of shading on tea plantation environment、tea quality、tea processing and economic benefits of tea plantation . Results showed that:
The first time found that shading can remarkably lower tea plantation temperature, the daily average temperature reduced by 5.6℃, the uttermost temperature reduced by 10.3℃, the higher degree of shading had the better effects. Shading improved tea plantation environment, but distinguishing increased the amount of insects.
After shading, tea polyphenol、course fiber decreased, tea polyphenol and coarse fiber's content respectively reduced by 13.45% and 56.4% ; chlorophyll、caffein and acid aminol increased, chlorophyll、caffeine and amino acid's content respectively increased by 40.65%、18.80% and 15.94%. Thus, tea tenderness enhanced, the taste of bitterness reduced, the taste of fresh and brisk increased and the colour of tea got greener. In a word, tea quality enhanced, and the first time got that the higher degree of shading had the better effects.
After shading, the yield of tea plantation decreased, but shading can enhance tea quality. Considering the balance of tea quantity and quality, we first got the better shading time: 6 days in spring、8 days in summer and 6 days in autumn.
本试验通过黑色遮阳网覆盖茶园,研究了不同遮荫程度和不同覆盖方式对茶园生态和茶叶品质的影响,对指导该区茶叶优质、安全、高效生产具有重要的理论意义和实用价值。
本研究设在典型亚热带红壤丘陵茶区—湖南省长沙县金井镇中国科学院有机茶试验基地、湖南湘丰茶业有限公司飞跃茶园。试验分春、夏、秋三个季节进行,设有单层遮阳网遮荫、双层遮阳网遮荫和露地对照三个处理以及辅以夏天的直接覆盖遮荫。研究比较了不同遮荫程度对茶园生态、茶叶理化性状、茶叶加工品质和茶园的经济效益的影响。主要研究结果如下:
首次在红壤丘陵茶区发现遮荫后,能够显著的降低高温干旱季节的茶园温度,日均温最大可降低5.6℃,极端高温最大可降低10.3℃,双层遮阳网的降温效果要好于单层遮阳网。遮荫后茶园的环境改善,昆虫数量有不同程度的增加。
遮荫后,茶叶茶多酚、粗纤维含量减少,相比对照,茶多酚最高减少13.45%,粗纤维最多减少56.4%;叶绿素、咖啡碱、氨基酸含量增加,相比对照,三者的增加最大值分别为40.65%、18.80%和15.94%。故遮荫后茶叶的持嫩性增加、苦涩味减少、鲜爽度提高,颜色较对照绿,绿茶的品质得到提高。首次提出双层遮阳网的品质提高效果要好于对照和单层遮阳网。
遮荫后,茶叶的产量略有下降,但其经济效益提高。综合考虑茶园遮荫后产量、品质平衡的前提下,首次提出遮荫时间,春天以遮荫6天、夏天遮荫8天、秋天遮荫6天效果为好。
Tea plantation in china is spreaded in subtropical regions. The tea growing in the red soil plays a important parts in Chinese tea production. The soil is lean, the insects are rampant, the drought is seasonal, the natural conditions are poor and the structure of fertilization is irrational ,all these decreased the production and quality of tea in subtropical red hill. These environment state also decreased ecological benefits and confined the sustained development. So, through dark sun-shading net covering tea plantation ,we studied the effects of different manner and degree of covering on tea plantation environment and tea quality in order to offer some theories for high quality、safety、effective production of tea.
Research was performed in Feiyue tea plantation of Xiangfeng tea co., Ltd、a organic tea base of Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, a typical subtropical red hill in Changsha County, Hunan province. Research was made respectively in spring、summer、autumn, and had three treatments : monolayer sun-shading net covering、double layer sun-shading covering and CK. The research compared the effects of different degree of shading on tea plantation environment、tea quality、tea processing and economic benefits of tea plantation . Results showed that:
The first time found that shading can remarkably lower tea plantation temperature, the daily average temperature reduced by 5.6℃, the uttermost temperature reduced by 10.3℃, the higher degree of shading had the better effects. Shading improved tea plantation environment, but distinguishing increased the amount of insects.
After shading, tea polyphenol、course fiber decreased, tea polyphenol and coarse fiber's content respectively reduced by 13.45% and 56.4% ; chlorophyll、caffein and acid aminol increased, chlorophyll、caffeine and amino acid's content respectively increased by 40.65%、18.80% and 15.94%. Thus, tea tenderness enhanced, the taste of bitterness reduced, the taste of fresh and brisk increased and the colour of tea got greener. In a word, tea quality enhanced, and the first time got that the higher degree of shading had the better effects.
After shading, the yield of tea plantation decreased, but shading can enhance tea quality. Considering the balance of tea quantity and quality, we first got the better shading time: 6 days in spring、8 days in summer and 6 days in autumn.
引文
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[3]汲长岁.山地茶园铺草效应研究[J].茶业通报,1995,17(4):15-16.
[4]许允文.低丘红壤茶园土壤物理性状与铺草保水抗旱综合效应分析[J].中国茶叶,1992,(3):2-3.
[5]彭晚霞,肖润林,宋同清,等.覆盖与间作对亚热带丘陵茶园地温时空变化的影响[J].应用生态学报,2006,17(5):778-782.
[6]骆耀平.幼年茶园地膜覆盖试验[J].茶叶,1987,(1):39-42.
[7]沈寒竹.茶树地膜覆盖栽培试验[J].贵州茶叶,1986,(2):14-17.
[8]段建真.茶树薄膜覆盖的生物生态学效应[J].茶业通报,1989,(2):16-21.
[9]许允文.塑料大棚对茶园温湿度变化及名优茶生产的影响[J].中国茶叶,1995,(3):9-10.
[10]愈忠伟.塑料棚茶园小气候及其对春茶采摘和茶化成分的影响[J].茶叶,1995,21(3):13-17.
[11]徐乾治.大棚茶园效益研究[J]_茶叶,1995,21(3):25-27.
[12]张春景.塑料大棚的效果与管理[J].中国茶叶,1996,(6):27-29.
[13]佘正江.大棚茶园的试验效果[J].贵州茶叶,1996,(4):12-13.
[14]罗新民.浅谈塑料大棚覆盖茶园的效果[J].茶业通报,1996,18(4):29-30.
[15]林心等.山地茶园间种绿肥试验[J].茶叶科学简报,1996,(4):19-22.
[16]唐荣南.湿地松与茶树间作生态效益的研究[J].南京林业大学学报,1987,(2):35-44.
[17]贺民.国外松与茶树间作的调查[J].茶业通报,1995,17(1):10-11.
[18]施拱生.茶树与乌桕混交效益的研究[J].浙江林学院学报,1988,5(2):115-122.
[19]刘桂华.桕茶间作立体经营模式的生态学基础[J].安徽农业科学,1996,24(2):145-148.
[20]解子桂.泡桐-茶树混交园综合效益的试验探讨[J].中国茶叶,1995,(2):7-8.
[21]沈生儒.茶园混交泡桐的效益研究[J].中国茶叶,1993,(4):4-5.
[22]傅松林.茶林间作效益分析[J].茶业通报,1996,18(4):27-28.
[23]刘步瑶.发展丘陵地区果茶生态种植模式[J].茶业通报,1996,18(2):26-28.
[24]刘桂华.柿茶套种模式茶园效益研究[J].经济林研究,1997,15(1):47-50.
[25]钟桂芬.低纬度山地茶园间作八角树的效益浅析[J].中国茶叶,1995,(3):32-33.
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