气幕防波堤试验与数值模拟研究
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摘要
防波堤作为一种常见的港口、海岸工程结构,主要用于防御外海波浪对所掩护海域的侵袭,为船舶的停泊和作业提供平稳、安全水域和保护港内水工建筑物,故在港口工程中具有特殊地位。鉴于深水开敞海域环境恶劣,传统水工结构因工程造价高昂、技术复杂、施工困难等已不能适应深水港发展需要。因此,寻求合理、可靠的结构型式和切实可行的施工方法以保证其使用功能并降低造价为世界各国港口工程界所重视。
气幕防波堤作为一种特殊形式的防波堤,与固定式防波堤相比,具有移动性、临时机动性、可重复使用、不受水深和地质条件限制、不影响水流、泥沙的运动条件,可以很容易通过抛锚固定或通过锚链固定在抛入水中的预制重物上等优点。另外气幕防波堤的重量轻、结构简单、造价低。因此气幕防波堤在水运、水产养殖,军事方面有良好的应用前景。
本文从物理模型试验和数值模拟两方面出发,对气幕防波堤消波性能进行了初步探讨、分析和研究。在物理模型试验方面,基于重力相似准则关系,设计了一套气幕防波堤消波性能试验研究方案。分别考虑了不同入射波浪要素、不同供气量Q大小、不同喷气孔口直径、不同模型长度比尺条件下的气幕防波堤消波性能,并对气幕防波堤对波浪的反射作用做了分析。根据整理得到的试验数据并进行分析,给出了气幕防波堤消波性能相关结论。
数值模拟方面,将空气和水看成是一种变密度单流体,视空气为不可压缩气体,利用有限体积法,结合连续方程和不可压缩雷诺平均N-S方程,并利用k-ε方程封闭方程组,采用VOF方法追踪空气和水的界面,进行了静水中单一气泡和气泡帷幕的数值模拟；进一步说明气幕防波堤的消波机理是由于气幕的存在而在水体中产生水平流的结论。
其次,采用推板式造波实现了二维数值波浪水槽的建立,同时利用UDF实现了数值波浪水槽尾端消波过程,同时实现了气泡帷幕在波浪中的作用,进而完成了对气幕防波堤的数学模型；通过采用和试验相同波浪要素情况下气幕防波堤数值模拟研究,并对数值结果和试验结果进行了对比分析,说明本文气幕防波堤数学模型建立的合理性。此’外,空气的可压缩性对气幕防波堤消波性能影响在本文也进行了数值研究,并给出了相关结论。
再次,通过建立好的气幕防波堤数学模型进行了气幕防波堤消波性能影响因素数值模拟研究,即从入射波浪要素和气幕防波堤自身结构参数两大方面考虑,对可能影响气幕防波堤消波性能的各个因素进行了数值模拟研究。并结合给出的相关结论,为气幕防波堤的实际应用提供可靠的有价值的依据。
最后,对气幕防波堤供气量比尺λQ和长度比尺λL之间的关系进行了数值研究,并采用原型法和外推法对供气量比尺λQ和长度比尺λL之间的关系进行了初步探讨,进而和试验时得到的供气量相似关系进行了对比分析。同时对考虑空气可压缩性和不考虑空气可压缩性两种情况下得到的供气量比尺λQ和长度比尺λL之间的关系也进行了探讨。最后给出本文的相关结论。
Breakwater is a common kind of coastal engineering structures, as the important hydraulic structures to provide protection for many coastal activities from waves, and it is playing special and important role in mainly for providing stable and safe area to shipping. In deep waters, the traditional breakwaters can not be fit for the construction with execrable circumstance, furthermore, the traditional breakwater construction cost is expensive, the technology is complex and the construction is difficult, so it can't adapt to deep water harbour development needs. Therefore, reasonable and reliable structure and feasible construction method to assure the functionsofuse and reduce the cost are important for the world port engineering.
Air bubbles breakwater is one of special breakwaters, so it has several specific characters of the mobile breakwater compared with stable breakwaters, such as mobility, temporality, cheapness, etc. it can not be restricted by the water depth and geological conditions, and it can easily be anchored by chain or through the precast bodies into water. Besides thses, it is pointed out as a special merit of the air bubbles breakwater form environment point of view not interrupt the exchange of water and the sediment of sands in harbors and facilities of air discharge are placed on the sea bottom. In addition, air bubbles breakwater has the other advantages, for the light weight, simple structure and low cost. Therefore, it has good application prospects in water transportation, aquaculture and military domain.
This paper presents the experiment investigation and numerical simulation of the wave dissipating performance in air bubbles breakwater. In the physical model experiments, a set of air bubbles breakwater wave elimination performance test research plan are designed based on similarity criterion of gravity. In the proceeding of tests, the wave dissipating performance of air bubbles breakwater with different incident wave elements, the different air amount and the different orifice diameter under the condition of different length scales are studied, and the reflection action of wave motion are analysis at the same time. According to the arrangement of test data and analysis, same conclusions are given for the wave dissipating performance of air bubbles breakwater.
Firstly, in the numerical simulation aspect, the two-phase fluid of water and air is assumed as a variable density fluid, the air is incompressible, the continuity equation, the Reynolds average equations and the standard k-εequations are selected as the governing equations, and the interface of water and air was traced by the VOF method and the finite volume method is used for solve the equations. The additional mass source was added to the continuity equation by the Macro of UDF. The single air bubble and the air bubbles curtain characteristics in calm water are conducted by numerical simulation, which give the further explanation that the wave dissipating mechanism of air bubbles breakwater is the horizontal flow caused by air bubbles curtain in water.
Secondly, it is presented the 2-d numerical wave tank with the wave generation by pushing plate, and using UDF for wave elimination process at the end of wave tank, the air bubbles curtain is realized in the wave tank at the meanwhile, so the mathematical model of air bubbles breakwater is finished. By using the same wave elements and test cases, the wave dissipating performance of air bubbles breakwater are studied, then the numerical simulation results and experimental results are analyzed in this paper, it is aimed to certify the mathematical model rationality of the air bubbles breakwater. In addition, the effects of air compressibility on air bubbles breakwater wave damping performance are studied in this paper by numerical simulation, and the related conclusions are given.
Thirdly, through the mathematical model establishment of air bubbles breakwater, the influencing factors, which maybe influence the wave dissipating performance of air bubbles breakwater, are studied by numerical simulation. Form two aspects, the incident wave elements and the structural parameters of air bubbles breakwater, are likely to affect the air bubbles breakwater wave elimination properties be simulated in this paper. Combining the given relevant conclusions, it provided reliable and valuable basis for the practical application of air bubbles breakwater.
Finally, the relation of the air amount scale and the length scale in the air bubbles breakwater system are studied by numerical simulation and the preliminary discuss are made for the relationship between the air amount scale and the length scale with the prototype method and the extrapolation methodand. Then the comparations with the experimental results are conducted. Forthemore, the two cases with considering air compressibility and without considering air compressibility are also analyzed and discussed for the relationship between the air amount scale and the length scales.
气幕防波堤作为一种特殊形式的防波堤,与固定式防波堤相比,具有移动性、临时机动性、可重复使用、不受水深和地质条件限制、不影响水流、泥沙的运动条件,可以很容易通过抛锚固定或通过锚链固定在抛入水中的预制重物上等优点。另外气幕防波堤的重量轻、结构简单、造价低。因此气幕防波堤在水运、水产养殖,军事方面有良好的应用前景。
本文从物理模型试验和数值模拟两方面出发,对气幕防波堤消波性能进行了初步探讨、分析和研究。在物理模型试验方面,基于重力相似准则关系,设计了一套气幕防波堤消波性能试验研究方案。分别考虑了不同入射波浪要素、不同供气量Q大小、不同喷气孔口直径、不同模型长度比尺条件下的气幕防波堤消波性能,并对气幕防波堤对波浪的反射作用做了分析。根据整理得到的试验数据并进行分析,给出了气幕防波堤消波性能相关结论。
数值模拟方面,将空气和水看成是一种变密度单流体,视空气为不可压缩气体,利用有限体积法,结合连续方程和不可压缩雷诺平均N-S方程,并利用k-ε方程封闭方程组,采用VOF方法追踪空气和水的界面,进行了静水中单一气泡和气泡帷幕的数值模拟；进一步说明气幕防波堤的消波机理是由于气幕的存在而在水体中产生水平流的结论。
其次,采用推板式造波实现了二维数值波浪水槽的建立,同时利用UDF实现了数值波浪水槽尾端消波过程,同时实现了气泡帷幕在波浪中的作用,进而完成了对气幕防波堤的数学模型；通过采用和试验相同波浪要素情况下气幕防波堤数值模拟研究,并对数值结果和试验结果进行了对比分析,说明本文气幕防波堤数学模型建立的合理性。此’外,空气的可压缩性对气幕防波堤消波性能影响在本文也进行了数值研究,并给出了相关结论。
再次,通过建立好的气幕防波堤数学模型进行了气幕防波堤消波性能影响因素数值模拟研究,即从入射波浪要素和气幕防波堤自身结构参数两大方面考虑,对可能影响气幕防波堤消波性能的各个因素进行了数值模拟研究。并结合给出的相关结论,为气幕防波堤的实际应用提供可靠的有价值的依据。
最后,对气幕防波堤供气量比尺λQ和长度比尺λL之间的关系进行了数值研究,并采用原型法和外推法对供气量比尺λQ和长度比尺λL之间的关系进行了初步探讨,进而和试验时得到的供气量相似关系进行了对比分析。同时对考虑空气可压缩性和不考虑空气可压缩性两种情况下得到的供气量比尺λQ和长度比尺λL之间的关系也进行了探讨。最后给出本文的相关结论。
Breakwater is a common kind of coastal engineering structures, as the important hydraulic structures to provide protection for many coastal activities from waves, and it is playing special and important role in mainly for providing stable and safe area to shipping. In deep waters, the traditional breakwaters can not be fit for the construction with execrable circumstance, furthermore, the traditional breakwater construction cost is expensive, the technology is complex and the construction is difficult, so it can't adapt to deep water harbour development needs. Therefore, reasonable and reliable structure and feasible construction method to assure the functionsofuse and reduce the cost are important for the world port engineering.
Air bubbles breakwater is one of special breakwaters, so it has several specific characters of the mobile breakwater compared with stable breakwaters, such as mobility, temporality, cheapness, etc. it can not be restricted by the water depth and geological conditions, and it can easily be anchored by chain or through the precast bodies into water. Besides thses, it is pointed out as a special merit of the air bubbles breakwater form environment point of view not interrupt the exchange of water and the sediment of sands in harbors and facilities of air discharge are placed on the sea bottom. In addition, air bubbles breakwater has the other advantages, for the light weight, simple structure and low cost. Therefore, it has good application prospects in water transportation, aquaculture and military domain.
This paper presents the experiment investigation and numerical simulation of the wave dissipating performance in air bubbles breakwater. In the physical model experiments, a set of air bubbles breakwater wave elimination performance test research plan are designed based on similarity criterion of gravity. In the proceeding of tests, the wave dissipating performance of air bubbles breakwater with different incident wave elements, the different air amount and the different orifice diameter under the condition of different length scales are studied, and the reflection action of wave motion are analysis at the same time. According to the arrangement of test data and analysis, same conclusions are given for the wave dissipating performance of air bubbles breakwater.
Firstly, in the numerical simulation aspect, the two-phase fluid of water and air is assumed as a variable density fluid, the air is incompressible, the continuity equation, the Reynolds average equations and the standard k-εequations are selected as the governing equations, and the interface of water and air was traced by the VOF method and the finite volume method is used for solve the equations. The additional mass source was added to the continuity equation by the Macro of UDF. The single air bubble and the air bubbles curtain characteristics in calm water are conducted by numerical simulation, which give the further explanation that the wave dissipating mechanism of air bubbles breakwater is the horizontal flow caused by air bubbles curtain in water.
Secondly, it is presented the 2-d numerical wave tank with the wave generation by pushing plate, and using UDF for wave elimination process at the end of wave tank, the air bubbles curtain is realized in the wave tank at the meanwhile, so the mathematical model of air bubbles breakwater is finished. By using the same wave elements and test cases, the wave dissipating performance of air bubbles breakwater are studied, then the numerical simulation results and experimental results are analyzed in this paper, it is aimed to certify the mathematical model rationality of the air bubbles breakwater. In addition, the effects of air compressibility on air bubbles breakwater wave damping performance are studied in this paper by numerical simulation, and the related conclusions are given.
Thirdly, through the mathematical model establishment of air bubbles breakwater, the influencing factors, which maybe influence the wave dissipating performance of air bubbles breakwater, are studied by numerical simulation. Form two aspects, the incident wave elements and the structural parameters of air bubbles breakwater, are likely to affect the air bubbles breakwater wave elimination properties be simulated in this paper. Combining the given relevant conclusions, it provided reliable and valuable basis for the practical application of air bubbles breakwater.
Finally, the relation of the air amount scale and the length scale in the air bubbles breakwater system are studied by numerical simulation and the preliminary discuss are made for the relationship between the air amount scale and the length scale with the prototype method and the extrapolation methodand. Then the comparations with the experimental results are conducted. Forthemore, the two cases with considering air compressibility and without considering air compressibility are also analyzed and discussed for the relationship between the air amount scale and the length scales.
引文
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