高坝动水压力及气幕隔震机理研究
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摘要
坝库系统在地震时的相互作用是水工抗震设计的重要课题。研究大坝—库体—地基相互作用是当代高坝抗震分析的核心,难点在于大坝—库水相互作用或流固耦合问题,即动水压力问题。动水压力是危害坝体安全的一个不可忽视的重要因素,尤其是对高坝。弄清动水压力的分布规律,在工程抗震设计中,有针对性地采取符合科学原理的减震或隔震措施,对于提高大坝,尤其是强地震区高坝的抗震安全性具有重要的科学价值和实际意义。为此,本文密切结合国家自然科学基金项目(批准号:50379029),以动力试验为重点运用一系列数学、力学等理论在机理上对重力坝气幕隔震的“坝—库—地基—气幕系统”进行了深入研究,并进行了高拱坝气幕隔震的动力试验设计,提出了一些新思想、新方法。本文主要研究内容及其成果有:
1、首次完成了重力坝坝体—气幕—库体振动台模型试验,验证了高坝气幕隔震的理论分析和数值模拟的计算成果,进一步用动力试验手段揭示了大坝气幕隔震的机理以及抗震设计要点,表明模型试验的动水压力因气幕隔震的削减效果与数值模拟计算结果基本相符,有力地验证了高坝气幕隔震的科学意义和减震性能及其工程应用前景。
2、从方程分析法和量纲分析法的角度,分析了“重力坝坝体—库体—气幕系统”的相似关系。针对气幕的工作机理和特点,抓住系统的关键因素和主要的相似要求,并考虑试验的精度及制作模型的技术措施,确定了龙滩重力坝坝体—库体—气幕系统的相似关系。
3、根据模型材料的相似特性要求、模型材料的配比和力学特性,研制了龙滩重力坝坝体—库体—气幕系统中满足相似关系大型振动台模型试验的坝体模
The interaction between dam and reservoir systems during earthquakes is an important disciplinary for the earthquake-resistance design of hydraulic structures. Recently, research focus has concentrated on the interaction of dam-reservoir-foundation system. Difficulties existing in this research are the interaction of dam-reservoir system and/or the couplings between the fluid and the solid, namely the hydrodynamic pressures. Hydrodynamic pressures can be an important cause of dam failure, especially, for high-dams. For antiseismic design, understanding the characteristics of hydrodynamic pressure distribution has a great importance so that safety measures to reduce the earthquake effects can be taken accordingly. In this study, therefore, combining with the project aided by the National Natural Science Fundation of China (No.50379029) and concentrating on the dynamic test, a series of mathematic and mechanical theories are used to investigate profoundly the mechanism of interactions among the dam-foundation-reservoir and air-cushion systems for the air-cushion isolation of gravity dam, and the dynamic test design on the air-cushion isolation of high arch-dam is preformed. Some new ideas and methodologies have been proposed. Detailed results of the research are as follows:
1.Experimental test using the large-scale shaking table for the gravity dam-reservoir-air system has been performed for the first time. The therotical analysis and numerical simulation results on air-cushion isolation for high-dam earthquake-resistance have been tested. The mechanisms of air-cushion isolation for dam earthquake control and some key points of earthquake-resistance design have been disclosed by dynamic test. Results on hydrodynamic pressures from this experiment agree well with numerical simulations for the anti-seismic effect of
air-cushion isolation. Furthermore, the scientific meaning and application prospect of the air-cushion isolations for high-dam earthquake control have been effectively tested. 2. Based on the theory of dynamic similarity on physical model test, similarity analysis has been done for gravity dam-reservoir-air system. Due to the working mechanism and characteristic of the air-cushion, some key factors of the system and main similarity requirement are considered, a normal-model of geometry similarity is applied for dam-reservoir -foundation system, while approximate similarity requirements of geometry for air cushion isolation system are exerted for the conveniences of test. In order to assure the accuracy of experiment test and the technical measures of the model production, several alternatives of model scales are selected. A comparatively preferable model scale has been screened out on the basis of technical feasibility and economical rationality for Longtan gravity dam-reservior-air system. 3. According to the similarity specialty, proportion and mechanics specialty of model material, similarity relations derived in this study are employed for the selection of emulation material ratios though repeatedly adjusting and testing on small samples of dam-reservoir-gas system. These emulation material ratios must meet the requirements of similarity relations of the large-scale oscillation experimental equipment. Finally, a satisfactory mixture ratio, the structure of air compartment, test scheme and technical measures meeting similarity relations of gravity dam is obtained. And then, the test results is obtained, the test record is rational and credible on the whole. 4. The applicability of the non-linear dynamic FEM numerical model and method has been checked by the results of dynamic model test on the large-scale shaking table, this provided some calculational method and analysis measures for the study and applications of the air-cushion isolation technique of dams. 5. Based on the experimental test on large-scale shaking table for the gravity dam-reservoir-air system, the numerical simulation of the arch dam-foundation-reservoir-air system has been done, and the similarity relation of the system has been
confirmed. a satisfactory mixture ratio meeting similarity relations of arch-dam and its foundation is obtained. Based on these works, model design on the large-scale oscillation experimental equipment is carried out regarding the arch dam-foundation-reservoir-air system. Briefly, in order to evaluate the anti-seismic effects of air cushion isolation, dynamic model test on large-scale shaking table for the gravity dam-reservoir-air system has been performed for the first time.The test results and numerical simulations show that air isolations will reduce the hydrodynamic pressures significantly and restrain the vibrations of dams in earthquake. If the dam and reservoir is isolated by air cushions, the shortages of hydrodynamic pressures will be more than 65% for gravity dam. So the air-cushion has good isolation effects, and it has important scientific meaning and effective value. Therefore, this technique of air cushion isolations can be widely applied into hydraulic dams to ensure great safeties.
1、首次完成了重力坝坝体—气幕—库体振动台模型试验,验证了高坝气幕隔震的理论分析和数值模拟的计算成果,进一步用动力试验手段揭示了大坝气幕隔震的机理以及抗震设计要点,表明模型试验的动水压力因气幕隔震的削减效果与数值模拟计算结果基本相符,有力地验证了高坝气幕隔震的科学意义和减震性能及其工程应用前景。
2、从方程分析法和量纲分析法的角度,分析了“重力坝坝体—库体—气幕系统”的相似关系。针对气幕的工作机理和特点,抓住系统的关键因素和主要的相似要求,并考虑试验的精度及制作模型的技术措施,确定了龙滩重力坝坝体—库体—气幕系统的相似关系。
3、根据模型材料的相似特性要求、模型材料的配比和力学特性,研制了龙滩重力坝坝体—库体—气幕系统中满足相似关系大型振动台模型试验的坝体模
The interaction between dam and reservoir systems during earthquakes is an important disciplinary for the earthquake-resistance design of hydraulic structures. Recently, research focus has concentrated on the interaction of dam-reservoir-foundation system. Difficulties existing in this research are the interaction of dam-reservoir system and/or the couplings between the fluid and the solid, namely the hydrodynamic pressures. Hydrodynamic pressures can be an important cause of dam failure, especially, for high-dams. For antiseismic design, understanding the characteristics of hydrodynamic pressure distribution has a great importance so that safety measures to reduce the earthquake effects can be taken accordingly. In this study, therefore, combining with the project aided by the National Natural Science Fundation of China (No.50379029) and concentrating on the dynamic test, a series of mathematic and mechanical theories are used to investigate profoundly the mechanism of interactions among the dam-foundation-reservoir and air-cushion systems for the air-cushion isolation of gravity dam, and the dynamic test design on the air-cushion isolation of high arch-dam is preformed. Some new ideas and methodologies have been proposed. Detailed results of the research are as follows:
1.Experimental test using the large-scale shaking table for the gravity dam-reservoir-air system has been performed for the first time. The therotical analysis and numerical simulation results on air-cushion isolation for high-dam earthquake-resistance have been tested. The mechanisms of air-cushion isolation for dam earthquake control and some key points of earthquake-resistance design have been disclosed by dynamic test. Results on hydrodynamic pressures from this experiment agree well with numerical simulations for the anti-seismic effect of
air-cushion isolation. Furthermore, the scientific meaning and application prospect of the air-cushion isolations for high-dam earthquake control have been effectively tested. 2. Based on the theory of dynamic similarity on physical model test, similarity analysis has been done for gravity dam-reservoir-air system. Due to the working mechanism and characteristic of the air-cushion, some key factors of the system and main similarity requirement are considered, a normal-model of geometry similarity is applied for dam-reservoir -foundation system, while approximate similarity requirements of geometry for air cushion isolation system are exerted for the conveniences of test. In order to assure the accuracy of experiment test and the technical measures of the model production, several alternatives of model scales are selected. A comparatively preferable model scale has been screened out on the basis of technical feasibility and economical rationality for Longtan gravity dam-reservior-air system. 3. According to the similarity specialty, proportion and mechanics specialty of model material, similarity relations derived in this study are employed for the selection of emulation material ratios though repeatedly adjusting and testing on small samples of dam-reservoir-gas system. These emulation material ratios must meet the requirements of similarity relations of the large-scale oscillation experimental equipment. Finally, a satisfactory mixture ratio, the structure of air compartment, test scheme and technical measures meeting similarity relations of gravity dam is obtained. And then, the test results is obtained, the test record is rational and credible on the whole. 4. The applicability of the non-linear dynamic FEM numerical model and method has been checked by the results of dynamic model test on the large-scale shaking table, this provided some calculational method and analysis measures for the study and applications of the air-cushion isolation technique of dams. 5. Based on the experimental test on large-scale shaking table for the gravity dam-reservoir-air system, the numerical simulation of the arch dam-foundation-reservoir-air system has been done, and the similarity relation of the system has been
confirmed. a satisfactory mixture ratio meeting similarity relations of arch-dam and its foundation is obtained. Based on these works, model design on the large-scale oscillation experimental equipment is carried out regarding the arch dam-foundation-reservoir-air system. Briefly, in order to evaluate the anti-seismic effects of air cushion isolation, dynamic model test on large-scale shaking table for the gravity dam-reservoir-air system has been performed for the first time.The test results and numerical simulations show that air isolations will reduce the hydrodynamic pressures significantly and restrain the vibrations of dams in earthquake. If the dam and reservoir is isolated by air cushions, the shortages of hydrodynamic pressures will be more than 65% for gravity dam. So the air-cushion has good isolation effects, and it has important scientific meaning and effective value. Therefore, this technique of air cushion isolations can be widely applied into hydraulic dams to ensure great safeties.
引文
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