混凝土坝地震动应力影响因素研究
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摘要
随着西部开发和西电东送战略的实施,一批高度大于200m的超高坝正在我国西部规划设计建设中,可以说从二十世纪末开始全世界高坝的修建大多在我国,而我国的高坝建设在西部。但是,西南和西北地区又是我国高烈度地震频发的地区,所以在这些地区修建高坝大库,抗震设防水平要求较高,抗震安全问题己成为坝库设计中的重要因素。然而至今为止,国内外大坝遭受震害的实例并不多,对于现有设计可参考的经验较少,因此,对大坝抗震设计而言,寻求合理的动应力分析方法和抗震安全评价准则,确保大坝及枢纽工程的抗震安全是亟待解决的关键问题。
本文在前人工作的基础上,通过建立混凝土坝体模型,在考虑坝体-库水相互作用、坝体-地基相互作用的前提下,模拟研究了在地震波动激励作用下混凝土坝动力反应的影响因素。主要工作如下:
1.研究了坝体和库水流固耦合动力相互作用的数值分析方法。建立坝体-库水相互作用系统模型,研究库水的压缩性,坝体的刚性、高度,基底吸收,库区范围等各种因素对于坝体-库水相互作用系统的影响,并通过模态分析及谐响应分析研究了各种因素的影响大小。分析结果表明,上游库水长度对于坝体固有频率的影响程度是相似的,在库水长度等于坝高时,影响波动较大;在库水长度增加至3倍以上坝高时,影响基本限定在前十阶频率范围内,均匀减少75%。库水的压缩性对于坝体-库水系统的的固有频率影响较大,但随着库水的压缩性减小,其对系统固有频率的影响也随之减小;当激励频率大于库水第一自振频率时,库水可压缩性对顺河向和垂向地面运动引起的坝体反应具有减小作用,对于横河向地面运动引起的坝体反应则表现出不确定性,既可增大,也可减小,决定于其激励频率;库底淤砂层对库水反应的影响,既有惯性放大作用,又有阻尼吸收效应。
2.介绍了地震动的特性,时间-历程分析的基本理论,以及进行场地地震时间-历程分析时场地地震波的选取原则,并根据规范中的设计反应谱,拟合得到人工地震波,最后通过对常用的地基模拟理论比较分析,利用APDL编制了地基模拟程序,在ANSYS计算软件中得以实现;通过时间-历程分析法进行数值模拟,比较各种理论在相同条件下对地震动向无限域逸散的模拟精度,并对各种理论模拟结果与坝高的敏感性进行了分析。结果表明,在对坝体—地基系统进行综合考虑时,无质量地基模型一般适用于坝高及坝址处基岩加速度较小的坝体;对于坝高较高,坝址处基岩加速度较大的坝体来说,应使用更加准确的人工边界来考虑坝体-地基系统的相互作用。
3.分析了实际工程中坝体分缝对坝体抗震性能的影响,比较了不同初始应力情况下坝体的抗震性能,通过设置隔震支座渡槽抗震分析,对隔震支座的抗震性能进行了研究。分析结果表明,坝体分缝使坝体的拉应力降低,刚度减小;初始应力对坝体前三阶频率和振型影响不大,但它对三阶以后的低阶频率影响较大;对于坝体隔振来说,隔振支座可以减小坝体的内力响应峰值,减小坝体的响应频率,消耗地震能量,提高坝体的抗震能力,但是,在使用隔振支座时应该注意选取合适的阻尼和弹簧系数,并且应首先做好坝体位移响应的分析计算工作。
With the strategy of western development and the implementation of west-east power transmission project, a large number of ultrahigh dams reaching to 200m high are being on designed or constructed in the west, it can be said that many of these ultrahigh dams stared from 20th century end were built in our country, and these ultrahigh dams were built in the west of China, But, high earthquake intensity frequently occurred in the southwest and northwest in our county, so the ultrahigh dams built in these regions earthquake resistance protection require high , seismic design become a control factory in the dam safety design , Engineering seismic performance has become the key problem that ensure the reliability of engineering. However, so far, we have no so many examples of dams that destroyed by earthquake, and there was less experience that could be referred to our design, so for seismic design it is a key problem to be solved that to seek a reasonable analysis of the dynamic stress and seismic safety evaluation criteria in order to ensure that the dam and the seismic safety project, and the key problem needs to be further exported and researched.
In this paper, based on the previous work done by predecessors, by means of building a accurate, efficient model of dam and taking interaction of dam–reservoir and dam– foundation into account ,it simulated the ground motion in incentives dynamic response of concrete dam under the impact of factors.The work done in the paper as follows:
1. Researching on the numerical analysis method of dynamic interaction between dam and reservoir water-solid coupling. Building the system model of dam - reservoir interaction, factors that influent the dam - reservoir interaction system, such as reservoir compression, rigid、height and provisional surface type of dam ,basal absorption ,the scope of the reservoir area and style and ect were studied in this paper, at the same time, the impact of these factories were analyzed through harmonic response. The analytical results show out that the length of the upper reservoir dam to the impact of natural frequency is similar, at1 times in the height, the impact of volatile is obvious.When the length of reservoir reach to the 3times in the height of dam, the impact to the natural frequency of the dam can be considered basicly reducing to the 75 percent uniform in the former band frequency range of 10 ;the impact of dam compression to the natural frequency of dam– reservoir is great,with the increasing of sound speed in the reservoir, the compression of reservoir reduce the impact of the system natural frequencies. When the excitation frequency is greater than the first natural frequency of reservoir, the compression of reservoir reduces the parallel river and vertical ground motion to the body caused by reaction, the impact of sand silt at the end of reservoir to reservoir , there are both of the effects of Enlarge the role of inertia and absorption damping .
2. Introduced the dynamic characteristics of earthquake, analysis basic theory of Time-course, selection criteria seismic waves to analyze the site seismic time-course, and artificial seismic waves has been fitted according to the design response spectrum in the norms. at last, based on the simulation analysis theory of common ground, the realization of the procedure programmed by APDL was applied in ANSYS, doing numerical simulation by the method of time-course, comparing various theories in the same analysis under the conditions of accuracy and efficiency, and doing sensitivity analyzing between theoretical simulation results and dam height. The analytical results show out that Sensitivity caused by the quality of ground simulation without viscoelastic theory and artificial boundary to different height of dam is analzied, and the analytical results show out that model without considering the quality of the foundation dam - foundation system can be applied to the dam that the dam is not very high and the bedrock acceleration of dam is lower. And the artificial boundary to consider dam-foundation interaction system can be applied more accurately to the dam that the dam is high and the bedrock acceleration of dam higher.
3. Analyzing the impact of seismic performance of joints dams in the actual project, doing comparison with seismic performance under the different initial stress conditions. At last, though analyzing the Seismic performance of aqueduct with isolated support, analyzing the seismic performance of isolated support, and these analysis results can provide with reference for dam isolation. The analytical results show out that the isolation bearing for the dam can decrease the internal peak force in the dam , reduce the response to the frequency of dam, consumpt seismic energy,and improve the seismic capacity of dam, but, It should pay attention to selecting the right damping and spring coefficient and doing a good job firstly in response to the analysis of dam displacement calculation
本文在前人工作的基础上,通过建立混凝土坝体模型,在考虑坝体-库水相互作用、坝体-地基相互作用的前提下,模拟研究了在地震波动激励作用下混凝土坝动力反应的影响因素。主要工作如下:
1.研究了坝体和库水流固耦合动力相互作用的数值分析方法。建立坝体-库水相互作用系统模型,研究库水的压缩性,坝体的刚性、高度,基底吸收,库区范围等各种因素对于坝体-库水相互作用系统的影响,并通过模态分析及谐响应分析研究了各种因素的影响大小。分析结果表明,上游库水长度对于坝体固有频率的影响程度是相似的,在库水长度等于坝高时,影响波动较大;在库水长度增加至3倍以上坝高时,影响基本限定在前十阶频率范围内,均匀减少75%。库水的压缩性对于坝体-库水系统的的固有频率影响较大,但随着库水的压缩性减小,其对系统固有频率的影响也随之减小;当激励频率大于库水第一自振频率时,库水可压缩性对顺河向和垂向地面运动引起的坝体反应具有减小作用,对于横河向地面运动引起的坝体反应则表现出不确定性,既可增大,也可减小,决定于其激励频率;库底淤砂层对库水反应的影响,既有惯性放大作用,又有阻尼吸收效应。
2.介绍了地震动的特性,时间-历程分析的基本理论,以及进行场地地震时间-历程分析时场地地震波的选取原则,并根据规范中的设计反应谱,拟合得到人工地震波,最后通过对常用的地基模拟理论比较分析,利用APDL编制了地基模拟程序,在ANSYS计算软件中得以实现;通过时间-历程分析法进行数值模拟,比较各种理论在相同条件下对地震动向无限域逸散的模拟精度,并对各种理论模拟结果与坝高的敏感性进行了分析。结果表明,在对坝体—地基系统进行综合考虑时,无质量地基模型一般适用于坝高及坝址处基岩加速度较小的坝体;对于坝高较高,坝址处基岩加速度较大的坝体来说,应使用更加准确的人工边界来考虑坝体-地基系统的相互作用。
3.分析了实际工程中坝体分缝对坝体抗震性能的影响,比较了不同初始应力情况下坝体的抗震性能,通过设置隔震支座渡槽抗震分析,对隔震支座的抗震性能进行了研究。分析结果表明,坝体分缝使坝体的拉应力降低,刚度减小;初始应力对坝体前三阶频率和振型影响不大,但它对三阶以后的低阶频率影响较大;对于坝体隔振来说,隔振支座可以减小坝体的内力响应峰值,减小坝体的响应频率,消耗地震能量,提高坝体的抗震能力,但是,在使用隔振支座时应该注意选取合适的阻尼和弹簧系数,并且应首先做好坝体位移响应的分析计算工作。
With the strategy of western development and the implementation of west-east power transmission project, a large number of ultrahigh dams reaching to 200m high are being on designed or constructed in the west, it can be said that many of these ultrahigh dams stared from 20th century end were built in our country, and these ultrahigh dams were built in the west of China, But, high earthquake intensity frequently occurred in the southwest and northwest in our county, so the ultrahigh dams built in these regions earthquake resistance protection require high , seismic design become a control factory in the dam safety design , Engineering seismic performance has become the key problem that ensure the reliability of engineering. However, so far, we have no so many examples of dams that destroyed by earthquake, and there was less experience that could be referred to our design, so for seismic design it is a key problem to be solved that to seek a reasonable analysis of the dynamic stress and seismic safety evaluation criteria in order to ensure that the dam and the seismic safety project, and the key problem needs to be further exported and researched.
In this paper, based on the previous work done by predecessors, by means of building a accurate, efficient model of dam and taking interaction of dam–reservoir and dam– foundation into account ,it simulated the ground motion in incentives dynamic response of concrete dam under the impact of factors.The work done in the paper as follows:
1. Researching on the numerical analysis method of dynamic interaction between dam and reservoir water-solid coupling. Building the system model of dam - reservoir interaction, factors that influent the dam - reservoir interaction system, such as reservoir compression, rigid、height and provisional surface type of dam ,basal absorption ,the scope of the reservoir area and style and ect were studied in this paper, at the same time, the impact of these factories were analyzed through harmonic response. The analytical results show out that the length of the upper reservoir dam to the impact of natural frequency is similar, at1 times in the height, the impact of volatile is obvious.When the length of reservoir reach to the 3times in the height of dam, the impact to the natural frequency of the dam can be considered basicly reducing to the 75 percent uniform in the former band frequency range of 10 ;the impact of dam compression to the natural frequency of dam– reservoir is great,with the increasing of sound speed in the reservoir, the compression of reservoir reduce the impact of the system natural frequencies. When the excitation frequency is greater than the first natural frequency of reservoir, the compression of reservoir reduces the parallel river and vertical ground motion to the body caused by reaction, the impact of sand silt at the end of reservoir to reservoir , there are both of the effects of Enlarge the role of inertia and absorption damping .
2. Introduced the dynamic characteristics of earthquake, analysis basic theory of Time-course, selection criteria seismic waves to analyze the site seismic time-course, and artificial seismic waves has been fitted according to the design response spectrum in the norms. at last, based on the simulation analysis theory of common ground, the realization of the procedure programmed by APDL was applied in ANSYS, doing numerical simulation by the method of time-course, comparing various theories in the same analysis under the conditions of accuracy and efficiency, and doing sensitivity analyzing between theoretical simulation results and dam height. The analytical results show out that Sensitivity caused by the quality of ground simulation without viscoelastic theory and artificial boundary to different height of dam is analzied, and the analytical results show out that model without considering the quality of the foundation dam - foundation system can be applied to the dam that the dam is not very high and the bedrock acceleration of dam is lower. And the artificial boundary to consider dam-foundation interaction system can be applied more accurately to the dam that the dam is high and the bedrock acceleration of dam higher.
3. Analyzing the impact of seismic performance of joints dams in the actual project, doing comparison with seismic performance under the different initial stress conditions. At last, though analyzing the Seismic performance of aqueduct with isolated support, analyzing the seismic performance of isolated support, and these analysis results can provide with reference for dam isolation. The analytical results show out that the isolation bearing for the dam can decrease the internal peak force in the dam , reduce the response to the frequency of dam, consumpt seismic energy,and improve the seismic capacity of dam, but, It should pay attention to selecting the right damping and spring coefficient and doing a good job firstly in response to the analysis of dam displacement calculation
引文
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