黄土高原丘陵沟壑区沟道治理工程的生态水文效应研究
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摘要
淤地坝作为黄土高原最主要的沟道治理措施，在水土保持方面发挥着巨大作用。根据水利部《黄土高原地区水土保持淤地坝规划》，到2020年，淤地坝数量将达到16.3万座。如此规模巨大的淤地坝建设，势必对黄土高原生态环境产生深远影响。系统、深入的研究淤地坝建设对流域生态、水文、泥沙过程的调控机理，对丰富水土保持科学研究、发展具有黄土高原特色的水沙模型、推进黄土高原水土保持事业，具有积极作用。本文综合分析了淤地坝对流域水文过程、植被分布、侵蚀产沙的影响，取得的主要结论如下：
（1）沟道治理工程显著改变了流域蒸腾发、土壤水再分布、地表径流等水文过程。使用基于遥感的SEBAL模型，估算了韭园沟流域和裴家峁流域的日蒸腾蒸发量：结果表明坝地蒸腾蒸发量最大，为4.98mm·d~(-1)，其次为果园及林地，为4.78mm·d~(-1)，再次为草地，蒸腾蒸发量为4.49mm·d~(-1)，而梯田和坡耕地蒸腾蒸发量较小，分别为3.82mm·d~(-1)、3.76mm·d~(-1)；流域不同土地利用类型下的土壤含水量分析表明：次降雨后，梯田和坡地表层土壤水分消退较慢，而退耕梯田和退耕坡地表层土壤水分消退较快；坝地土壤水分分层现象较为明显，土壤水分垂直变率大，平均为0.21，其它土地利用类型土壤水分垂直变率较小，在垂直分布上较为一致，梯田为0.08，退耕梯田为0.07，坡耕地为0.04，退耕坡地为0.07；淤地坝对流域径流系数与流域滞时有显著影响，韭园沟、王茂沟、想她沟较裴家峁、李家寨、团园沟径流系数分别减少了29.43%、34.63%、16.78%。王茂沟平均流域滞时为对比流域李家寨的3倍，反映出以淤地坝为主的流域治理措施对地表径流过程的调节作用。
（2）沟道治理工程改变了流域生态水文情势，进而影响了植被的时空分布。沟道治理工程能增加局地植被覆盖度，提高植物群落的多样性，但幅度较小；韭园沟与裴家峁归一化植被指数（NDVI）特征对比分析表明：裴家峁流域NDVI值的分布出现了聚集现象，而韭园沟流域NDVI值各月份内分布较为均匀。7月份，裴家峁NDVI值集中分布在0.3～0.4之间，比例为74.77%，其次为0.2～0.3之间，比例为13.79%，二者相差达60.98%，而韭园沟7月份NDVI集中分布在0.3～0.4，比例为60.54%，其次为0.2～0.3，比例为34.75%，二者相差仅为25.79%，这间接反映了裴家峁流域植被类型较韭园沟流域较单一的特点。
（3）沟道治理工程有效的拦蓄了泥沙，显著降低了流域泥沙输移比。不同尺度对比流域的输沙模数计算结果显示：韭园沟输沙模数比裴家峁减少28.09%，王茂沟输沙模数比李家寨减少67.75%，想她沟输沙模数比团园沟减少27.75%；次暴雨过程分析，王茂沟23座淤地坝共淤积泥沙159031t，王茂沟把口站输沙总量为27891t，流域出口与坝地泥沙总量为186922t，流域次暴雨土壤侵蚀模数达31310t/km~2，泥沙输移比仅为0.15，即15%的泥沙经过出口断面汇向主沟道，85%的泥沙沉积在坝地中。
（4）定量分析了淤地坝淤积过程对流域沟坡稳定性和土壤侵蚀模数的调控作用。随着坝地淤积高度的增加，流域极不稳定区域逐渐减少，而极稳定区域逐渐增加。定义了流域的先锋期、过渡期以及顶级期三个治理“演替”状态，并使用修正通用土壤流失方程（RUSLE）分析了不同“演替”阶段以及淤地坝淤积过程中的土壤侵蚀模数变化情况：先锋期与顶级期是流域水土保持治理的两个极限状态，土壤侵蚀模数分别为184.43t×hm-2×a-1与4.62t×hm-2×a-1。随着坝地淤积厚度（x）的增加（侵蚀基准面抬升），沟谷坡土壤侵蚀模数（y）呈线性减少，拟合公式为y=-1.5315x+121.15，公式的截距和斜率分别表示基准土壤侵蚀模数和侵蚀速率，其数值大小与流域峁边线位置有关，随着峁边线上移，基准土壤侵蚀模数增加，侵蚀速率减少。
（5）基于流域水土保持生态水文效应，提出了土壤侵蚀控制度的概念并研究了流域侵蚀调控潜力。将流域能容纳的最大适宜水土保持措施量称为水土保持措施容量，反映了流域的水土保持治理潜力。水土保持措施容量下流域的土壤侵蚀模数称为最小可能土壤侵蚀模数，将最小可能土壤侵蚀模数与现状土壤侵蚀模数的比值定义为流域侵蚀控制度。计算得出2004年王茂沟流域侵蚀控制度为0.35，造成王茂沟流域侵蚀控制度较低的原因是流域的坡耕地面积较大以及林地面积较少，表明王茂沟流域还有进一步治理的空间。
The Loess plateau of China was the world's most serious water and soil losses areas, asthe most primary gully control measures in the Loess plateau, check dams plays atremendous role in the soil and water conservation. There were about90thousands checkdams in the Loess plateau by the end of2008, according to the plan, the amount of checkdam will reach163thousands by the end of2020. So big check dams construction, mayhave as profound an impact on the ecology environment of the Loess Plateau. Therefore,thoroughly and systematically study on environmental impact of check dams, to promotethe development of soil and water conservation in loess plateau, expand soil and waterconservation science research, has played an active role. This paper was base on the theoryof geography, hydrology, ecology and soil and water conservation, to employ remotesensing, stable isotope, soil erosion prediction model technology, check dam effecting thevegetation features, hydrologic cycle, erosion process are analysed comprehensively. Themain conclusions were as follows:
(1) Gully control engineering change the Surface water cycle process was veryremarkable. To reveal evaportranspiration characteristics of watersheds different inadoption of water and soil conservation measures, two watersheds, Jiuyuangou andPeijiamao were selected as subjects for estimation of evapotranspiration from differentunderlying surfaces using the energy-balance based SEBAL remote-sensing model. Resultsshow that the daily evaportranspiration of Jiuyuangou, which is better managed in waterand soil lands different in land use followed the order of check dam> orchard> woodland> grassland> terrace> slope land in daily evaportranspiration. The different land use soilmoisture content analysis shows that: after rain, soil surface moisture of terrace andslopelands was degrade slowly, unlike returning terrace and slope farmland, there weredegrade quickly. Check dam moisture vertical variable ratio more than other land use type,the largest moisture vertical variable ratio reached52%, which appeared at70cm~80cm, and in the depth of80cm~130cm, have obvious layered; Based on the observational dataof precipitation and runoff from1958to1969, analysed the impact of check dam on runoffcoefficient and basin lag time. the runoff coefficient of Jiuyuangou is29.43less thanPeijiamao, Wangmaogou is34.63%less than Lijiazhai, Xiangtagou is16.78%less thanTuanyaungou. The basin lag time of Wangmaoogu more than tripled Lijiazhai.
(2) Analysis of the gully engineering measures (check dam) to the influence of thewatershed vegetation. Gully engineering measures can increase the local vegetationfraction and the diversity of plant communities within a small range. The NDVI of thewatershed under different water and soil conservation managements displayed differentseasonal variation. In July, NDVI of Peijiamao concentrated distribution in between0.3and0.4, followed by between0.2and0.3, and the range was60.98%. In Jiuyuangou, therange was only25.79%.
(3) The effect of the sediment interception of check dams is very significant. Modulus ofsediment yield was calculated by observed data from1958to1969show that: Modulus ofsediment yield of Jiuyuangou is28.09%less than Peijiamao, Wangmaogou is67.75%lessthan Lijiazhai, Xiangtagou is27.75%less than Tuanyaungou. Based on the analysis of aheavy rain process in7-17-2012, in this heavy rainfall,159031t sediment is deposit in the23chaeck dams of Wangmaogou, Wangmaogou hydrologic station sediment discharge is27891t, total of erosion amount is186922t, the soil erosion modulus of Wangmaogou is31310t/km~2in this heavy rainfall, the sediment delivery ratio is0.15.
(4) Quantitatively analyzes the charge of soil erosion modulus along with the increase insiltation height. To study the influences of check-dam siltation on soil erosion of awatershed, we built a simplified watershed model for the Loess Plateau hilly-gully regionincluding terraced fields, slope farmlands, steep-slope grasslands, and dam farmlands, anddefined three states of watershed (i.e., pioneer, intermediate, and climax stages,respectively). Then, the watershed soil erosion moduli at various stages were studied byusing a revised universal soil loss equation. Our results show that the pioneer and climaxstages are the extreme states of watershed soil-and-water conservation and control; in thepioneer stage, the soil erosion modulus was184.43t×ha-1×a-1; in the climax stage, the soilerosion modulus was4.62t×ha-1×a-1; in the intermediate stage, the soil erosion modulus (y)below the edge of gully exhibited a linear decline along with the increase in siltation height (x), the expression is y=-1.5315x+121.15, intercept b was the increase in reference erosionmodulus, a was the erosion reduction rate, both of which increased with the upwardmovement of the edge of gully.
(5) This paper presented a new concept-erosion control degree, which can estimate thedegree of soil erosion controlling. The minimum possible soil erosion moduli (2573t/(km~2×a)) under capacity of soil and water conservation measures in Wangmaogouwatershed was calculated. Use2004land use map, calculates the actual soil erosion moduliof Wangmaogou is7413t/(km~2×a), and defined erosion control degree is the minimumpossible soil erosion moduli divide the actual soil erosion moduli, the erosion controldegree of Wangmaogou is0.35, at a lower level, due to existed a number of slopingfarmland and forestry area is less. We suggest that erosion control degree as the evaluationindicator about soil and water conservation of the status quo.
（1）沟道治理工程显著改变了流域蒸腾发、土壤水再分布、地表径流等水文过程。使用基于遥感的SEBAL模型，估算了韭园沟流域和裴家峁流域的日蒸腾蒸发量：结果表明坝地蒸腾蒸发量最大，为4.98mm·d~(-1)，其次为果园及林地，为4.78mm·d~(-1)，再次为草地，蒸腾蒸发量为4.49mm·d~(-1)，而梯田和坡耕地蒸腾蒸发量较小，分别为3.82mm·d~(-1)、3.76mm·d~(-1)；流域不同土地利用类型下的土壤含水量分析表明：次降雨后，梯田和坡地表层土壤水分消退较慢，而退耕梯田和退耕坡地表层土壤水分消退较快；坝地土壤水分分层现象较为明显，土壤水分垂直变率大，平均为0.21，其它土地利用类型土壤水分垂直变率较小，在垂直分布上较为一致，梯田为0.08，退耕梯田为0.07，坡耕地为0.04，退耕坡地为0.07；淤地坝对流域径流系数与流域滞时有显著影响，韭园沟、王茂沟、想她沟较裴家峁、李家寨、团园沟径流系数分别减少了29.43%、34.63%、16.78%。王茂沟平均流域滞时为对比流域李家寨的3倍，反映出以淤地坝为主的流域治理措施对地表径流过程的调节作用。
（2）沟道治理工程改变了流域生态水文情势，进而影响了植被的时空分布。沟道治理工程能增加局地植被覆盖度，提高植物群落的多样性，但幅度较小；韭园沟与裴家峁归一化植被指数（NDVI）特征对比分析表明：裴家峁流域NDVI值的分布出现了聚集现象，而韭园沟流域NDVI值各月份内分布较为均匀。7月份，裴家峁NDVI值集中分布在0.3～0.4之间，比例为74.77%，其次为0.2～0.3之间，比例为13.79%，二者相差达60.98%，而韭园沟7月份NDVI集中分布在0.3～0.4，比例为60.54%，其次为0.2～0.3，比例为34.75%，二者相差仅为25.79%，这间接反映了裴家峁流域植被类型较韭园沟流域较单一的特点。
（3）沟道治理工程有效的拦蓄了泥沙，显著降低了流域泥沙输移比。不同尺度对比流域的输沙模数计算结果显示：韭园沟输沙模数比裴家峁减少28.09%，王茂沟输沙模数比李家寨减少67.75%，想她沟输沙模数比团园沟减少27.75%；次暴雨过程分析，王茂沟23座淤地坝共淤积泥沙159031t，王茂沟把口站输沙总量为27891t，流域出口与坝地泥沙总量为186922t，流域次暴雨土壤侵蚀模数达31310t/km~2，泥沙输移比仅为0.15，即15%的泥沙经过出口断面汇向主沟道，85%的泥沙沉积在坝地中。
（4）定量分析了淤地坝淤积过程对流域沟坡稳定性和土壤侵蚀模数的调控作用。随着坝地淤积高度的增加，流域极不稳定区域逐渐减少，而极稳定区域逐渐增加。定义了流域的先锋期、过渡期以及顶级期三个治理“演替”状态，并使用修正通用土壤流失方程（RUSLE）分析了不同“演替”阶段以及淤地坝淤积过程中的土壤侵蚀模数变化情况：先锋期与顶级期是流域水土保持治理的两个极限状态，土壤侵蚀模数分别为184.43t×hm-2×a-1与4.62t×hm-2×a-1。随着坝地淤积厚度（x）的增加（侵蚀基准面抬升），沟谷坡土壤侵蚀模数（y）呈线性减少，拟合公式为y=-1.5315x+121.15，公式的截距和斜率分别表示基准土壤侵蚀模数和侵蚀速率，其数值大小与流域峁边线位置有关，随着峁边线上移，基准土壤侵蚀模数增加，侵蚀速率减少。
（5）基于流域水土保持生态水文效应，提出了土壤侵蚀控制度的概念并研究了流域侵蚀调控潜力。将流域能容纳的最大适宜水土保持措施量称为水土保持措施容量，反映了流域的水土保持治理潜力。水土保持措施容量下流域的土壤侵蚀模数称为最小可能土壤侵蚀模数，将最小可能土壤侵蚀模数与现状土壤侵蚀模数的比值定义为流域侵蚀控制度。计算得出2004年王茂沟流域侵蚀控制度为0.35，造成王茂沟流域侵蚀控制度较低的原因是流域的坡耕地面积较大以及林地面积较少，表明王茂沟流域还有进一步治理的空间。
The Loess plateau of China was the world's most serious water and soil losses areas, asthe most primary gully control measures in the Loess plateau, check dams plays atremendous role in the soil and water conservation. There were about90thousands checkdams in the Loess plateau by the end of2008, according to the plan, the amount of checkdam will reach163thousands by the end of2020. So big check dams construction, mayhave as profound an impact on the ecology environment of the Loess Plateau. Therefore,thoroughly and systematically study on environmental impact of check dams, to promotethe development of soil and water conservation in loess plateau, expand soil and waterconservation science research, has played an active role. This paper was base on the theoryof geography, hydrology, ecology and soil and water conservation, to employ remotesensing, stable isotope, soil erosion prediction model technology, check dam effecting thevegetation features, hydrologic cycle, erosion process are analysed comprehensively. Themain conclusions were as follows:
(1) Gully control engineering change the Surface water cycle process was veryremarkable. To reveal evaportranspiration characteristics of watersheds different inadoption of water and soil conservation measures, two watersheds, Jiuyuangou andPeijiamao were selected as subjects for estimation of evapotranspiration from differentunderlying surfaces using the energy-balance based SEBAL remote-sensing model. Resultsshow that the daily evaportranspiration of Jiuyuangou, which is better managed in waterand soil lands different in land use followed the order of check dam> orchard> woodland> grassland> terrace> slope land in daily evaportranspiration. The different land use soilmoisture content analysis shows that: after rain, soil surface moisture of terrace andslopelands was degrade slowly, unlike returning terrace and slope farmland, there weredegrade quickly. Check dam moisture vertical variable ratio more than other land use type,the largest moisture vertical variable ratio reached52%, which appeared at70cm~80cm, and in the depth of80cm~130cm, have obvious layered; Based on the observational dataof precipitation and runoff from1958to1969, analysed the impact of check dam on runoffcoefficient and basin lag time. the runoff coefficient of Jiuyuangou is29.43less thanPeijiamao, Wangmaogou is34.63%less than Lijiazhai, Xiangtagou is16.78%less thanTuanyaungou. The basin lag time of Wangmaoogu more than tripled Lijiazhai.
(2) Analysis of the gully engineering measures (check dam) to the influence of thewatershed vegetation. Gully engineering measures can increase the local vegetationfraction and the diversity of plant communities within a small range. The NDVI of thewatershed under different water and soil conservation managements displayed differentseasonal variation. In July, NDVI of Peijiamao concentrated distribution in between0.3and0.4, followed by between0.2and0.3, and the range was60.98%. In Jiuyuangou, therange was only25.79%.
(3) The effect of the sediment interception of check dams is very significant. Modulus ofsediment yield was calculated by observed data from1958to1969show that: Modulus ofsediment yield of Jiuyuangou is28.09%less than Peijiamao, Wangmaogou is67.75%lessthan Lijiazhai, Xiangtagou is27.75%less than Tuanyaungou. Based on the analysis of aheavy rain process in7-17-2012, in this heavy rainfall,159031t sediment is deposit in the23chaeck dams of Wangmaogou, Wangmaogou hydrologic station sediment discharge is27891t, total of erosion amount is186922t, the soil erosion modulus of Wangmaogou is31310t/km~2in this heavy rainfall, the sediment delivery ratio is0.15.
(4) Quantitatively analyzes the charge of soil erosion modulus along with the increase insiltation height. To study the influences of check-dam siltation on soil erosion of awatershed, we built a simplified watershed model for the Loess Plateau hilly-gully regionincluding terraced fields, slope farmlands, steep-slope grasslands, and dam farmlands, anddefined three states of watershed (i.e., pioneer, intermediate, and climax stages,respectively). Then, the watershed soil erosion moduli at various stages were studied byusing a revised universal soil loss equation. Our results show that the pioneer and climaxstages are the extreme states of watershed soil-and-water conservation and control; in thepioneer stage, the soil erosion modulus was184.43t×ha-1×a-1; in the climax stage, the soilerosion modulus was4.62t×ha-1×a-1; in the intermediate stage, the soil erosion modulus (y)below the edge of gully exhibited a linear decline along with the increase in siltation height (x), the expression is y=-1.5315x+121.15, intercept b was the increase in reference erosionmodulus, a was the erosion reduction rate, both of which increased with the upwardmovement of the edge of gully.
(5) This paper presented a new concept-erosion control degree, which can estimate thedegree of soil erosion controlling. The minimum possible soil erosion moduli (2573t/(km~2×a)) under capacity of soil and water conservation measures in Wangmaogouwatershed was calculated. Use2004land use map, calculates the actual soil erosion moduliof Wangmaogou is7413t/(km~2×a), and defined erosion control degree is the minimumpossible soil erosion moduli divide the actual soil erosion moduli, the erosion controldegree of Wangmaogou is0.35, at a lower level, due to existed a number of slopingfarmland and forestry area is less. We suggest that erosion control degree as the evaluationindicator about soil and water conservation of the status quo.
引文
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