保山烟区主要生态因素及其对烤烟品质影响的研究
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摘要
通过对保山烟区气象因子、土壤养分、烤烟质量特征及进行了较全面的分析,并对海拔、气象因子、土壤养分与烟叶品质关系及主栽品种的海拔高度适应性进行了研究,得出如下结论:
     1保山烟区主要气象特征
     大田期月日照时数和月平均气温、最高温、最低温、月平均温差及有效积温呈现“两头较高、中间较低”的分布特征,年度内各月间差异明显,而年度间分布均衡。大田期平均降水量各月间分布不均匀,呈现“两头少、中间多”的分布特征,月平均降水量平均值变化范围较大,年度内各月间差异明显,而年度间分布均衡。
     烟区气侯类型科分为两类:第1类气象特征为“少雨、多日照、气温温和”,主要分布在高黎贡山以东。第2类气象特征为“多雨、少日照、气温稍低”,主要分布在高黎贡山以西。
     2保山烟叶质量特征
     保山烟叶主要化学成分区域特征不明显。保山烟叶物理质量、外观质量、评吸质量区域特征明显,可分为高黎贡山以东、高黎贡山以西两大区域,高黎贡山以东烟叶质量特征为:密度较大、单叶重较重、含梗率较高,开片度稍差;颜色较好、结构稍密、身份适中、油分较足、色度较强、成熟度稍差;香气量较足、浓度浓、杂气稍有、劲头较大、余味较舒适。高黎贡山以西烟叶质量特征为:密度较小、单叶重较轻、含梗率较低,开片度较好;成熟度较好、结构疏松、身份稍薄、油分较少、色度较弱、颜色稍差;香气量尚足、浓度较浓、杂气微有、劲头大、余味舒适。
     3保山烟叶质量的影响因素
     影响保山烟叶评吸质量的内部因素重要指标有两糖差、含氯量、含梗率、成熟度、钾氯比、身份、结构、油分、颜色、色度、平衡含水率;还原糖、总糖、施木克值、叶长、密度、含钾量、糖碱比、氮碱比及叶宽对烟叶评吸质量重要性中等,开片度,对烟叶评吸质量则为非重要指标。
     影响保山烟叶评吸质量的外部因素的重要指标是海拔高度、6月温差、4月-9月温差平均值、品种、9月温差、6月-9月日照等16项指标:对烟叶评吸质量不重要的指标有效锌、速效磷、4月温差;其余44项指标对烟叶评吸质量重要性中等。
     影响烟叶评吸质量的综合因素重要指标有含梗率、两糖差、海拔高度、成熟度、含氯量、身份、平衡含水率等42项;有效镁、7月温差、碱解氮、速效钾、有效锌、水溶性氯、有效硼、4月温差、速效磷等9项指标对烟叶评吸质量为非重要指标;其余39项指标对烟叶评吸质量影响的重要性中等。
     影响保山烟叶综合质量的重要指标有海拔高度、品种、6月温差、4月-9月温差平均值、9月温差、7月日照、6月日照、8月日照、5月日照、9月日照、4月-9月总日照时数、经度、8月温差、5月温差、纬度等14项;速效磷及4月温差为烟叶整体质量的非重要指标;其余45项指标对烟叶整体质量重要性中等。
     4.保山烟区生态因子评价体系及烤烟种植布局建议
     保山烟区生态综合指标值基本为0.40~0.85间,且空间分布特征明显,呈现“由西向东”逐渐升高的趋势。根据该评价结果,保山烟区烤烟种植布局可分为6大区域进行烤烟种植布局,即:隆阳区东南大部、施甸县北部区域;隆阳区西部沿施甸县、龙陵县交界一线;昌宁县北部区域;昌宁县南部;施甸县南部区域;腾冲县、龙陵县西部绝大部分区域。
By comprehensive analyzing the meteorological factor, soil nutrient, flue-cured tobacco quality characteristics as well as studying the relationships of altitude, meteorological factor, soil nutrient and tobacco leaf quality. And at the same time, the main varieties height adaptability was studied in Baoshan Area. The results show that:
     1. The main meteorological characteristics in Baoshan Area
     During the field period, sunshine duration, monthly average temperature, high temperature, lowest temperature, monthly average temperature range and the effective accumulated temperature were all performance a distribution of "high in January and September, low in May, June and July". The temperature distributes difference significantly within yearly while annual distribution equalizing. The average precipitation among in field period was not equal at all, which presenting a distribution of "less January and September, rich in May, June and July". The average monthly precipitation range changed tremendously which had a evident difference within yearly and equalizing distribution among the years.
     The meteorological conditions in this area had two types:The first one that has characterized by "less in rain and rich in sunshine, moderate in temperature " sizeably distribute in the east of GaoLiGong Mountain, while another one which had a characteristic of "rich in rain, less sunshine, slightly lower in temperature " majorly distribute in the west of GaoLiGong Mountain.
     2. The tobacco leaf quality characteristics in Baoshan Area
     The main chemical composition of tobacco had not showing distinct regional characteristics, but physical quality, appearance quality, evaluation of smoke panel test quality performance regional feature apparently, which could be divided into two regions: the west and the east of GaoLiGong Mountain. The leaf quality of the east GaoLiGong Mountain had features of larger density, heavy single leaf weight, higher containing terrier rate, and poor in slitting degree; good in color, intensive in structure, identity moderate, full in oil content strong in chroma, poorin maturity, full in aroma quantity, concentration thick, mixed gas, strength slightly bigger, more comfortable after taste. West of GaoLiGong Mountain tobacco leaf quality characteristic was:low in density, simple in weight, low in containing terrier rate, good in slitting degree:Maturity well, structure loose, thin in identity, less oil, weak in chroma, poor in color, full in aroma quantity. strong in concentration, and after taste comfortable.
     3. Tobacco leaf quality influencing facltors in Baoshan Area
     Smoke panel test internal factors of tobacco leaf quality in Baoshan Area were as list: disaccharides. chlorinity, containing terrier rate, maturity, potassium chloride ratio, identity, structure, oil content, color, chromaticity, equilibrium moisture content; Reducing sugar, total sugar, ShiMuKe value, leaf length, density, k content, sugar alkali ratio, nitrogenous base ratio, blade width to tobacco evaluation of suction quality importance medium; Slitting degrees, to the quality of tobacco leaf evaluation of suction is not important index compared with others.
     Important external factors influenced smoke panel test of Baoshan Area were16indicators as follows:Altitude, temperature range in June, April-September average temperature range, varieties, temperature range in September, June-September sunshine, etc.; Evaluation of tobacco leaf quality absorption of no importance index effective zinc, available p, April temperature range; The rest of the44indicators for tobacco evaluation of suction quality importance medium.
     Influence tobacco leaf quality suction comprehensive indicators are as follows: Terrier rate, disaccharides. altitude, maturity, chlorinity, identity, equilibrium moisture content, chroma, oil content, and temperature range in June; Not important index are as follows:Effective magnesium. July temperature difference, alkali-hydro nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, effective zinc, water-soluble chloride, effective boron, temperature range in April, available phosphor; The rest of the39indicators evaluation of tobacco leaf quality make the non-critical factors in smoking panel test.
     The critical comprehensive indicators of tobacco leaf quality in Baoshan Area are as follows:altitude, variety, temperature range in June, April-September average temperature range, temperature range in September, sunshine in July, June. August, September. April-September total duration of sunshine, longitude and temperature range in August, temperature range in May and latitude; Available p and temperature range in April makes non-critical factors; The rest of the45indicators of tobacco overall quality importance medium.
     4. Main varieties altitude adaptability in Baoshan Area
     Baoshan area ecological indicators values were0.40-0.85, and the spatial distribution characteristics was evidence, shown as "increasing gradually from west to east". According to the results of the evaluation, Baoshan flue-cured tobacco planting layout could be divided into six regional tobacco cultivation layout:Longyang District, southeast of most northern Shidian County area; the Longyang District West along Shidian County and Longling junction line; Changning County in the northern region; south of Changning County; Shidian County in the southern region; the most regions of Tengchong County and Longling western.
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